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Ebola virus disease prevention and control
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PUBMED-National Library of
Medicine ID-101739732
ISSN (Print): 2209-2870
ISSN (Online): 2209-2862
International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)
Available online at: www.ijmscr.com
Volume3, Issue 1, Page No: 419-423
January-February2020
Ebola virus disease prevention and control
Adil Raza1, Mohmmad Amil Rahman2
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, NIMS University
Rajasthan, Jaipur1
Department of Medical Biochemistry, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, NIMS University
Rajasthan, Jaipur2
*Corresponding Author:
AdilRaza*
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, NIMS University
Rajasthan,Jaipur
Type of Publication: Original Research Paper
Conflicts of Interest: Nil
ABSTRACT
The Ebola virus disease (EVD) occurred in a small town near the ebola river from which it itakes its name.
EVD first found in 1976 in simultaneous out breaks one is Nzara South Sudan and second one is yambuku,
DRC (1).It can be spared to the population via wild animals and after then if a healthy individual come in
contact with ebola infected person so then healthy one is also infected and this cycle runs without precaution so
that a large number of population get infected. Ebola virus (EBV) belongs to the Filoviridae family and it is
specialized hemorrhagic fever and it is rare but fatal illness in human (3). According to world health
organization average rate of fatality is about 50% cases and it varied from past outbreak from 25% to 90%.
This particular virus humiliate a lot cells primarily it attacks on macrophages and dendritic cells and after that
primary immune system start attacking against virus by using of cytokines a lots of cytokines attacks on virus at
that time it look like whirlwind, But Filoviridae family particularly lethal because it affect wide range if organs.
Ebola virus can affect spleen lung and kidneys and this particular virus affect cells of these organs those cells
who are helping for chemical balance and some protein which is responsible for blood clotting(2).EVD can be
rule out if preventive community get engagement. In community must have case namely management, infection
prevention, control practices patient surveillance and good laboratory practice. So in our study we can make
some prevention that can help population.
Keywords:Ebola Virus disease (EVD).Filoviridae.,Cytokines.Prevention,WHO
Ebola virus disease rather known as Ebola
hemorrhagic fever is a grievous, often fatal illness in
humans. Ebola virus and Marburg virus are
respective, viruses that cause hemorrhagic fevers —
malady marked by grievous bleeding (hemorrhage),
organ failure and, in many cases, death. Both viruses
are native-born to Africa, where sporadical outbreaks
have occurred for decades. Ebola virus and Marburg
virus live in animal hosts, and humans can appendage
the viruses from infected animals.(3) After the
preceding transmission, the viruses can spread from
person to person through contact with body fluids or
contaminated needles.No drug has been assumed to
treat either virus. People diagnosed with VHF or
filovirus receive adjunct care and treatment for
complications. Scientists square measure returning
nearer to developing vaccines for these deadly
diseases. The virus is transmitted to folks from wild
animals and spreads within the human population
through human-to-human transmission.
International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research | January-February 2020 | Vol 3 | Issue 1
419
INTRODUCTION
Ebola uses glycoproteins as a devious disguise: The
virus's exterior lets it chemically imitate the debris
that results from apoptosis, the orderly, programmed
death of a cell. Normally, nearby cells can detect the
remains of their dead neighbors and absorb the
wreckage for disposal which means that when they
dectect Ebola they,inadvertently welcome it into the
cell's interior.At first Ebola is within a kind of
cellular tours bus, a membrane bubble called a
vesicle .But proteins on one end of the virus let it
eject its RNA out of the vesicle and into the cell's
innards. Once the Ebola RNA is loose inside the cell,
it hijacks the cell's machinery to make many copies
of its building blocks, which then assemble (4). By
recruiting the cell's very own membrane machinery,
they bud off to form new viruses. Eventually, being a
viral factory becomes too much for the cell to bear,
and it dies. Ebola causes the symptoms it does
because of the types of cells it targets, which include
a group of immune cells called dendrite cells that act
a bit like the body's security cameras. In their
absence, other classes of immune cells are left flying
blind—so the virus can replicate rapidly. In addition,
Ebola can disrupt cells' ability to make interferon—
an anti-viral signaling molecule—and can even cause
some immune cells to self-destruct.
How does Ebola virus work
SYMPTOMS
The exterior of the Ebola virus is a snakelike filament
less than a millionth of a meter long. The filament
houses the virus's RNA, a string of genetic material
about 19,000 base pairs long that encodes seven
proteins. The virus's outer membrane is studded with
specific complexes of proteins and carbohydrates,
called glycoproteins,that act like skeleton keys for the
various “locks” on the outsides of our bodies' cells.
Signs and symptoms typically begin abruptly within
five to 10 days of infection with Ebola or Marburg
virus. Early signs and symptoms include:
Volume 3, Issue 1; January-February 2020; Page No.419-423
© 2020 IJMSCR. All Rights Reserved
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Fever
Severe headache
Joint and muscle aches
Chills
Page
The average EVD case death rate is around five
hundredths. Case fatality rates have varied from
twenty-fifth to 19th in past outbreaks. The first EVD
outbreaks occurred in remote villages in the Central
African Republic, close to tropical rainforests. The
2014–2016 happening in West Africa concerned
major urban areas also as rural ones. Community
engagement is key to successfully controlling
outbreaks. Good happening management depends on
applying a package of interventions, particularly case
management, infection hindrance and management
practices, police work and call tracing, an honest
laboratory service, safe and dignified burials, and
social mobilization.(4) Early validatory care with
rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves
survival. There is yet no accredited treatment verified
to neutralize the virus however a spread of blood,
medicine and drug therapies ar beneath development.
A virus that causes severe bleeding, organ failure and
can lead to death, Ebola virus is one of the four
ebolaviruses known to cause disease in humans.
Ebola Virus sickness may be a rare and deadly
sickness most ordinarily moving folks and nonhuman
primates (monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees). It is
caused by associate infection with a bunch of viruses
at intervals the genus Ebolavirus.
420
Adil Raza et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)
Adil Raza et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)

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Weakness
Over time, symptoms become increasingly
severe and may include:
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhea (may be bloody)
Red eyes
Raised rash
Chest pain and cough




RISK FACTORS

Provide medical or personal care-Family
members square measure typically infected as
they look after sick relatives. Medical
personnel can also be infected if they do not
use protecting gear, like surgical masks and
gloves.

Prepare people for burial-The bodies of
individuals United Nations agency have died
of Ebola fever or Marburg VHF square
measure still contagious. Helping prepare
these bodies for burial will increase your risk
of developing the unwellness.

For most people, the risk of getting Ebola
hemorrhagic fever or Marburg hemorrhagic
fever is low. The risk increases if you:

Travel to Africa.-You're at inflated risk if you
visit or add areas wherever filovirus or
filovirus outbreaks have occurred.
Conduct animal research-People square
measure a lot of possible to contract the Ebola
fever or filovirus if they conduct animal
analysis with monkeys foreign from Africa or
the Philippines.(5)
Page
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Sore throat
Stomach pain
Severe weight loss
Bruising
Bleeding, usually from the eyes, and when
close to death, possible bleeding from the
ears, nose and rectum
Internal bleeding
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Volume 3, Issue 1; January-February 2020; Page No.419-423
© 2020 IJMSCR. All Rights Reserved
Adil Raza et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)
should be thoroughly
consumption.
Prevention focuses on avoiding contact with
the viruses. The following precautions can
help prevent infection and spread of Ebola
and Marburg.

Avoid areas of known outbreaks. Before
traveling to Africa, find out about current
epidemics by checking the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention website.

Wash your hands frequently. As with other
infectious diseases, one of the most important
preventive measures is frequent handwashing. Use soap and water, or use alcoholbased hand rubs containing at least 60 percent
alcohol when soap and water aren't
available.(6)

Avoid bush meat. In developing countries,
avoid buying or eating the wild animals,
including nonhuman primates, sold in local
markets(9)

Avoid contact with infected people. In
particular, caregivers should avoid contact
with an infected person's body fluids and
tissues, including blood, semen, vaginal
secretions and saliva. People with Ebola or
Marburg are most contagious in the later
stages of the disease.

Follow infection-control procedures. If you're
a health care worker, wear protective
clothing, such as gloves, masks, gowns and
eye shields. Keep infected people isolated
from others. Dispose of needles and sterilize
other instruments.

Don't handle remains. The bodies of people
who have died of Ebola or Marburg disease
are still contagious. Specially organized and
trained teams should bury the remains, using
appropriate safety equipment.

Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human
transmission from contact with infected fruit
bats or monkeys/apes and the (10)
consumption of their raw meat. Animals
should be handled with

Gloves and other appropriate protective
clothing. Animal products (blood and meat)
Volume 3, Issue 1; January-February 2020; Page No.419-423
© 2020 IJMSCR. All Rights Reserved
before

Reducing the risk of human-to-human
transmission from direct or close contact with
people with Ebola symptoms, particularly
with their bodily fluids. Gloves and
appropriate personal protective equipment
should be worn when taking care of ill
patients at home. Regular hand washing is
required after visiting patients in hospital, as
well as after taking care of patients at home.

Reducing the risk of possible sexual
transmission, based on further analysis of
ongoing research and consideration by the
WHO Advisory Group on the Ebola Virus
Disease Response, WHO recommends that
male survivors of Ebola virus disease practice
safe sex and hygiene for 12 months from
onset of symptoms or until their semen tests
negative twice for Ebola virus. Contact with
body fluids should be avoided and washing
with soap and water is recommended. WHO
does not recommend isolation of male or
female convalescent patients whose blood has
been tested negative for Ebola virus.

Outbreak containment measures, including
prompt and safe burial of the dead,
identifying people who may have been in
contact with someone infected with Ebola and
monitoring their health for 21 days, the
importance of separating the healthy from the
sick to prevent further spread, and the
importance of good hygiene and maintaining
a clean environment(7).
INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Ebola can be fatal. Those in close contact
with an infected person’s body fluids are at
high risk of contracting the virus themselves.
Washing hands properly, putting on and
removing personal protective equipment
safely, and other measures are essential.
Because Ebola has the potential to spread
across borders, it is important for all countries
to be prepared in relevant infection prevention
and control measures. On this page you will
find a series of resources and guidelines for
infection prevention and control on multiple
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PREVENTION
Adil Raza et al International Journal of Medical Science and Current Research (IJMSCR)
levels, including at travel hubs, in Ebola
Treatment Units, in general health-care
centers and in communities.(8)
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SR. "Clinical Aspects of Ebola Virus Disease
at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire,
1976". Archived from the original on 201408-04. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
2. Bardi, Jason Socrates. "Death Called a River".
The Scripps Research Institute. Retrieved 9
October 2014.
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6. Bray M, et al. Epidemiology pathogenesis of
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diagnosis of Ebola virus disease, Accessed
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M.
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http://www.uptodate.com/home.
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