HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND VICTIMOLOGY 1. Behavior - is the actions and mannerisms made by individuals, organisms, systems or artificial entities in conjunction with themselves or their environment, which includes the other systems or organisms around as well as the (inanimate) physical environment. Human Behavior – Anything a person does that involved self-initiated action and or reaction to a given stimulus. It is composed of adoptive adjustments people makes as they cope with one another, with problems, with opportunities, and with working together-aspect, in a given situation. It is the sum total of man’s reaction to his environment. Human behavior is believed to be influenced by the endocrine system and the nervous system. It is most commonly believed that complexity in the behavior of an organism is correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Two Basic Types of Behavior 2. a. Inherited Behavior These are inborn behavior, any behavior reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their inherited capabilities or the process of natural section e.g. the survival of species who are dependent a behavior like breathing, digesting food, mating and depending oneself. b. Learned Behavior These are operant behavior which involves knowing or taking into account, adaptation that enhance a human being’s ability to cope with changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances of survival e.g. good command of English, Logical problem solving technique, job skill, and other learned expertise that give people more control over their lives. It is this behavior that sets human being apart from other animals. 3. Classification of Human Behavior 1. Habitual – is a form of automatic and routine behavior. It is behavior that people repeat, because this behavior is easy, comfortable or rewarding. Habitual behavior’s automatically character is demonstrated by the fact that it is often started by a cue or a change in the situation. 2. Instinctive – they are generally unlearned and simply come out, out of man’s instinct, which can be seen among instinct-instinct survival behaviors. 3. Symbolic – are behavior that are usually carried out by means of unsaid words, and shown through symbols or body sign. 4. Complex – are those behaviors that combines two or more of the classified ones. 4. Cognitive Development Jean Piaget developed the theory of cognitive development. Piaget’s theory is widely used in education programs to prepare teachers to instruct students in developmentally appropriate ways. Sensorimotor — In the sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years old), children learn object permanence, which is the understanding that people and objects still exist even when they’re out of view. Preoperational — In the preoperational stage (2-7 years old), children develop symbolic thought, which is when they begin to progress from concrete to abstract thinking. Children in this stage often have imaginary friends. Concrete operational — In the concrete operational stage (7-11 years old), children solidify their abstract thinking and begin to understand cause and effect and logical implications of actions. Formal operational — In the formal operational stage (adolescence to adulthood), humans plan for the future, think hypothetically, and assume adult responsibilities. 5. Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg created a theory of human development based on moral development concepts. Preconventional – In the preconventional stage, people follow rules because they’re afraid of punishment and make choices only with their best interests in mind. Conventional – In the conventional stage, people act to avoid society’s judgment and follow rules to maintain the systems and structures that are already in place. Postconventional – In the postconventional stage, a genuine concern for the welfare of others and the greater good of society guides people. 6. Psychosexual Theory Sigmund Freud popularized the psychosexual theory. The theory comprises five stages: Oral — In the oral stage (birth to 1-year-old), children learn to suck and swallow and may experience conflict with weaning. Anal — In the anal stage (1-3 years old), children learn to withhold or expel feces and may experience conflict with potty training. Phallic — In the phallic stage (3-6 years old), children discover that their genitals can give them pleasure. Latency — In the latency stage (roughly 6 years old through puberty), they take a break from these physical stages and instead develop mentally and emotionally. Genital — In the genital stage (puberty through adulthood), people learn to express themselves sexually. 7. Preconventional – In the preconventional stage, people follow rules because they’re afraid of punishment and make choices only with their best interests in mind. Conventional – In the conventional stage, people act to avoid society’s judgment and follow rules to maintain the systems and structures that are already in place. Postconventional – In the postconventional stage, a genuine concern for the welfare of others and the greater good of society guides people. 8. Criminology Students 9. Causes of Human Behavior 1. Sensation – is the feeling or impression created by a given stimulus or cause, that leads t a particular reaction or behavior, in short, the effect e.g. visual (sight), Olfactory (Smell), Cutaneous (touch), Auditory (Hearing), gustatory (taste). 2. Perception- refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation. 3. Awareness – refers to the psychological activity-based stimulus or object. 10. Perception- refers to the person’s knowledge of a given stimulus which largely help to determine the actual behavioral response in a given situation. Awareness – refers to the psychological activity-based stimulus or object. 11. Abnormal Behavior - “A.B.” is a Latin Initial which means “away from” Abnormal behavior then can be defined as a behavior which is away from or deviating from the normal behavior. Normal Behavior on the other hand is one that is with the concept of a person as his own behavior which he or she sees normal, and that people who behave as they do, are likewise normal and those that do not behave similarly are abnormal. Abnormal most of the time referred to as “sick” behavior. It is associated to mental illness. Behavior which are ineffective, self-defeating, selfdestructive and which separates the individuals from those who are important to him, are regarded as abnormal. 12. Guidelines for Judging Abnormal Behavior 1. Appropriateness (includes assessment of not only the behavior itself but also the situation in which it is happening). 2. Flexibility (normal behavior tends to be flexible as a sign of healthy behavior). 3. Impulsivity (Normal behavior is more likely to be a result of a consideration of its consequences, with important decisions being given careful before implementation). Abnormal behavior, being uncontrolled or partially controlled needs and drives, tends to be impulsive.
