Socio-Cultural Impacts of Tourism: Presentation Overview
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CHAPTER 7 or 9 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM OUTCOMES Nature of socio-cultural tourism Approaches to the study of socio-cultural impacts of tourism The tourism development process The psychological basis of tourism development Sociological basis of tourism development Some general negative socio-cultural impacts of tourism overview Socio-cultural changes are influenced by the speed and nature of development Impacts can be positive-tourism preserves or resurrects craft skills Impacts can be negative-commercialisation of arts and crafts Socio-cultural impacts on the destination country changes in eating habits/clothes that are worn/attitudes Sociological and cultural impacts overlap and are direct and indirect INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Tourism is a product based upon simultaneous production and consumption The implications of this for the destination: stimulation & change of local economy and contact with an alien population Local population’s needs changes as they become healthier & wealthier influencing their spending choices & lifestyles Tourism may also bring about change in value systems and behavior and threaten indigenous identity Cont.… Changes often occur in the community structure, family relationships, collective traditional life styles, ceremonies and morality. The difference in cultures & the nature of the contact determines the level of change For a variety of reasons, host communities often are the weaker party in interactions with their guests and service providers, leveraging any influence they might have. TERMS Social impacts of tourism refers to changes in the lives of people living in destination communities. Cultural impacts of tourism refers to changes in the arts, artifacts, customs, rituals, and architecture of a people. The term socio-cultural impacts refers to changes to resident’s everyday experiences, as well as to their values, way of life, and intellectual and artistic products. TASK Looking at your own culture (background), describe the following factors: beliefs/values, dress code, behavioral patterns (what is acceptable & what is frowned upon) and religion. Based on the above does your culture (background) in any way influence your decisions when buying tourism products If so, what type of tourism activities appeal to you If not, what influences your decision when purchasing tourism products Your background, attitude and what you value comes across in your interaction with people. It also determines how you treat them. This behavior can determine the level of impact that occurs in the host community. Your behavior can come across as undermining the local culture and way of life = erosion of local culture Or it can be respectful towards local customs = cultural pride and appreciation by host community APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS (pg. 199) Tourism impact studies (e.g. Psychographic positions of destinations Plog, 1977 –202 ) Host-guest interaction (e.g. Doxey’s Irridex Index,1975 – pg206) Tourist systems (Keyser, 2002) Tourists and their behavior (e.g. tourist typologies - Smith, 1989 – pg 200) APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM pg.. 199 4 different viewpoints overlap- Tourism development linked to how much it can improve economic development Tourism activity affects socio-cultural changes Development of tourism product determined by tourism activity that takes place This is influenced by socio-economic characteristics of tourists TYPOLOGY OF TOURISTS TOURIST TYPOLOGIES (pg 200) TYPES OF TOURISTS NUMBER OF TOURISTS ADAPTATION TO LOCAL NORMS EXPLORER VERY LIMITED ACCEPTS FULLY ELITE RARELY SEEN ADAPTS FULLY OFF-BEAT UNCOMMON BUT SEEN ADAPTS WELL UNUSUAL OCCASSIONAL ADAPTS SOMEWHAT INCIPIENT MASS STEADY FLOW SEEKS WESTERN AMENITIES MASS/PACKAGE CONTINUOS FLOW CHARTER MASSIVE ARRIVALS EXPECTS WESTERN AMENITIES DEMANDS WESTERN EVOLUTION OF TOURIST TYPOLOGIES The typology of tourists is continuously changing: Illustrates that tourists are evolving & the tourism industry is having to adapt to these changes Also illustrates changing attitudes that will affect host communities (determining type of impacts to occur) NEW TOURIST Seeking meaningful More affluent experiences Better educated Want interaction with Healthier locals Older Spontaneous (less More travelled predictable) More exposed to Concerned with media humanitarian issues More culturally diverse Healthy holidays More computer Seek selfliterate development THE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS An area is discovered Local entrepreneurs accommodate needs of growing numbers of tourists Public sector starts providing new and improved infrastructure Mass tourism is developed-resort based packages THE PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Plog’s theory 5 tourist segments- Allocentrics Near allocentrics Midcentrics Near psychocentrics psychocentrics PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Allocentrics – are adventurous, seek cultural & environmental differences from their norm Near allocentric - among the first major wave of adopters, after a destination has been found by the allocentrics Midcentrics - lean in neither the tried-andtrue direction of the psychocentrics nor the variety-seeking direction of the allocentrics CONT…. Near psychocentric - try a destination after it has been well travelled Psychocentric – are unadventurous, seek familiar surroundings PSYCHOLOGICAL BASIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT A resort destinations follow a pattern Two groups occupy either pole The allocentrics and the psychocentrics Resort attracts small number of allocentrics Development moves through near allocentrics and then into midcentrics Allocentrics move on looking for new undiscovered destinations Resort continues to thrive Drifts towards psychocentric market Process is not unchallengeable Decision makers can target desired market segments PLOG: PROCESS OF RISE & FALL (pg202) • A resort starts by attracting a small number of allocentrics (trendsetters) but soon develops, attracting larger numbers • This moves the resort into and through the near-allocentrics and then into the mid-centric • During this process allocentrics are alienated and move on to new discoveries (destinations) • With a strong competitive advantage resorts can thrive in midcentric stage (e.g. climate, location) THE SOCIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT The socio-economic basis underlying tourism development The social phenomenon of tourism Population growth Push and pull factors- Increasing urbanisation Age Growth in technology Education Change in mobility and accessibility Income levels Socio-economic background Increase in leisure time Increase in business tourism DIRECT SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS Tourists buying goods/services from hosts Sharing facilities Cultural exchange-attracts explorers and adventurers is a positive exchange Mass tourists usually have first 2 contacts, is a negative exchange Negative types more common than positive DEMONSTRATION EFFECT Tourists influence behaviour of the host population by their example Tourism is a product that is produced and consumed at the same time This physical presence stimulates changes in behaviour and dress style of host populations INDIRECT SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS Host population who are influenced by tourism influence others in their community Can change attitudes/behaviour-(indirect S.C. impact) New employment opportunities( direct or indirect?) Consumption habits change due to increase in economic benefits E.g. Transport and infrastructure INDUCED SOCIOCULTURAL IMPACTS As economy grows-increase in income levels= Alteration in spending patterns. TV, cell phones, I pads.(induced effects) Because they are a result of an increase in money flow. Better salaries. SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS Depends on magnitude of the direct impact connected to tourism development is also determined by the extent of the difference between guests and hosts. Differences include: Basic value and logic systems Traditions Customs Lifestyles Behavioural patterns Religion Dress codes Time Attitudes towards strangers Positive impacts Exchange of cultural information, ideas and beliefs Stimulate interest and conserve hosts cultural heritage Stimulates hosts pride in their heritage NEGATIVE IMPACTS Traditional arts and craft become commercialised Economic potential is not always realised a result of tourism development not managed properly Foreign employment/investment leads to resentment of tourism development Exclusion of hosts from tourist facilities New income opportunities are not evenly distributed Higher wages only for some Difference in wealth between tourists and hosts NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM ECONOMIC-imbalance of economic power between industrialised and less developed destination Wealthier tourists than population Migration of labour Tax burdens increased for local residents NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM LABOUR-employment opportunities are limited to lower level and inexperienced staff Foreign workers Working conditions e.g. Casual contacts NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM BEHAVIOURAL AND DEMONSTRATION FACTORStourists behaviour Dress codes not appropriate for host community is eventually adopted by some residents causing tension between them NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM RESOURCE USE FACTORS-high demand on land use Prices become inflated Environmental and cultural damage leads to social tension Competition between locals and tourist businesses for local resources NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Sex tourism-e.g. Thailand Tourists relax their morals when on holiday Crime-large numbers of tourists carrying large amounts of money attract robbery and violence Drug trafficking Casino can lead to unsavoury social behaviour unless monitored and controlled NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Health-Spread of AIDS Malaria Tourism growth that is rapid and unplanned can lead to infrastructure failures leading to health hazards Slum tourism Areas of extreme poverty Favelas or some townships If operated ethically can bring in much needed income and employment opportunities Can change attitudes and behaviour of visitors and hosts Dark tourism Where shocking events have occurred NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Commodification Staged authenticity Standardisation Alien cultural experiences of tourists NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Commodification Tourism can turn local cultures into commodities when religious rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals are reduced and sanitized to conform to tourist expectations, resulting in what has been called "reconstructed ethnicity." Once a destination is sold as a tourism product, and the tourism demand for souvenirs, arts, entertainment and other commodities begins to exert influence, basic changes in human values may occur. Sacred sites and objects may not be respected when they are perceived as goods to trade. NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Standardization Destinations risk standardization in the process of satisfying tourists' desires for familiar facilities. While landscape, accommodation, food and drinks, etc., must meet the tourists' desire for the new and unfamiliar, they must at the same time not be too new or strange because few tourists are actually looking for completely new things. Tourists often look for recognizable facilities in an unfamiliar environment, like well-known fast-food restaurants and hotel chains. NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity Adapting cultural expressions to the tastes of tourists or even performing shows as if they were "real life" constitutes "staged authenticity". As long as tourists just want a glimpse of the local atmosphere, a quick glance at local life, without any knowledge or even interest, staging will be inevitable. NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Adaptation to tourist demands Tourists want souvenirs, arts, crafts, and cultural manifestations, and in many tourist destinations, craftsmen have responded to the growing demand, and have made changes in design of their products to bring them more in line with the new customers' tastes. While the interest shown by tourists also contributes to the sense of selfworth of the artists, and helps conserve a cultural tradition, cultural erosion may occur due to the commodification of cultural goods. NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Culture clashes Because tourism involves movement of people to different geographical locations, and establishment of social relations between people who would otherwise not meet, cultural clashes can take place as a result of differences in cultures, ethnicity, religion, values, lifestyles, languages, and levels of prosperity. The result can be an overexploitation of the social carrying capacity (limits of acceptable change in the social system inside or around the destination) and cultural carrying capacity (limits of acceptable change in the culture of the host population) of the local community. The attitude of local residents towards tourism development may unfold through the stages of euphoria, where visitors are very welcome, through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism, when anti-tourist attitudes begin growing among local people. SOME SPECIFIC NEGATIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Give 2 points under the following headings: Sex Crime health POSITIVE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM Fosters local pride Creates awareness and peace Proved infrastructure that is shared Provides socio-cultural support HOW TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSERVATION Tourism as a force for peace • Travelling brings people into contact with each other and, as tourism has an educational element, it can foster understanding between peoples and cultures and provide cultural exchange between hosts and guests. • Because of this, the chances increase for people to develop mutual sympathy and understanding and to reduce their prejudices. • In the end, sympathy and understanding can lead to a decrease of tension in the world and thus contribute to peace. HOW TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSERVATION Strengthening communities • Tourism can add to the vitality of communities in many ways. • One example is that events and festivals of which local residents have been the primary participants and spectators are often rejuvenated and developed in response to tourist interest. • The jobs created by tourism can act as a vital incentive to reduce immigration from rural areas. • Local people can also increase their influence on tourism development, as well as improve their job and earnings prospects, through tourism-related professional training and development of business and organizational skills. HOW TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSERVATION Facilities developed for tourism can benefit residents • As tourism supports the creation of community facilities and services that otherwise might not have been developed, it can bring higher living standards to a destination. • Benefits can include upgraded infrastructure, health and transport improvements, new sport and recreational facilities, restaurants, and public spaces as well as an influx of betterquality commodities and food. Revaluation of culture and traditions • Tourism can boost the preservation and transmission of cultural and historical traditions, which often contributes to the conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, the protection of local heritage, and a renaissance of indigenous cultures, cultural arts and crafts. HOW TOURISM CAN CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIO-CULTURAL CONSERVATION Tourism encourages civic involvement and pride • Tourism also helps raise local awareness of the financial value of natural and cultural sites and can stimulate a feeling of pride in local and national heritage and interest in its conservation. • More broadly, the involvement of local communities in tourism development and operation appears to be an important condition for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
