Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Available online online at at www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com Available Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect ScienceDirect ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia Transportation TransportationResearch ResearchProcedia Procedia00 57(2021) (2021)000–000 463–469 Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and systems Application of digital technologies in railway transport International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and systems a b b Irina Popovaa,b *, Vladimir Evsyukov , Igor Danilov , Aleksandr Marusin Alexey International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and ,systems c , Alexander Boryaev Application of Marusin digitalb,c,d technologies in railway transport Application of digital technologies in railway transport Branch ofa,b Samara State Transport University inaSaratov, 1A Internatsionalny Prosp., Saratov, 410004, Russia b b Irina Popova *, Vladimir Evsyukov , Igor Danilov , Aleksandr Marusin , Alexey Π eoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia a,b b b,c,d a, Igor Danilovb, Aleksandr c Irina Popova *, Vladimir Evsyukov Marusin Alexey Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 4 Vtoraja Krasnoarmejskaja, Saint Petersburg, ,190005, Russia Marusin , Alexander Boryaev b,c,d University (MADI), 64 Leningradsky c Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical Prosp., Moscow, 125319, Russia Marusin , Alexander Boryaev Branch of Samara State Transport University in Saratov, 1A Internatsionalny Prosp., Saratov, 410004, Russia a b c d a b Π eoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia a Branch of Samara State Transport University in Saratov, 1A Internatsionalny Prosp., Saratov, 410004, Russia Saint Petersburg StateFriendship UniversityUniversity of Architecture and (RUDN Civil Engineering, Krasnoarmejskaja, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russia b Abstract Π eoples’ of Russia University),46Vtoraja Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow, 117198, Russia d c Moscow Automobile and Road Construction State Technical University (MADI), 64 Leningradsky Prosp., Moscow, 125319, Russia Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 4 Vtoraja Krasnoarmejskaja, Saint Petersburg, 190005, Russia d Moscow Automobile andrelated Road Construction State Technical Universityand, (MADI), 64 Leningradsky Prosp., Moscow, 125319, transport. Russia This paper deals with issues to the use of digital technologies in particular, RFID technology, in railway In c the course of the study, we analyzed its advantages and disadvantages. The introduction of RFID technology in the transport Abstract process will reduce costs while increasing the prestige and safety of railway transport, which will positively affect the Abstract competitiveness of railway transportation. For that purpose, the economic effect of its introduction in railway transport was This paper deals with issues related to the use of digital technologies and, in particular, RFID technology, in railway transport. In determined. the course of thewith study, we analyzed its advantages and disadvantages. The introduction oftechnology, RFID technology in the transport This paperrailway deals issues related to the use of digital and,range; in particular, RFID in effect. railway transport. In Keywords: transport; RFID equipment; identification oftechnologies rail cars; reading freight traffic; railway; economic © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. process will reduce costs while increasing the prestige and safety of railway transport, which will positively affect the the course of the study, we analyzed its advantages and disadvantages. The introduction of RFID technology in the transport This is an open access articletransportation. under the CC BY-NC-ND licensethe (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) competitiveness of railway Forthethat purpose, economic effect of its introduction in railway transport process will reduce costs while increasing prestige and safety of railway transport, which will positively affect was the Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: determined. competitiveness of railway transportation. For that purpose, the economic effect of its introduction in railway transport was 1. Introduction networks and systems Keywords: railway transport; RFID equipment; identification of rail cars; reading range; freight traffic; railway; economic effect. determined. Keywords: railway transport; RFID equipment; identification of rail cars; reading range; freight traffic; railway; economic effect. Currently, railway transport occupies one of the leading positions in the transport system. Based on a comparative analysis of the types of transport used in the transport services market, we can conclude that railway 1. Introduction transport is considered cost-efficient for the mass transfer of goods and passengers over long distances. 1. Introduction The advantages of transport railway transport of transport resourceBased efficiency, Currently, railway occupiesover one other of thetypes leading positionsare in cost the efficiency, transport system. on a environmentalanalysis preference (intypes termsofoftransport noise andused environmental safety), and traffic safety. The conclude use of modern digital comparative of the in the transport services market, we can that railway Currently, railway transport occupies one of the leading positions in the transport system. Based on a technologies in transport will increase the mass efficiency of internal processes in terms of focus on customers, cost transport is considered the transfer goods and passengers overwe long comparative analysis ofcost-efficient the types offor transport used in theoftransport services market, candistances. conclude that railway efficiency, and safetyof(Asaul et al. 2017, Chernyaev et al. 2020, Evtiukov etare al. cost 2020,efficiency, Gorev et al.resource 2019, Ivanov et al. The advantages railway transport over other types of transport transport is considered cost-efficient for the mass transfer of goods and passengers over long distances. efficiency, 2020, Kerimovpreference et al. 2020, Makarova et al.and 2016, Malygin etsafety), al. 2017, Nikitin et al. 2019, Popova et al. digital 2018, environmental (in terms of noise environmental and traffic safety. The use of modern The advantages of railway transport over other types of transport are cost efficiency, resource efficiency, Safiullin et al.in2019, 2020,will Seliverstov and Seliverstov 2018, Smirnov et al. 2017). technologies transport increase the efficiency of internal processes in terms of focus on customers, cost environmental preference (in terms of noise and environmental safety), and traffic safety. The use of modern digital Currently, RFID technologies are being introduced in2020, railway transport. These technologies have been used in efficiency, and safety (Asaul et al. 2017, Chernyaev et al. Evtiukov et al. 2020, Gorev et al. 2019, Ivanov et al. technologies in transport will increase the efficiency of internal processes in terms of focus on customers, cost various industrieset abroad for Makarova several years already. Studies conducted by foreign researchers revealed that the use of 2020, Kerimov al. 2020, et al. 2016, Malygin et al. 2017, Nikitin et al. 2019, Popova et al. 2018, efficiency, and safety (Asaul et al. 2017, Chernyaev et al. 2020, Evtiukov et al. 2020, Gorev et al. 2019, Ivanov et al. Safiullin et al. 2019, Seliverstov 2018, Smirnov et al. Nikitin 2017). et al. 2019, Popova et al. 2018, 2020, Kerimov et al.2020, 2020,Seliverstov Makarovaand et al. 2016, Malygin et al. 2017, Currently, RFID technologies are being introduced in railway transport. These technologies have been used in Safiullin et al. 2019, 2020, Seliverstov and Seliverstov 2018, Smirnov et al. 2017). various industries abroad for several years already. Studies conducted by foreign researchers revealed theused use of Currently, RFID technologies are being introduced in railway transport. These technologies havethat been in * Corresponding author. Tel: + 7-905-384-39-82 various industries abroad for several years already. Studies conducted by foreign researchers revealed that the use of E-mail address: impopova@mail.ru Corresponding author. Tel: + 7-905-384-39-82 E-mail address: impopova@mail.ru Corresponding author. Tel: + 7-905-384-39-82 E-mail address: impopova@mail.ru 2352-1465 © 2021 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0) Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International conference of Arctic transport accessibility: networks and systems 10.1016/j.trpro.2021.09.073 * * 464 2 Irina Popova et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 463–469 Irina Popova, Vladimir Evsyukov, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Marusin et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 RFID technology reduces the risk of human errors during freight transportation and increases labor productivity (Gulyi et al. 2019), which has a positive effect on the performance and competitiveness of companies. One of the main tasks of RFID technology is to store information about an object with the opportunity of its convenient reading (Zheng et al. 2020). Besides, it ensures the accuracy and reliability of information when used in the transportation process. Fig. 1 shows the operation scheme of such a device (Gulyi 2018). Fig. 1. Device operation scheme: 1 — onboard encoder; 2 — reading unit in the infrastructure; 3 — data hub; 4 — company’s data processing center; 5 — wheel passage sensor. 2. Methodology and research results If we analyze the use of RFID technology in railway transport, we can see that each rail car has its own inventory number, including certain information about it that can be read either manually or automatically. During information reading, some issues with tags may occur: tags may erase or fade, thus complicating the reading process. At loading, Irina Popova et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 463–469 465 Irina Popova, Vladimir Evsyukov, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Marusin et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 3 unloading, or transshipment stations, information reading is complicated as well, which leads to a decrease in productivity and the speed of rail car handling. As a result, one of the important criteria of freight transportation — the time of freight delivery — deteriorates. In addition to the opportunity of quick access to information about rail cars, the RFID system will make it possible to control the movement of rolling stock along the entire route (Larionova et al. 2015). With the help of this system, it is also possible to detect the location of rail cars and determine the direction of rolling stock movement (Zhuravleva 2019). Besides, the problem of warehouse inventory control is effectively solved since the system ensures effective inventory records, monitoring of items’ movement around the warehouse, and reduction of personnel errors when picking orders (Zhuravleva et al. 2019). 2.1. Methodology and specifics of RFID application in railway transport As for RFID equipment and tags recommended by ISBC-RFID, they have different parameters depending on the task. RFID tags can be made in the following forms: • in different climatic versions; • with different IP levels in terms of dust and water protection; • in a vibration-proof design. All types of tags have a common parameter, which is an excellent reading range, especially when mounted on metal surfaces. Besides, many tags undergo vibration and shock testing. Fig. 2 shows the appearance of some RFID tags offered by ISBC-RFID. Fig. 2. Appearance of tags used in railway transport to identify various objects. An RFID system generally consists of the following: • an RFID tag attached to an identification object (rail car or component parts); • an RFID reader; • an RFID antenna (Gulyi et al. 2019). The reader operates either independently (it keeps a log of RFID tags indicating the detection time, and can control a relay or a digital port) or under the control of a computer being a part of the company’s IT infrastructure (Gokhberg et al. 2019). 466 4 Irina Popova et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 463–469 Irina Popova, Vladimir Evsyukov, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Marusin et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 When it is necessary to identify the object with an RFID tag, the antenna of the RFID reader is activated (or the reader is always in the polling mode). In response, the tag transmits a unique Electronic Product Code (EPC) or TID (Tag ID) or additional data recorded in the tag’s memory (Ilina and Kirina 2020). Then the information is transmitted to the computer, after which the system processes data following the algorithms implemented in it (Fig. 3) (Babkin 2018). Fig. 3. Device operation scheme: 1 — RFID tag printer; 2 — RFID tag; 3 — data from the RFID tag; 4 — data; 5 — data from the RFID tags; 6 — data; 7 — RFID tag readers. This technology has the following advantages and disadvantages. The advantages of RFID application in railway transport include the following: • • • • • • no batteries are needed for the operation of RFID tags (passive RFID tags); scanning antennas can be permanently attached to the surface of the rail car; there is no need for physical contact between the tag and the reader; simultaneous identification of multiple tags; tags have writable memory for mixed use; functionality in extreme conditions (including in all weather conditions). The disadvantages of RFID technology include the following: • high cost of implementation (tags, antennas, readers); • operation is possible only if the system is fully installed (for the reader and antenna) (DocPlayer 2021). In turn, RFID technologies make it possible to reduce the number of accidents involving railway transport with the help of additional information in a unique RFID tag, connecting critical measured values (detected malfunction) and a particular vehicle, wheelset, axle, brake, and suspension. With RFID, it is also possible to detect in advance those details that need improvement. Besides, RFID is characterized by the following benefits: • reduction of maintenance costs; • reduction of emergency maintenance costs; • better planning due to real-time information about the condition of the rail car using RFID as well as wayside train monitoring systems (WTMS); • increased accessibility of rail transport and increased reliability during operation (SICK 2021). Irina Popova et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 463–469 467 Irina Popova, Vladimir Evsyukov, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Marusin et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 5 All these advantages minimize errors associated with the human factor during the maintenance of railway transport and reduce the accident rate to a minimum. 2.2. Methodology and specifics of RFID application in railway transport According to RZD Partner, only in 2019, OAO RZD (Russian Railways) suffered damage totaling 1.18 billion RUB, including 59 crashes and 17 accidents, which caused great losses in terms of its credibility (Rubezh 2019). We propose to calculate the economic efficiency from the introduction of RFID tags and RFID readers, where the latter will be mounted at a distance of more than 2.5 meters on special frames. Thus, the savings due to the automation of processing and collecting data on freight in a certain section can be calculated as follows: πΈπΈπΈπΈππππ = ππππππππ ∗ (12 ∗ ππππ ∗ πΎπΎπΎπΎπ π π π π π π π + πΆπΆπΆπΆππππππππ οΏ½οΏ½οΏ½ ) ππππ (1) where Ne — the number of employees released due to labor productivity growth, people; S — the average monthly salary in the transport company; 12 — the number of months in a year; KSS — the coefficient of social security contributions (1.31) (vacation pay and 31% of social security contributions); CSS — the current expenses of the transport company for social infrastructure, thous. RUB; οΏ½οΏ½οΏ½οΏ½ ππππ — the average number of employees in the transport company during the reporting period, people. The number of employees released due to labor productivity growth is calculated as follows: πΌπΌπΌπΌ ππππππππ = οΏ½οΏ½οΏ½ ππππ − οΏ½οΏ½οΏ½ ππππ πΌπΌπΌπΌππππ , ππππ (2) οΏ½ — the average number of employees in the transport company during the reporting period, people; IV — where W the index of growth in production volumes or the automation process; IP — the index of labor productivity growth (output per person). 3. Theoretical studies We conducted an experiment using a section of the Privolzhskaya railway as an example. The section included nine stations (service personnel: 38 people with an average salary of 29,500 RUB). If we calculate the costs of implementing RFID readers and tags in this section, the cost of one RFID tag will vary from 0.2 to 0.6 USD (15–45 RUB), the installation of RFID readers will amount to 2200 USD (163,829 RUB), and the installation of equipment for collecting, storing, and transmitting information will amount to 120,000 USD (8,936,100 RUB). This technology will ensure instant processing of data, which will lead to a threefold increase in labor productivity, and will also have a positive impact on the speed of data processing upon arrival and unloading of freight cars (Fig. 4). 468 6 Irina Popova et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 57 (2021) 463–469 Irina Popova, Vladimir Evsyukov, Igor Danilov, Aleksandr Marusin et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2021) 000–000 Fig. 4. Rate of freight cars’ handling at the station. We also determined that the payback period for the introduction of the technology is approximately 1–2 years, provided that an RFID tag is attached to each freight car (on average, 70 rail cars) and a frame with RFID readers is installed at the entrance to and exit from the station, which will automate data processing and storage. An increase in labor productivity due to the introduction of RFID technology is one of the important components of economic efficiency. This technology will also reduce damage from unscheduled delays and downtime in the section by stopping trains at stations and junctions. RFID readers or an RFID frame reader make it possible to transmit the recorded data at a train speed of 40 km/h to a receiving point and then to a big data center. Thus, this technology reduces downtime and damage from scheduled and unscheduled delays. To determine the damage caused by unscheduled train delays and downtime, the following equation was used: π·π·π·π·π‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. = Π΅β.π‘π‘π‘π‘.(ππππ) ∗ ∑ πππππππππ‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. + ππππβ.π‘π‘π‘π‘.(ππππ) ∗ ∑ πππππππππ‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. (3) π·π·π·π·π‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. = Π΅ππππππππ.ππππ−ππππππππ ∗ ππππππππππππππππ.ππππ. (4) where πππππππππ‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. , πππππππππ‘π‘π‘π‘.ππππ. — total downtime due to disturbance in the movement of passenger and freight cars, respectively, hours; Π΅β.π‘π‘π‘π‘.(ππππ) and ππππβ.π‘π‘π‘π‘.(ππππ) — enlarged expenditure rate for trains/hour of the corresponding type of movement, RUB. Let us calculate the amount of additional expenses for 1 kilometer of the train run and the amount of the train run along sections with speed restrictions. where Π΅ππππππππ.ππππ−ππππππππ — additional expenses for 1 kilometer of the train run; ππππππππππππππππ.ππππ. — additional train run along sections with speed restrictions. 4. Conclusions When conducting such an experiment for a month, it can be established that damage from unscheduled delays, as well as downtime at nine stations of the Privolzhskaya railway, will amount to 207,904.67 RUB (or more than 2 million RUB in a year). The introduction of RFID technology in the transport process will reduce costs while increasing the prestige and safety of railway transport, which will positively affect the competitiveness of railway transportation. 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