Formulae d 12 v2 v1 t d v1t 12 at 2 x b b 2 4ac 2a d R d x 2 d y 2 Fnet ma Fnet F1 F2 F3 FF k FN FF s FN ac v2 r ac ac 4 2 rf 2 W Fd F kx EK 12 kx 2 totalinitial total final Fe k q1q2 r2 Fe q I 2r F LI B I1 k qmaster r2 Ee I 2 I1 cos 2 m 12 w sin m Fg Gm1m2 r2 2t n n film Ee qd Pn S1 Pn S 2 n 12 n 12 d sin n Eg 2 m1 v1 v '2 m m 2 1 V d V NI L F q v B sin ni i nR R ratio I Ee q q t tan B nR ni t film film x n w n L w d N 1 dxm L Gm1m2 r J Fnet t B sin i sin R i R m 12 2t n film m Fc m4 2 rf 2 Fg mg L m d sin m opp adj 2 m4 2 r T2 n w sin n m 12 w xm tan mv k q1 q 2 r 2 Fg mg cos Fc N I 2r F qv B Pm S1 Pm S 2 m to mv 2 r B ni sin i nR sin R c v Fc adj hyp m m2 v1 v1' 1 m m 2 1 B n 1 Io 2 Fnet x Fnety mv 2 I 2r F I L B sin B v f 2 2' x 2' y cos Fg|| mg sin Ek 12 mv 2 2' 2 v2 v1 2ad 2 Fnet E p mgh J 2 1 opp hyp sin tan 4 2 r T2 v2 v1 at d v2 t 12 at 2 dx L n 12 dxn L mo mo v mo c 2 v2 L Lo 1 2 c m E rest mo c 2 13.6 eV En n2 Ek ETotal Erest hf h photon c W eV g 9.81 m / s 2 [ D] G 6.673 10 11 Nm 2 / kg 2 k 9.0 109 N m 2 / C 2 o 4 10 7 T m / A 1 e 1.602 1019 C me 9.109 10 31 kg m P 1.673 10 27 kg m n 1.675 10 27 kg c 3.00 108 m / s 1 u 931 MeV/c 2 1 u 1.66 10 27 kg h 6.63 10 34 J s t v2 1 2 c 1 v2 c2 v2 c2 W hf o 1 E photon hf 3 2.898 10 m K T h E total v2 c2 Ek hf W h x 4 1