Kandahar university Engineering faculty Civil department (Windows and doors) Subject: construction materials Lecturer: prof. Atiq(hayat) GROUP (9) MEMBERS: Weqarullah sanger Safiullah safi Shirazam sohail Abid qurishi Ehsan Munir ahmad Sharif ahmad Mohammad alim Qaseem Munir ahmad Contents: Window Types of windows Window wood frame Plastic Aluminum plastic advantage and disadvantage Installing window Door Types of door Wood door Safety consideration in windows and doors Window: An opening in the wall or roof of a building or vehicle. fitted with glass in a frame to admit light or air and allow people to see out. Window in civil engineering: A windows is defined as an opening in a wall of a building To serve one or more of the functions like natural lights, natural ventilation and vision. Types of windows: We classified windows into two categories 1: type of closing and opening windows: fixed windows, sliding windows, pivoted windows, double-hung Windows, louvered windows, casement windows, metal windows, sash windows, corner windows, bay windows, dormer windows, clerestory windows, lantern windows, gable windows, ventilators and skylights. 2: type of windows by frame: wood frame, aluminum frame, plastic and etc. Window wood frame: Offers good thermal performance and natural beauty Offered in a wide variety of species Wood requires maintenance that other materials may not (paint or stain) Vinyl and aluminum cladding offered for the exterior to minimize maintenance requirements. Plastic: A synthetic made from a wide range of organic polymers such as polyethylene, PVC , nylon, etc…,that can be moulded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form. Plastic has deffirent types but we just name some of them. 1- polyethylene terephthalate (PET or PETE or polyester) 2- High- density polyethylene (HDPE) 3- polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 4- Low-Density polyethylene (LDPE) 5- Polypropylyene (PP) 6- Polyestrene (PS) Others… Aluminum frame window: Stronger than wood or vinyl. Dominant choice in architectural and demanding commercial applications. Aluminum is a good thermal conductor and is usually offered with a structural insulation inside the frame. Beware of replacing with vinyl because of structural strenth Plastic advantages and disadvantages : Plastics have numerous advantages and uses. Few of them are stated below – •Its production cost is low. •It can be easily molded into various shapes. •It is lightweight. •It is resistant to corrosion. •It can be translucent, transparent, and opaque as well. •It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. •It can be used to make roads, utensils, wires, pipes etc. •It is used in construction of buildings as well. Natural decomposition of plastic can last from 400-1000 years and few types of plastics are nondegradable as well. Plastic materials clog waterways, oceans, seas, lakes etc. 1 in 3 species of marine mammals have been found entangled in marine litter. Many animals eat plastic materials and die. Over 90% of all seabirds have plastic pieces in their stomachs. Plastic is widely used in packaging. Eating food out of plastic containers may cause cancer. Both creation and recycling of plastic produce toxic gases and residues which causes air and water and land pollution. Few additives such as phthalates etc. which are added in plastics to prevent its structure may cause serious hormonal imbalance in males and females. Plastic causes many fire hazards. Its cost of recycling is also very high. Disadvantages of plastic bags are well known, this is the reason why use of plastic bags have been restricted in most of the countries in the world. Door : The door is a moving mechanism which is more like a barrier made of wood, stone, metal, glass, paper, leaves, hides, or a combination of materials. A door understands the importance of having options when it comes to choosing the right fit for the architecture of our home and interior and exterior decor from the curb through the foyer. Trendy to timeless, understated to elaborate, the door provides a warm welcome. There is a sharp contrast between interior and exterior door. A door has an aesthetic purpose in creating an impression of what lies beyond. Types of Doors There are many kinds of doors with different purposes. Doors are largely defined by the materials they are made from. Also, door classification varies due to the mechanism and usage. Followings are the classifications of doors: Considering Material Used Wooden Door Metal Door UPVC Door Considering the Mechanism & Usage Sliding Door Composite Door Swinging Door Revolving Door Folding Door Wooden Door: The wooden door is the top choice for the homeowners. It is a premium choice for your home interior and exterior with a rich sense of character and beauty on its own. Many antique doors were made of wood. A wooden door can be custom made which has decorative yet functional design options. Most of the wooden doors open in a swinging system; also it is stained rather than painted because stain is a marketable choice allowing you to show the wood's natural grain. Additional Window and Door Safety Tips Windows and Doors with Built in Blinds are Safer The invention of shades or blinds inside the glass panes within doors and windows was not only a smart idea but also a safe one. Dangling cords from window and door shades pose a great danger to children. As said above, children are full of energy and will play with anything they can get their hands on. Most of those cords are at eye level for them to grab and it can be a safety hazard if they get tangled up in it. If you do have shades with cords that dangle to the floor, make sure you find a way to place them higher so they are out of reach of any child’s hands to keep them safe… Tempered Glass Tempered glass is something that everyone should be aware of. You might not even know that there is tempered glass all around you. Hockey rink boards as well as car windshields are both made of tempered glass for example. It is much stronger and is more heat resistant than regular glass. The best part of tempered glass is the clean up. It falls apart into small pieces rather than large shards with sharp edges making it much easier and safer of a clean up. Since it is stronger than regular glass it is safe in areas of high traffic. Tempered glass is great in any window or door for the increased safety benefits it provides…