FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
LAB#01
Objective:
To study the various “Electrical Symbols”
To become familiar with various power sources and electrical measuring instruments.
To become familiar with Breadboard
Theory:
The electrical quantities are either varying or non-varying i.e. AC or DC. AC stands for
Alternating Current, whereas DC stands for Direct Current. Alternating currents are those
which vary in some periodic fashion. The voltage which causes Alternating current is called
AC voltage, and the one, which causes Direct Current, is called DC voltage. Figure 1.1 shows
various ac waveforms
Figure 1.1: various ac waveforms
Sinusoidal waveform is the most popular among all. The mains supply in our houses is an
example of ac voltage source, which provides a 220 volts ac with sinusoidal waveform.
The main supply voltage has a frequency of 60 Hz. The symbols of current source and voltage
source are shown in figure 1.2
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
Current Source
AC Voltage Source
DC Voltage Source
Figure 1.2: Power Supply Symbols
Figure 1.3: Power supply unit
Measuring Instruments: The measuring instruments used to measure Potential Difference
are called Voltmeter, the ones used to measure current are called Ampere meter (Ammeter), and
the ones used to measure Resistance are called Ohmmeter. There are also instruments available
called multi-meter which can measure current, voltage, resistance and some other electrical
characteristics. These are sometimes called AVO (Ampere-Volt-Ohm) meters. Multi-meters may
be analog or digital.
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
Figure 1.4: Analog Ammeter and Voltmeter
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
Figure 1.5: Analog ohm-meter and digital Multi-meters
Breadboard: The Breadboard or Prototype Board is a board used to assemble Electronic circuits
easily. Breadboards are used to test circuits. Wires and components are simply pushed into the
holes to form a completed circuit and power can be applied. One of the main advantages
of using a breadboard is that the components are not soldered and if they are positioned incorrectly
they can be moved easily to a new position on the board. The breadboard is shown in the
figure 1.6.
Front view of breadboard
Figure1.6: The Breadboard
Exercise:
1. When two DC sources are added in series, the current increases. (
2. When two DC sources are added in series, the total voltage increases. (
)
)
3. Can DMM be used to test continuity in a circuit? State yes or no and give reason.
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology
Hamdard University
4. If two Voltage sources of 8 Volts are connected in parallel what will be net voltage?
Show calculation.
5. If two Voltage sources of 8 Volts are connected in series what will be net voltage? Show
calculation.
6. If two Current Sources of 5 Amps are connected in parallel the net current supplied will
be? Show calculation.
Hamdard Institute of Engineering & Technology, Hamdard University
Madinat al-Hikmah, Hakim Mohammed Said Road, Karachi 74600, Pakistan.