In U.S., the growth of restaurant chains developed across the country with the expanding
railroads and highways. In contradiction to the impression usually given in the food industry,
which is more labor intensive and manual processes, American fast-food chains, pioneered by
McDonald's, standardized the menu items, automated cooking processes, and utilized the
techniques of mass production. The standardization not only guaranteed the same quality and
taste all over the locations but also helped save time and costs, resulting increase in volume and
reasonable pricing.
Similarly, the innovation of Japanese family restaurants was also accompanied by motorization.
They aim at standardized operation and offer food at a reasonable price. However, in comparison
with non-chain restaurants, they are more patterned after American’s family restaurants and
provide a convenient and practical options for travelers who want a Western style meal in
Japanese surroundings, while
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