CONFLICT What words could connect all these pictures? What is conflict? In pairs think of a definition of what you think is meant by conflict? Can you think of any examples? Can you think of any different ‘types’ of conflict? CONFLICT = a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests. What is conflict? Individually, write 2 questions related to the topic of conflict, for us to discuss opinions on CONFLICT = a state of opposition between persons or ideas or interests. What is conflict? How can we handle conflict? PERSONAL CONFLICTS • Focus questions: ∙ What causes conflicts within my family and between friends or peers? ∙ How can personal conflicts be resolved? CONFLICT 101 • A conflict is more than just a disagreement. It is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). • Conflicts continue to fester when ignored. Because conflicts involve perceived threats to our well-being and survival, they stay with us until we face and resolve them. • We respond to conflicts based on our perceptions of the situation, not necessarily to an objective review of the facts. Our perceptions are influenced by our life experiences, culture, values, and beliefs. • Conflicts trigger strong emotions. If you aren’t comfortable with your emotions or able to manage them in times of stress, you won’t be able to resolve conflict successfully. • Conflicts are an opportunity for growth. When you’re able to resolve conflict in a relationship, it builds trust. You can feel secure knowing your relationship can survive challenges and disagreements. PERSONAL CONFLICTS • What different kinds of personal conflicts can one have? • What different levels of conflicts can one have? How do they differ? • What are the best ways to resolve personal conflicts? What is conflict? Is there any way to avoid social conflict? DIFFERENT KINDS OF PERSONAL CONFLICTS School/work scenarios Family scenarios Relationship scenarios So what causes conflicts in personal relationships? Try to summarise. Community scenarios Give examples of real conflicts you and your group have had in each of these scenarios. Back in your groups, think about techniques you used to resolve these conflicts. Are the ways you resolve conflict in each scenario different or the same? Try to give detail. What is conflict? What causes conflicts in personal relationships? What is conflict? What conflict style do you think is the best way to manage conflict? 5 DIFFERENT CONFLICT TYPES • Avoid • Compete • Compromise • Collaborate What do you guys think each of these mean? Give an example dialogue related to the examples we thought of in the previous slide • Accommodate • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qiqbmuXAc0g&ab_channel=JustinPowall NOTE THE CONFLICT STYLES • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiP0x_Dgj3I&ab_channel=ms.honey What is conflict? What conflict styles would you say are always bad/always good methods of resolving conflict? CONFLICT ROLE-PLAY • In pairs, think of one type of personal conflict from each section we did last class 🡪 school/work, family, relationship and community. • Then, create two dialogues for each type. One in which a conflict is resolved healthily, and one which is resolved unhealthily. • Make sure the conflict is established in the dialogue, along with each person’s opinion on why the conflict is taking place, and why the conflict does/doesn’t get resolved. • Make your body language and spoken language reflect the conflict and whether it is healthy or unhealthy. GROUP RESEARCH – CONFLICT MANAGEMENT • In small groups, I want you guys to research effective ways to manage conflict. • You should find why conflict management is important, different ways people can manage conflict effectively, and consequences of not managing conflict. • Choose one specific example of a personal conflict to study, and how it can be resolved effectively with a good management technique, or badly with an ineffective management technique (competing/avoiding/…) • You can use this website to find information: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships-communication/conflictresolution-skills.htm • At the end of the class, each group will present their findings to the class and take questions, so make sure your information is detailed. PERSONAL CONFLICTS • Focus questions: ∙ What causes conflicts within my family and between friends or Perspective 1 Perspective 2 One the one hand On the other hand One perspective is that Another perspective is that Some people think that Others think that peers? ∙ How can personal conflicts be resolved? Answer both questions in an IPEEL format, writing two IPEEL’s for each question. Give more than one reason for each answer. There is no such thing as a ‘definite truth’ in Global Perspectives. There are multiple perspectives and multiple reasons for issues. When giving both sides, introduce them using transitions that give different perspectives. What is conflict? For what reasons do conflicts between countries happen? GLOBAL CONFLICTS • Focus questions: Why do conflicts and wars begin? Where is there conflict in the world today? What forms do large scale conflicts take? Guess the conflict? GLOBAL CONFLICT CASE STUDY: ISRAEL AND PALESTINE one of the most complicated and complex global conflicts AIM: to understand why there is conflicts between Israel and Palestine OUTCOMES: 1. To understand why there is conflicts between Israel and Palestine 2. To know the causes, effects and responses the conflict 3. Suggest reasons why the conflict has not been resolved for decades Locate: - Israel and Palestine - bordering countries What do you notice about the land controlled by Israel and Palestine now, compared to the boundaries drawn before 1967? Annex (v) – when a country/state claims control (sovereignty) over a territory outside of that country. Settlement (n) – area people choose to settle and start living in Peace negotiations (n) – conversations to make a compromise/deal and stop fighting (bring peace) What is conflict? What do you know about the conflict between Palestine and Israel? Key word mix and match Antisemitism Zionism xenophobia Persecution Diaspora is hostility to, prejudice, or discrimination against Jews cruel and unfair treatment of a person or group the movement in support for a Jewish state in the Land of Israel Dislike or prejudice of people from other countries the dispersion or spread of any people from their original homeland What is an Arab? • originally from the Arabian peninsula and neighbouring territories, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa. • Predominately Muslims but some Jews Create a timeline on the Israel/Palestine Conflict • • Conflict for over 100 years It is not a religious conflict, but a conflict about land – but the land itself has deep religious importance e.g. Jerusalem Add key dates and events from the video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bno1m1z hIWs 6.5 What is conflict? ‘it’s a journey for a people without land (Jews) to a land without people (Palestine)’ what do you guys think about this quote used by the Zionist movement? CONFLICT 101 – things to remember • A conflict is more than just a disagreement. It is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). • We respond to conflicts based on our perceptions of the situation, not necessarily to an objective review of the facts. Our perceptions are influenced by our life experiences, culture, values, and beliefs. With your partner, discuss: What are the threats that caused/is causing Israel to have a conflict with Palestine? What are the threats that caused/is causing Palestine to have a conflict with Israel? How are perceptions [experiences, culture, values and beliefs] contributing to this conflict? Give specific details and examples. Why is there conflict in Israel and Palestine? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRYZjOuUnlU&list= PLnYD724crjR7HO-0IFLXxVYRf0x_FQ7DP&index=8 • We’re going to watch another video on Israel and Palestine’s conflict. • Before watching, copy this mindmap into your books. • Then, whilst watching, note down any details that show culture, experience or values/beliefs are influencing the conflict Perceived threat influenced by: ISRAEL PALESTINE Threat perceived due to experience, culture or values + beliefs? • Early 1900s, ethnic arabs developed a sense of national • identity in being Palestinians • At the same time, Zionism gained popularity saying Judaism was not only a religion but a nationality, and deserved its own state 10s of thousands moved to Palestine before WWI Experience Beliefs/values Culture Israeli army occupy Gaza and the West Bank settlers move in and government subsidies Israeli settlers, 700,000 live in Palestinian land. • Britain limited immigration from Jewish people after fighting over land between Jewish and Arab farmers First Intifada (1987) causes Israeli forces to fight. Started after a IDF car killed four civilians (3 from a refugee camp), in response to the killing of a Jewish person in Gaza • Hamas organize suicide bombers in Israeli areas • Jewish militias form to resist British rule • Israeli army kill Palestinian civilians • Jerusalem established as an ‘international zone’ for Jews, Muslims and Christians by United Nations • 1000 Israelis and 3200 Palestinians die during second intifada • Palestinian refugees created after 48-49 war millions of descendants come from there • Israel blockades Gaza by land, air and sea, trapping 2 million Palestinians inside with 40% unemployment • Israel occupied Palestinian land after the 6 day war • CONFLICT 101 – things to remember • A conflict is more than just a disagreement. It is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). • We respond to conflicts based on our perceptions of the situation, not necessarily to an objective review of the facts. Our perceptions are influenced by our life experiences, culture, values, and beliefs. With your partner, discuss: What are the threats that caused/is causing Israel to have a conflict with Palestine? What are the threats that caused/is causing Palestine to have a conflict with Israel? How are perceptions [experiences, culture, values and beliefs] contributing to this conflict? Give specific details and examples. What is conflict? How would you define this conflict? What are the reasons for it? Why is there conflict in Israel and Palestine? • You have a lot of the important information on your sheets I have printed for you. • I want you to colour code the information into: Causes –why there is conflict Consequences – what are the effects of the conflict Responses (including attempted solutions) How would you define the conflict? Is it over land and borders? Or is religion involved? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwnsWXJ9gNE Are the reasons for this conflict fundamentally similar or different to reasons for other conflicts between countries, in your opinion? Give detail. How would you define the conflict? Is it over land and borders? Or is religion involved? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xwnsWXJ9gNE notes from the video: Jerusalem is a holy site for both Muslims and Jews [were told to share Jerusalem when israel and palestine was divided] holy site = place important to a religion, thought of as 'gods house' both believe that god is on their side so they are ready to make sacrifices and are ready to fight for a long time Al Aqsa Mosque (holy place in Islam) - Israeli Government blocks Muslims going to pray > Muslims get angry > Israel police shoot muslims > muslims kill Israeli's how does a religious conflict start? - perceived threat in a religious context [losing control of holy sites] The war between the Israelis and the Palestinians is not one over _______ and ethnicity. It is a conflict fuelled by the need for ____ and resources. There have been numerous attempts made by the ___ to broker a peace deal but they have never been accepted by both sides, resulting in on going _______. Religion- Land - U.N - Conflict Fill in the blanks, but then criticise this definition Are there any misconceptions? Is it all true? Discuss your opinion with a partner, then we will discuss as a class after. What is conflict? Are the reasons for this conflict fundamentally similar or different to reasons for other conflicts between countries, in your opinion? Give detail. True or false 1. Palestine is a state 2. Israelis wants to gain maximum land 3. The US has been criticised for supplying weapons to Israel 4. Antisemitism is love towards Jews 5. The three main religions in Israel are Christianity, Islam and Judaism 6. Not all Jews believe in the state of Israel 1.True 2. True 3. True 4.False 5. True 6.True How did fighting between Israelis and Palestinians get so bad? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SsKpy2ftuF4 • More details found here: https://www.aljazeera.com/ Why Jerusalem matters to Israel and Palestine • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOfdE7ZfY3c What are the politics at play? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHVFXmR1Bo&list=PLzGHKb8i9vTxodrArxXFPziklf0iqFdC5&index=32 Resolving conflicts • https://www.oasisofpeace.org.uk/ - community of Israeli’s and Palestinians living peacefully • https://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/ - Jewish people against the actions of Israel Israel vs. Palestine summarized • Your task is to create an information sheet/leaflet/brochure on the Israel and Palestine conflict. The purpose of this information booklet will be to inform other students, teachers, family members and others on the conflict, so more people can understand it. Information to include: • • • • • • Which groups of people are in conflict? • What is the current situation like for people in Israel, Palestine? Youtube channels: vox, al Jazeera, crash course history • How accurate are different people’s/countries accounts of what is happening? (can research USA) News outlets: vox, al Jazeera, the guardian, new statesman • In what ways can people help the people involved in the conflict? • How could the conflict be resolved? • • We will use this information booklet, and accompanying posters/infographics, to raise money and try to help the conflict in some capacity. Be sure to use statistics and pictures/graphics to make your information more effective. Resources: How did the conflict begin? What are the reasons for this conflict? What form does this conflict take? What are the views of each in the conflict? What is the impact of the conflict on the people, local communities, the country and international relations? Class discussion 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why is there ongoing conflict between the Israel and Palestine? What do you think is the number one reason for the conflict still going on? State 1 reason why you think peace has not been achieved. Do you think peace will ever be achieved? Which country do you think is most responsible for the conflict? Israel, Palestine, any other countries… Should any other countries feel responsible for this conflict? Why? Choose your own conflict to research in groups • Choose your own conflict to research. Each group must research a different conflict. Some ideas: Russia and Ukraine Conflict in Syria Conflicts in Africa Rwanda, Zimbabwe Conflict in Afghanistan Conflicts between different ethnic groups in Northern India • You must create a powerpoint giving information on each of the questions to the right, include relevant videos and articles that you reference, an information sheet (with colour coded causes, effects/consequences and resolutions) and a quiz for other students. Resources: Youtube channels: vox, al Jazeera, crash course history News outlets: vox, al Jazeera, the guardian, new statesman Information to include: • Which groups of people are in conflict? • How did the conflict begin? • What are the reasons for this conflict? • What form does this conflict take? • What are the views of each in the conflict? • How could the conflict be resolved? • What is the impact of the conflict on the people, local communities, the country and international relations? • How accurate are different people’s/countries accounts of what is happening? • What forms does the conflict take? • In what ways can people help the people involved in the conflict? Is conflict a natural part of being human • Is war inevitable? - https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/is-warinevitable#.Ufn1vNI3AvY • Are humans hardwired to be cruel to each other? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lrzXE5XttOE • DNA-wired to kill? - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasty-brutishand-short-are-humans-dna-wired-to-kill/ • Our closest relatives? - https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/jane-goodalls-wildchimpanzees-our-closest-relatives/1909/ • Great apes - How intelligent are our closest relatives? | DW Documentary https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8HYkL6aZKE Are conflicts and wars an inevitable part of being human? Are conflicts and wars an inevitable part of being human? Is conflict and war an inevitable part of being human? • What are the main causes of conflict? • Is conflict part of human nature? Are humans aggressive by nature? • To what extent do people learn to be aggressive? • What evidence exists about human behaviour and aggression/conflict? • Can we control conflict so that it is used creatively rather than destructively? Article reading – the Roots of Human Aggression Read the article I have given you guys in pairs. In your notebooks, write all evidence/arguments you find that humans are violent by nature. And all evidence/arguments that we are not violent by nature. Also write one quote or section that you found particularly interesting. Afterwards, write a small 3-4 sentence justification for your opinion – that we are or are not violent by nature – using evidence from the article. We will discuss as a class afterwards. ‘by nature’ – born with something [e.g. violence, empathy] inside of us (in our DNA, neurobiology) ‘by nurture’ – our environment that we grow up in gives us certain traits [violence, empathy] What is conflict? In your opinion, are humans violent by nature? How much DNA do we share with Chimpanzees? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v= F8HYkL6aZKE Watch this video and answer the questions: 1. What causes the ‘chimpanzee war’ to begin between chimpanzees? 2. What often happens after chimpanzees have been involved in fights? 3. What two other moral behaviours have chimpanzees developed that De Waal talks about? 4. What experiments have shown chimpanzees have an understanding of fairness and justice? Discuss: What are the similarities in the reasons for chimpanzee warfare and human warfare? How are the reasons for chimpanzee and human warfare different? what does the behaviour of chimpanzees make you think about the question ‘is conflict inevitable for humans’ • A conflict is more than just a disagreement. It is a situation in which one or both parties perceive a threat (whether or not the threat is real). • We respond to conflicts based on our perceptions of the situation, not necessarily to an objective review of the facts. Our perceptions are influenced by our life experiences, culture, values, and beliefs. Are humans naturally violent, or does the environment we grow up in (or find ourselves in) make us violent? • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k50yMwEOWGU – nature vs nurture • https://youtu.be/z_QE1RWykJI - are humans naturally violent? Reasons + examples why humans ARE naturally Reasons + examples why humans ARE NOT violent naturally violent DIALOGUE / ROLE PLAY • Write a dialogue or short play involving two people arguing for and against the view that human beings will always create aggression and conflict. • Use the reasons you guys have just thought of to help inform your conversation/play. • When creating the dialogue, use the discussion sentence starters to help inform the pattern of your conversation. Disagree as often as possible and try to clarify/build on the other person’s points. Arguing is allowed! Is conflict and war an inevitable part of being human? • What are the main causes of conflict? • Is conflict part of human nature? Are humans aggressive by nature? • To what extent do people learn to be aggressive? • What evidence exists about human behaviour and aggression/conflict? • Can we control conflict so that it is used creatively rather than destructively? Are conflicts and wars an inevitable part of being human? • Answer this question in essay format. That is, intro, 2 body paragraphs and a conclusion. • You should establish your opinion in the intro and it should be the same in the conclusion. • Please read other articles/watch videos and reference them in your article. Do this by using introductory phrases. • Also make sure to reference whatever you have read and talked about at the end of your essay. Name of article SOURCES OF INFORMATION – REFERENCING Year published Author Why fresh water shortages will cause the next great global crisis (2015) McKie, R. [online] https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-watershortages-lead-food-crises-conflicts#img-2 (accessed 11/10/2017) Date Accessed Website Where accessed Cite - If you cite something, you quote it or mention it, especially as an example or proof of what you are saying. Bibliography - a list of the books and articles that have been used by someone when writing a a piece of research. Introductory phrases We should always use introductory phrases to introduce other people’s work that we will talk about. If we don’t, we are plagiarizing. Some of these phrases could be: • In the words of Name (date)… • According to Name (date)… • Name (date) noted that… Putting other people’s work in quotation marks is also essential. In the words of Symes (2021) “all the work of other people should include an introductory phrase, and have their information in quotation marks.” Of course, you do not need to put information in quotation marks if you paraphrase. Try to paraphrase as often as you can. Introductory phrases practise Read this short article by John Horgan (2012) and write a short 5 sentence answer to the question ‘are humans naturally violent’? The modern version of the “killer ape” theory depends on two lines of evidence. One consists of observations of Pan troglodytes, or chimpanzees, one of our closest genetic relatives, banding together and attacking chimps from neighboring troops. The other derives from reports of intergroup fighting among hunter-gatherers; our ancestors lived as hunter-gatherers from the emergence of the Homo genus until the Neolithic era, when humans began settling down to cultivate crops and breed animals, and some scattered groups still live that way. But consider these facts. Researchers did not observe the first deadly chimpanzee raid until 1974, more than a decade after Jane Goodall started watching chimps at the Gombe reserve. Between 1975 and 2004, researchers counted a total of 29 deaths from raids, which comes to one killing for every seven years of observation of a community. Even Richard Wrangham of Harvard University, a leading chimpanzee researcher and prominent advocate of the deep-roots theory of war, acknowledges that “coalitionary killing” is “certainly rare.” Some scholars suspect that coalitionary killing is a response to human encroachment on chimp habitat. At Gombe, where the chimps were well protected, Goodall spent 15 years without witnessing a single lethal attack. Many chimpanzee communities—and all known communities of bonobos, apes that are just as closely related to humans as chimps—have never been seen engaging in intertroop raids. Even more important, the first solid evidence of lethal group violence among our ancestors dates back not millions, hundreds of thousands, or even tens of thousands of years, but only 13,000 years. The evidence consists of a mass grave found in the Nile Valley, at a location in modern-day Sudan. Even that site is an outlier. Virtually all other evidence for human warfare—skeletons with projectile points embedded in them, weapons designed for combat (rather than hunting), paintings and rock drawings of skirmishes, fortifications—is 10,000 years old or less. In short, war is not a primordial biological “curse.” In the words of Name (date)… According to Name (date)… Name (date) noted that… You can use a number of other introductory phrases that you think are appropriate also. You can replace ‘noted’ for any other reporting verb, such as: theorized, suggested, believed, hypothesized….
