ENGLISH REVIEWER
Fundamentals of News Paper Writing
Newspaper
• It’s a printed media that is usually distributed
weekly or daily in the form of a folded
compilation of papers. It contains written
information about current events or follow-ups
that are printed in black ink in a white or gray
background.
• A form of media used as a medium for faster
distribution of news.
In the world of print journalism, the two main
formats for newspapers are:
1. Broadsheet
• A format that is characterized by long vertical
pages, typically of 22.5 inches.
2. Tabloid
• Smaller than a traditional daily paper and
focuses on sensational news items.
These terms refer to the page sizes of such papers,
but the different formats have distinct histories and
associations.
Parts of a News Paper
1. Front page
▪ Refers to the first page of the newspaper
which bears the major news such as the
headlines and other important newsbreak.
Parts of the Front page
1) Ear
• Either corner at the top of the front page
(sometimes used for weather news or to call
attention to a special feature).
2) Nameplate
• Is a stylized banner on the front of a
newsletter that identifies the publication. The
nameplate usually contains the name of the
newsletter, possibly graphics or a logo, and
sometimes a subtitle, motto, or other
publication information. The nameplate
communicates the identity of the publication
and makes it easily recognizable.
2. Local and Foreign News Section
▪ Contains news from towns and cities of the
nation and abroad.
3. Editorial Page
▪ This section contains articles called editorials.
Editorials give views or opinions of the editor
or publisher on certain issues or events.
▪ It is considered as the soul of the newspaper.
▪ Contains an editorial write up and a
caricature.
Types of Editorial
1. One sided editorial
▪ A type of editorial that is siding only in
specific area of the story.
2. Neutral editorial
▪ A type of editorial that is taking both
sides of the story.
4. Sports Page
▪ This section contains news on events
containing sports from in and out of the
country. This section also contains well-known
people in the sports world.
5. Classified Ads Section
▪ Contains advertisements that fall under the
categories like “Help”, “Wanted”, “For Lease /
For Sale”, and “Wanted To Buy”.
6. Business and Finance Section
▪ Contains businessmen and people interested
in business with information on banking,
foreign exchange rates, and prices of prime
commodities.
7. Entertainment Section
▪ Contains info about movies, radio, television
and other activities for entertainment.
8. Home and Culture Section
▪ Provides info about budgeting,
preparation, house improvement, etc.
food
ENGLISH REVIEWER
9. Society Page
▪ Contains news about important people who
are celebrating special events in a particular
place.
10. Travel and Tourism Section
▪ Contains a guide to travel and directs tourists
to a scenic vacation spots and gives
information on the activities in these places.
Examples:
a. I can ride a horse. (expressing ability)
b. I can speak four languages. (expressing ability)
c. Can I use your book, please? ( ask for
permission )
d. If you want, you can go to the park. ( give
permission )
e. Can I ask you some questions? ( ask for
permission )
11. Announcements and Obituary Page
▪ Provides info on the activities of different
religious sections and also lists people who
recently died and the time and place of their
burials.
2. May
▪ "May" is a modal verb most commonly used
to express possibility. It can also be used to
give or request permission, although this
usage is becoming less common.
Modals
▪ A modal verb is a helper that gives additional
information about the verb that follows it, and
includes such words as "can," "will," "should,"
and "may," among others.
▪ A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to
indicate modality – that is: likelihood, ability,
permission, request, capacity, suggestions,
order, obligation, or advice. Modal verbs always
accompany the base form of another verb having
semantic content.
Examples:
a) Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work.
b) You may bring a partner to our event.
c) He may have been.
d) We may be invited but I'm not sure.
3. Must
“Must” is a modal verb – in other words, it helps
give meaning to other verbs. We use MUST when
we want to say that it is necessary or very important
that something happens in the present or future.
Examples:
a. I must work hard on my English! ...
b. Pupils must not run in the corridors.
(note: here, 'must' expresses a school rule.)
c. I must say, this food is delicious!
1. Can
▪ "Can" is one of the most commonly
used modal verbs in English. It can be used to
express ability or opportunity, to request or
offer permission, and to show possibility or
impossibility.
4. Shall
▪ “Shall” is a modal verb used to indicate future
action. It is most commonly used in sentences
with "I" or "we," and is often found in
suggestions, such as "Shall we go?" "Shall" is
also frequently used in promises or voluntary
actions.
Examples:
a. Shall I help you? (suggestion)
b. I shall never forget where I came from. (promise)
c. He shall become our next king. (predestination)
ENGLISH REVIEWER
d. I'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new
director. (inevitability)
5. Will
▪ Will is a modal verb used with promises or
voluntary actions that take place in the future.
"Will" can also be used to make predictions
about the future.
Examples:
a. I promise that I will write you every single
day. (promise)
b. I will make dinner tonight. (voluntary action)
c. He thinks it will rain tomorrow. (prediction)
6. Ought To
▪ “Ought to” is a semi-modal verb because it is in
some ways like a modal verb and in some ways
like
a
main
verb.
For
example,
unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but
like modal verbs, it does not change form for
person.
Examples:
a) She ought to slow down so she doesn't get a
ticket.
b) Three minutes ought to be long enough.
c) Your sister ought to clean up this mess.
d) We ought not take my mother's car.
7. Need
▪ As a modal verb, 'need' is most typically used
in negative sentences or in affirmative
sentences with a negative meaning. It
expresses absence of necessity or obligation,
and it is followed by a bare infinitive:
Nobody need think that we are rich.
Examples:
a) No one need think that we are doing this every
week.
b) 2. Nobody need know the name of the person
who made the
complaint.
c) Not a thing need change on this page.
8. Would
▪ ‘Would" is a modal verb most commonly used
to create conditional verb forms. It also serves
as the past form of the modal verb "will."
Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition
in the past.
Examples:
a) I would like the crab cakes.
b) Would you pass the jelly?
c) Would you like some rice or a salad with it?
9. Could
▪ "Could" is a modal verb used to express
possibility or past ability as well as to make
suggestions and requests. "Could" is also
commonly used in conditional sentences as the
conditional form of "can.“
Examples:
a) What could he do about it but lose more sleep?
...
b) I wish you could hear yourself talking. ...
c) How could she blame him? ...
d) I had let so much gas out of my balloon that
I could not rise again.
10. Should
▪ "Should" is a modal verb most commonly
used to make recommendations or give
advice. It can also be used to express
obligation as well as expectation.
Examples:
a) When you go to Berlin, you should visit the
palaces in Potsdam
b) You should stop eating fast food.
c) John should be here by 2:00 PM.
d) Should we turn left at this street?
▪ Modal verbs help when speaking about ability,
making requests and offers, asking permission,
and more. The modal verbs in English differ from
other verbs, because they are not used
separately, and do not indicate a specific action
or state, they just reflect its modality, the
attitude of the speaker to the action.
ENGLISH REVIEWER
Introduction to research
What is Research?
• Research is a diligent, systematic, exhaustive
and critical investigation of a certain subject to
discover new facts; revise accepted
conclusions, theories and laws or the practical
application of such conclusion.
Research is classified as;
• scientific and non-scientific.
• It is scientific if it follows a scientific method.
The purpose of research is to:
• Review or synthesize existing knowledge
• Investigate existing situations or problems
• Provide solutions to problems
• Explore and analyze more general issues
• Construct or create new procedures or systems
• Explain new phenomenon
• Generate new knowledge
• …or a combination of any of the above!
Characteristics of research
Empirical
• can be seen/observed
• rely on practical experience
Logical
• based on valid procedure or principles for
decision making
Analytical
• apply analytical procedure in gathering data
Criteria for Good Research
• Purpose should be clearly defined.
• Common concepts should be used that can be
understood by all.
• Research procedure should be explained in
detail.
• Research design should be carefully planned.
• Researcher should declare all the possible
errors and their possible impact on finding.
Various Types of Researches
Applied Research
• Applied research refers to scientific study and
research that seeks to solve practical problems.
Applied research is used to find solutions to
everyday problems, cure illness, and develop
innovative technologies, rather than to acquire
knowledge for knowledge's sake.
For example, applied researchers may investigate
ways to:
• Improve agricultural crop production
• Treat or cure a specific disease
• Improve the energy efficiency of homes, offices,
or modes of transportation
Basic Research
• Basic (aka fundamental or pure ) research is
driven by a scientist's curiosity or interest in a
scientific question. The main motivation is
to expand man's knowledge, not to create or
invent something. There is no obvious
commercial value to the discoveries that result
from basic research.
• For example, basic science investigations
probe for answers to questions such as:
• How did the universe begin?
• What are protons, neutrons, and electrons
composed of?
• How do slime molds reproduce?
• What is the specific genetic code of the fruit
fly?
Correlational Research
• Correlational research refers to the systematic
investigation or statistical study of relationships
among two or more variables, without
necessarily determining cause and effect.
• It
Seeks
to
establish
a
relation/association/correlation between two
or more variables that do not readily lend
themselves to experimental manipulation.
• For example, to test the hypothesis “ Listening
to music lowers blood pressure levels” there are
2 ways of conducting research
o Experimental
ENGLISH REVIEWER
▪
group samples and make one group
listen to music and then compare the
bp levels
o Survey
▪ ask people how they feel ? How often
they listen? And then compare
Descriptive Research
• Descriptive research refers to research that
provides
an
accurate
portrayal
of
characteristics of a particular individual,
situation, or group. Descriptive research, also
known as statistical research.
• These studies are a means of discovering new
meaning, describing what exists, determining
the frequency with which something occurs,
and categorizing information.
• In short descriptive research deals with
everything that can be counted and studied,
which has an impact of the lives of the people it
deals with.
• For example, finding the most frequent disease
that affects the children of a town. The reader
of the research will know what to do to prevent
that disease thus, more people will live a
healthy life.
Ethnographic Research
• Ethnographic research refer to the investigation
of a culture through an in-depth study of the
members of the culture; it involves the
systematic collection, description, and analysis
of data for development of theories of cultural
behaviour.
• It studies people, ethnic groups and other
ethnic formations, their ethno genesis,
composition, resettlement, social welfare
characteristics, as well as their material and
spiritual culture.
• Data collection is often done through
participant
observation,
interviews,
questionnaires, etc.
• The purpose of ethnographic research is to
attempt to understand what is happening
naturally in the setting and to interpret the data
gathered to see what implications could be
formed from the data.
Experimental Research
• Experimental research is an objective,
systematic, controlled investigation for the
purpose of predicting and controlling
phenomena and examining probability and
causality among selected variables.
Exploratory Research
• Exploratory
research is
a
type
of research conducted for a problem that has
not been clearly defined. Exploratory research
helps determine the best research design, data
collection method and selection of subjects.
• Exploratory research can be quite informal,
relying
on secondary
research such
as
reviewing available literature and/or data,
or qualitative approaches such as informal
discussions with consumers, employees,
management or competitors, and more formal
approaches through in-depth interviews, focus
groups, projective methods, case studies or
pilot studies.
Historical Research
• Historical research is research involving analysis
of events that occurred in the remote or recent
past
• Application
• Historical research can show patterns that
occurred in the past and over time which can
help us to see where we came from and what
kinds of solutions we have used in the past.
• Understanding this can add perspective on how
we examine current events and educational
practices.
Qualitative Research
• Qualitative research is research dealing with
phenomena that are difficult or impossible to
quantify mathematically, such as beliefs,
meanings, attributes, and symbols.
ENGLISH REVIEWER
Advantages
• It enables more complex aspects of a persons
experience to be studied
• Fewer restriction or assumptions are placed on
the data to be collected.
• Not everything can be quantified, or quantified
easily, Individuals can be studied in more depth
• Good for exploratory research and hypothesis
generation
• The participants are able to provide data in their
own words and in their own way
Disadvantages
• It is more difficult to determine the validity and
reliability of linguistic data
• There is more subjectivity involved in analysing
the data.
• “Data overload” – open-ended questions can
sometimes create lots of data, which can take
along time to analyse!
• Time consuming
Quantitative Research
Advantages
• Quantitative research allows the researcher to
measure and analyse data.
• The researcher is more objective about the
findings of the research.
• Quantitative research can be used to test
hypotheses in experiments because of its ability
to measure data using statistics.
Disadvantages
• The main disadvantage of quantitative research
is the context of the study or experiment is
ignored.
• Quantitative research does not study things in a
natural setting or discuss the meaning things
have for different people.
• A large sample of the population must be
studied for more accurate results
Action Research
• This involves the application of the steps of the
scientific method in the classroom problems.
•
This type of research is done on a very limited
scope to solve a particular problem which is not
so big.
Chapter I
• Introduction
• Background of the study, significance, problem,
scope, definition
Chapter II
• Review of Related Literatures and Studies
• Review of related unpublished researches or
theses as support to study
Chapter III
• Methodology
• Research design, instrument, gathering &
processing procedures, treatment
Chapter IV
• Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of
Data
• Tabular/textual/graphical, analyze, check
hypothesis,
Chapter V
• Summary of Findings, Conclusion and
Recommendation
• Paragraph form: problem, design, findings,
general statement, suggestions