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Student's Book
oxroRD
\INIVERSITY
PRESS
Contents
It'smyjob
Customercare
Listening
Project/
Webquest/
Problem-solving
Reading
Technological
innovations
Branchesof
technologY
I Technologyand societY P.4
Technologyand
work
2 StudyingtechnologY P.]o
Thecourse
Branchesof
technology
Coursedescriptions
3 Design p.16
a chair The designprocess
Designing
Blake: UsingnonKenneth
language
specialist
Furniture
Workingwith
Designer
design
in sPort P-7)
4 Technology
Making
PedroFernandez:
BikeMaker
Exchanging
information
recommendations
5 Appropriate technologY P.28
Stirlingengine
the
Explaining
differencebetween
Products
The inventor
6 Crime-fighting and security p.34
Usinginformal
language
7 Manufacturing
Manufacturing
processes
Modern
manufacturing
processes
Lesscommon
formsof transport
Thecarofthe
future
8 Transport p.46
JanBronec:
Mechanical
Engineer
Makingand
acknowledging
aPologies
Carengines
with Recordingnew
Comparisons
words
adjectivesand
adverbs
Wordgroups
Wordstress
Thetimetable
PresentSimplev
PresentContinuous
Strongandweak
formsof auxiliary
verbs
Famousdesigners
Questiontypes
Skateboardv
snowboard
Describing
usedto,usedfor,
madeoJmadefrom materials
E x p l a i n i nag
diagram
Benefitsof
appropriate
technology
Timeclauses
motion N u m b e r sa n d
Describing
quantities
Describing
function
-proof,-resistant,
-tight
PresentPassive
Compoundnouns
Prediction:
will,may,might
Recordingnew
expressions
Crime-fighting
devices
a large Crime-fighting
Protecting
equipment
storefrom
shoPlifters
P.40
NasserAziz:
Manufacturing
Engineer
Satellitelaunch
sysrems
Shortreportand
linkingwords
CD manufacturingShortsequence
F o o da n dd r i n k
manufacturing
lntonationfor
questlons
corÍectiVe
stre5s
Writing bank o p.52
Technology
in sport
Appropriate
technology
Crime-fighting
andsecurity
Manufacturing
Transport
High living:skyscrapers
Medicaltechnology
Personalentertainment
Careersin technology
9 High living:skyscrapers.p.68
Showingvisitors
LeonPeters:
rounda
SteelErector
construction
site
Thetallest
buildingsin the
world
How slgrscrapers
are built
Thefuture of technology
Reading bank key p.66
Foundationtypes
Safetysignsand
safety advice
Stressin long
words (1)
10 Medical technologyo p.7+
Phillipe
Rugeri: Givingclear
Mechatronics instructions
Engineer
1l Personalentertainmento o.80
BrunoSchleef: Makins
VideoGames
tuggeitions
uesrgner
12 Informationtechnologyo p.8o
DianaMayo:lT
Support
Technician
Devicesforthe
blind
Best-selling
computergame
genres
Devicesforthe
elderly
Opinions
Opposites
Linkingwords
Videogames
should/ shouldn't
Newvocabulary
CADCAM
Computer
peripherals
PastPassive
Collocations
VolP phone
systems
Mobile phones
PastSimplev
PresentPerfect
PastSimplev
PresentPerfect
Job descriptions
PersonalitycareerCV
test
Jobinterview
Job requirements
Stressin long
words (2)
Future
developments
Phrasalverbs
a
Workingona help Supercomputers Describing
desk
changes
o p.92
13 Telecommunications
in
ToddMcArthur: Explaining
Telesimpleterms
communications
Technician
Shortdescription Relativeclauses
Satellite
communication
systems
-edformofverbs
and wordswith
silentletters
14Careersin technologyo p.98
15Thefuture of technologyo p.lo+
Sayinggoodbye
Pairworkactivitieso o.110
Predictions
Symbols and characteÍs. p.1l4
Grammarreference. o.ll5
Affixes
Listeningscriptst p.124
Linkingin phrasal
verbs
Glossary. p.t31
4 U n i t1
Switchon
t
Look at pictures A-F. They show ways in which
technology affects how we live. Identlfy the different
items in each oicture
2 Match the effectsof technologyto picturesA-F. Declde
which effectsare posltive,and which are negative.
1 fasttravel
7 roaddeaths
)
8 spaceexploration
rttrav
-^ll'
'+i^-
3 nuclearmissiles
4 less housework
\
nheen
9 overweight people
10 globa1warming
11 easy communication
n^r^raT
6 noise pollution
12 mass entertainment
EXAMPLE
PictureA
8 (PositÍveeffect)
lil
/t
I-
Ia
-
I
-
trttF
$;:
ffi"
tr
,/
j (Negative effect)
Technologyand society
o speakingaboutthe way technologyaffectsou r lives
o listeningto peopledescribingthe effectsof new
technologyon theirwork
o comparisonswith adjectivesand adverbs
o how to stresstechnicalwords
o h o wt o g r o u pa n d r e m e m b e n
r e wt e r m s
listening
o Languagespot
Technologyand work
Comparisonswith adjectivesand adverbs
I f) fisten to four people describing the effectsof new
technology on their work. Match each person to his /
herjob.
. The speakersare comparing howthings are now
with how they were before:
It'smuchfaster.
It'smore realistic.
It'ssafer.
My salesare muchworse.
t We make comparisons with short adjectiveslike/ast
by adding -er)faster.
With long adjectiveslike realistic,we use more and less
) more / Iessrealistic.
Note the irregular form s:Qood) better and bad )
worse.
Some adverbsare the same as adjectives,for example
early,fast,high,late,Wíth these adverbs,we use -er)
earli er,fa st er, high er, Iat er.
With adverbs ending in -ly,we use more and less.We
can add much to emphasize the comparÍson:
With a computerI can work more efficiently and much
faster.
)) Go to Gtammat reference p.115
I fiU tne gaps to compare computers now and ten years
ago.Use the adjectivesÍnbrackets.
I Vera
a shop owner
Computers to day are moreP owerÍul' (powerful)'
I Lnrrstrne
b doctor
They operate -'(fast)
and they have much
(large)memories. Becausethey contain
3 Gupta
c musicÍan
-'
4 Anton
d teacher
more electronics,thecaseshave become
Q Listen again. Decide whether each person makes
comments which are posÍtive,negative,or both.
Tick (/)the correctcolumn(s).
Positive
i
Negative
Vera
2 Christine
Gupta
o
(big) but the flat-screen monitors are -5
(heavy) and fit into a -'
desk.Computers are also
8(low) nowthan
is
in the past.The programs too
e (good).They
are
are -to
4 Anton
(sophisticated) and you
Q Work in pairs. Listen to the shop owner again and
write down what he says.Help each other to make a
complete and accurateversion.Then compare withthe
Listening script on p.124.
canworkmuch
11
(effciently).
(small) space on your
7(cheap).The price
) o t d i v i d e di n t o
l-class(adjn
f i r s tb
, u s i n e s sa,n d e c o n o m y
classes
r a n g e ( n )t h e d i s t a n c et h a t a
l e f o r ei t n e e d s
p l a n ec a nt r a v e b
m o r ef u e l
r : e i l i n g( n ) t h em a x i m u m
h e i g h t h a t a p l a n ec a nf l Y
"i*'"
{$\
í!'h\
Tno'u "'u,,
€
-,'
\\\*
1 l
Lookat the diagramsof the Airbus A380 and the Boeing747.Then studythe
table and completesentences1-8 comparingthe two planes'
(long)than the Boeing
A i r b u sA l 8 0
Boeing747
1 The Airbus is _-
length
73m
7O.1m
w r n g s pna
79.8m
weight (empty)
2 7 5 , 0 0 0k g
64.4m
'180,800
kg
2 The Boeingis a little -Airbus.
weight
( m a x i m u mt a t e o f f )
5a8,000kg
kg
39r,ooó
4 The Boeingis 5 The Airbus can fly ---
(far)than the Boeing
s p e e d( m a x i m u m )
9 4 5k p h
1 , 1 2k7p h
(high)thanthe
range
1 5 , 1 0k0m
1 4 2 0 0k m
6 The Boeingcan flYAirbus.
cllins
13,100m
13,500m
c a p a c i t (ym a x i m u m ) 8 4 0 ( l - c l a s s )
5 5 0( 1 - c l a s s )
engrnes
4turbofans
4 turbofans
t hr u s t
1 , 2 0 8k N
1 , 0 9 6k N
r,r,tintr.oauá
zooi
r9 8 ó
(short)than the
(heavy)weight
3 The Airbus can carry a than the Boeing.
(fast)than the Airbus.
7 The AÍrbusengines ale -.8 The Airbus was introduced_-
(powerful).
(recently).
3 Now write three more sentencesof your own
comparingthe two Planes.
T e c h n o l o gayn d s o c i e t y 7
Reading
Vocabulary
Branchesof technology
Recordingnewwords
Readheadlines1-8from recentnews stories.Match the
headlinesto the correctbranch oftechnologya-h.
One effectiveway of recording key words used in
technology is to group them into word sets.Study the
example of how to group words related to
biotechnology.
l'|
L \I i ( ' r ' t l V t ' l l l ' lt l l l l i l l l
b r ' . r i nc c l l s
...t'..í..j
i i *. .,.,.rrl$,'
-t
,L | 15billiontext messagessenteverymonth
i;l
!
USA developing
a vveaprrn
to fire microwaves
E]
L<?LriA^Ln+
ilIAJOIT IIAOI( AI'|)ICIT
(Jd resear'
El Wo rld'staIlest bridgeo pens
Work in pairs.Make word sets for each of the branches
of technologyínReading.
Another way to remember key words in technology Ís
to make word cards.Study the example of a word card.
Information tech nology
-l
Sunlightwill powcrspacecrafl
8 Naruwqs to make shoes
a biotechnology
b defence
c crime
d informationtechnology
e manufacturing
f civil engineering
g telecommunications
h
irrn<nnrt
Keyword
MLA^or/4
T r an s l a t i o n
P a r to f s p e e c h
noun (uncountablo)
P r o nu n c i a t i o n
/'memerr/
S a m p l es e n t e n c e
Wordsoften usedwith
the keyword
l4e,uor4is used lor
proqraMs and data
chip, slot, carJ,
randomaccLss
Design your own word cards to help you remember
your technical vocabulary.Make word cards for six of
the words you listed in l. Use a good English-Engiish
dictionary such as Oxford Wordpower,tohelp you.
8 Unitl
Gadget box
;'gt''t'z-'
AB5 (n)AntilockBraking
System
A smokedetectoris a safetydeviceto detectsmokeinthe air.
Therearetwo typestan opticaldetectorwhichoperateswhen
smokedisturbsa beamof light,andan ionizationdetectorwhich
operates
whenverysmallparticles
of smokeinterruptan
electriccurrent.
Whereis the bestplaceto puta smokedetectorin a house?
v/
Pronunciation
Pairwork
Wordstress
Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has information
aboutone of the launch systemsin the pictures.
Exchangeinformationwith your partnerby asking
and answeringquestionsand completethe table.
Q tisten to the technical words and mark the stressed
part of each word.
EXAMPLE s
1
2
3
4
engineer
9nline
machine
machinery
mechanÍcs
mechanic
5
6
7
8
mechanical
technical
technician
technology
9
10
11
12
electron
electronics
electrical
electrician
Vocabulary
Wordgroups
Some technical words look similarto each other but are
used in different ways, for example, mechanic and
mechanics.One way to remember these words and the
differences between them is to put them into groups.
Mechanicbelongs to a group containing people and
jobs.MechanÍcsbelongs to a group of subjects. You can
think of your or,rmgroups to help you remember other
technicalterms.
Put the list of common technical words Íntogroups
usingthe table below.
mechanic
electron
technical
electricity
engin€
mechanics
electronic
technology
electrical
€nsin€€Í
mechanÍcaI mechanism
electronics
technician
electrician
€n€in€€rin€
Subjects
Peopleand
jobs
Things
Adjectives
en9tneenng
engtneer
en9tne
engineering
StudentA
Go to p.110.
StudentB
StudentAs
launchsystem
StudentB's
launchsystem
A r i a n e5
ProtonM
Country
Russia
F i r s tl a u n c h e d
1965
Height
53m
Diameter
7.4m
Engines
PayloadCTO
(geostationary
orbit)
transfer
6,000kg
Mass
456,400kg
Lift-offthrust
1,745kN
Technologyand society 9
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue.
I can talk aboutthe positiveand negative
effectsoftechnology
l c a n m a k ec o m p a r i s o nw
s ithadjectives
a n da d v e r b s
Proiect:classsurvey
Study the lÍstof the ten most important technologÍcal
innovations of the past 60 years.Work in groups,and
orderthem 1to 10 (1= most important, 10 = Ieast
important).Then ask your teacher,and compare with
results from a recent survev in the UK.
Innovation
Order
ABS brakes
I knowthreewaysfor recordinga nd
r e m e m b e r i n ng e w w o r d s
I know how to stresscommon terms
in technology
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
enoughto understandmost ofeach text
i n t h i su n i t
AÍrbags
Credit cards
Key words
Digital camera
DNAtesting
Adjective
realistic
Lasereye surgery
Long.lÍfe,Iow-energylight bulbs
Microwave oven
Mobile phone
Smoke detector
Find out from other students what they consider the
most important technological innovations in their
lÍves.Make a list of the ten most important for your
class.
Webquest
Find out the year ofintroduction for each ofthe
innovations in the Project:classsurvey.Compare
answers with other students Ínyour class.
ExAMPLE
Smokedetector
1969
These search engines and this site may help:
www.gooole.com
w w w . a s k j e e v e s . c ou.k
www.wikipedia.oro
Nouns
exploration
globalwarming
innovation
missile
pollution
powerstation
rocket
satellitereceiver
smokedetector
take-off
thrust
Verbs
affect
download
hack
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
l 0 U n i t2
Switch on
1 Study the description of the course of AIec
Hammond, a technology student from Scotland,
and answer the questions.
1 How long does the course last?
2 What jobs can he do after he completes this
course?
3 Can he study a foreign language?
Civil engineering,HND
Ideal for sttLdenlswho want to follow a citrL'(;t'utCtvil enginex'ring.
Duration:
T\ro years full-time, starting in September
Overview:
The construction industry needs well{rained and qualified managers, technologists, and
technicians. This course is designed to teach you the sl<rllsnecessary for a managerial role in
this industryYou will learn the latest construction practices and be given the opportunity to
specíalize in one area'
Course content
Youstudy core unitsin;
. CAD
. CommunÍcattons
. Constructionmanagement
. Constructrontechnology
. Construction surveyng
. Civil engnneerurgmaterials
. Drawing and design
. Fluidmechanics
. Geotechnics
. IT
. Maths
. Mecharucs and
structure
Youcan takeadditional unitsin;
. Advanced structuraldesign
. Advanced surveying
. Highway engineerurg
. Quality assurance
. a foreign language
What can I do next?
On successful completion of the course, you may progress to a range of degree-level courses
Some students progress to employment as Clvil engnneeringtechnicians /technologrsts
S t u d y i n g t e c h n o l o g 1y l
ln this unit
o listeningfor detail
O PresentSimplev PresentContinuous
o keyterms for d ifferent branchesof technology
o strongand weak forms of auxiliaryverbs
In which of the core units will these topics be covered?
Work in pairs.Ask and answer the questions.
1
2
3
4
5
1 What choice do students have if they successfully
complete the course?
thepropertiesofconcrete
computer applicatÍon software
forces on a structure
calculus
report vwiting
2 Is this course similar to engineering courses in your
country?
3 Wouldvouliketofollowthis
course?
Listening
Thecourse
Q tisten to part 2 of the interview. Fill gaps 1-8 in the
timetable.
Look at Alec's timetable below. Some of the
information is missing. Before you listen, answerthe
questions about the timetable.
1 What time do classesstart each day?
Q Here are the interviewer's questions from part 3 of
the interview. Predict how AIec answers them. Then
listen to part 3 and check your answers.
2 Which room is Maths in?
1 What do you hope to do at the end of your course?
3 Who teaches Calculus?
2 Whatkind of degreewillyoutake?
4 What do students do on Tuesdays and ThursdaysT
3 HowlongwillittakeT
f) tisten to part 1of the interview. Answer the
questions.
4 When you start work as a civil engineer, what do
you want to build - houses,or big structures like
bridges and roads?
1 Which stage of the course ÍsA]ec at7
Write your own timetable in English, including the
following information :
2 How many women are taking the course?
3 What agewas hewhenheleft school?
*
r
*
.
.
4 Which subject did he enjoy most at school?
5 What iob did he do when he left schoolT
course title
lessontimes
subjects
names of teachers
self-studytime andfreeperiods
Civil engineering, Semester 2
. l 5 - 1 2 .l 5
09.00-l L00
Mon
3,r
4,5
H.Lomax
B'Daüs
Ttre
llVed
4.30-16.30
3 . 1 5 - 1 4l .5
2
Maths
G2
WeiMing
Civil engineering
Materials Labs 4.4
D.Cowan
SELF-STUDY
3
Calculus
4.2
B.Davis
J,Bell
c.IDoyle
T) Cowan
4.5
Íhur
4.5
FREE
J.Bell
.T'DY
Fri
C4
T) (lowa
D.Cowan
1 2 U n i t2
18%
ofengineering
students
on unrversrty
coursesIn
the U5A in 2004were
female
. Languagespot
PresentSimplev PresentContinuous
o Study these examples from the interview. \rt/hyis the
Present Continuous used for sentencesl-4 and Present
Simple for sentences5-8?
1 You'redoing an HND in Civil Engineeri.ng.
2 What'sthe companyworking on?
3 They'returning an old ffice building into a
n Í g hct l u b . . ,
4 I'm doing a project on a new bridge...
5
6
7
8
I have classesthreedays aweek...
I really enjoy it.
I like the maths and physics side of it ...
I want to go on to do the degree.
r We use the Present Continuous for things that are
happening now and for a limited period around now:
I' m studying Civ iI E ng ineering.
r We use the Present Simple for things which are
always true:
Copper conducts electricity.
for repeated actions,habits, and events:
Wefinish early on Wednesdays.
with verbs that describe thinking and feeling:
I like calculus.
)) Goto GtammarteÍerence p.115
t
Put the verb in the sentencesin the correcttense.
Present Simple or Present Continuous.
(teach)Maths.
1 Ms Davis -
4 He -
(take)an HND course.
(study) at Telford College this year
5 On Tuesdays, he 6 He He bridge.
(carry)ten times the
10 The old bridge traffic Ítwas designed to carry.
2 Answerthese questions about yourself with complete
sentences.Use the timetable you wrote in 5 on p.11to
help.
1 What are you studying?
2 Where are you studying?
3 Howlongisyourcourse?
4 Is it part-time or full-time?
5 What qualification do you get when you complete
the courseT
A
What are the main subjects?
7 Which subject do you find most dÍfficult?
ó Why do you find ÍtdÍfficult?
9 Which subjectdo you enjoy most?
10 How many classesdo you have each week?
11 When do your classesstart each day?
T2 When do they finish?
13 Do you have any self-study time?
74 What do you hope to do when you finish your
course?
3 Ask the samequestionsto yourpartner.
4 Usingyour answersto 2,completethe gapsin this
description.
'z.It'sa
at
.When I completethe
e.
I'mstudying
(start)at nine o'clock.
2 Classes3 AIec -
(think) it will increase the amount
9 Theyof traffic near their homes.
(study) in the library.
(want)to be a CÍvilEngÍneer.
(work)on a project about a new
A lot of local people proposal.
(not / Iike)the
course,Iwill geta
Themain subjectsare
most difficult is
6.The subjectI find
' .I find it difficult because
.8. The subject I enjoy most is
Ihave
each day at -'1
! classeseachweek. Classesstart
and finish at -'2
When I finish my course,I hopeto
.I
l3
Studyingtechnology
Pronunciation
Strongandweakformsof auxiliaryverbs
Auxiliary verbshavestrongand weak forms.
Q Listento the examples.
DoesAIeclikeMaths? Yes,he d.oes.
Ishe in hisfirstyear? Yes,he is.
Q Now listen to the questionsand answers.Underline
the strongforms.
Work in pairs.Ask and answerquestionsl-8 about
yourself.Give extrainformationif possible.
EXAMPLE
Weusethe strongform when the auxiliary verb Ís
stressed,as in the shortanswersin the examples.The
weakform is usedwhen the auxiliary is not stressed.
Thisis usually in Yes,/Noquestions.
Answerthe ouestionsaboutAlec.
l Ishe studyingtobe an engineer?Yes,heÍs.
2 Arethereanywomeninhis class?3 Doeshis coursetaketwoyears?-
A Areyou studyingto bean engineer?
B Yes,Iam,I,dlÍketo bea civil engÍneer.
1 Do you like your course?
2 Arethereanywomeninyourclass?
3 Haveyou got any lab work on your course?
4 Isthere any projectwork on your course?
5 Doesyour coursetaketwoyearsT
6 Doyouhavetopassallthe modulesT
7 Canyou starta degreeafteryour course?
8 Willyou lookfora job afteryourcourse?
4 Can he start a degree after six months?
5 Has he got acceptancefrom two universitiesT
Pairwork
6 Doeshe haveto passall the modules?-
Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has part of a
timetablefor a studenttaking a diploma in computing
support.Exchangeinformationwith your partnerby
asking and answeringquestions.Completethe table.
7 Will it take him four yearsto completethe BEng?
8 Has he got any lab work on his course?
StudentA
Go to p.110.
StudentB
09.00-11.00
11.15-'t3.00 | 14.00-15.30
'r5.30-'r6.30
SELF-STUDY
Mon
Tues
Tutorial
Hardware
Clientoperating
installation
systems
& maintenance
R]10
Rl02
Wed
Computer
operating
systems
R]05
Structured
programming
Thur
lT applications
R]07
Fri
R]05
Computer
architecture
4104
C o m m u n i c a t i o n Free
skills
Free
Free
1 4 U n i t2
Problem-solving
I Pictures A-H represent dÍfferentbranches oí
technology.Match each picture to sentencesl-8.
1 Electrical engineering is about generating and
supplying power.
6 Mechanical engineering Ísabout designing and
making all the parts of machines that move. That
could mean rocket science or bike design - and
everything in between.
2 Electronic engineerÍngis about designing and
making machines that use electric poweÍ'
7 Chemical engineering is about usÍngthe processes
which change materials in a chemical or physical
way. The sciencebehind these processeshelps to
find out the best way to make the right products.
3 CivÍlengineering is about designing,building, and
looking after structures.
8 InformatÍontechnology is about using computers
for collecting,storing,and sending information.
4 Marine engineering is applying engineering to take
advantage ofthe sea.
5 Manufacturing engineering is about making useful
things from raw materials.
tr jto
l/
.t{
tr-
l-r
2 Work in groups of three or four. Make a list of as many
other branches oftechnology as you can. Try to explain
them in English.
S t u d y i n g t e c h n o l o gl 5y
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I know keytermsfor differentbranches
oftechnology
Webquest
I
Study the course description and complete the table.
Hornbt' Oollcg,c ol-'l'cchnologt'
Fortnc1atitlt-t
l)cgrcc l 5ó3: Corll;rtrtirrg_ Wcb techrrologv
I u n d e r s t a n tdh e d i f f e r e n c eP:r e s e n St i m o l e
v P r e s e nC
t ontinuous
I u n d e r s t a n tdh e d i f f e r e n c es :t r o n ga n d
w e a kf o r m so f a u x i l i a r yv e r b s
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
m o s to f e a c ht e x t
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n d
i n t h i su n i t
What are the entry reqwirements?
Ar.rA-level qualification, but n,e u,ill consicler othe r
qualifications inclucling i'tnvn'ork cxpcrict-tcc),ou hirvc. Prior
knorvlcdgc of cor.r.rpr.rtir.rg
crrn bc l.rclpful.
Hov long doesthe course last?
Three Ycals.
What can I do uith this qwalif.cation?
htthcr snrdy:
You can g() ()n to tlke an Honours clcgrcc in Oonrptrter
stuclicsat l univcrsitr'.This nccclsjust onc nrorc \,clr of firlltir-r'rc
stuclv.
Oartcr:
This clegrcc givcs r'ou thc chrncc to rr'ork ir-rcornmcrcc,
inclustrl', cutcrtliunre nt, rrnclthc pr.rblicscctor. Tl-rerc irrc jol'r
o1'rportuniticsin trlclitionrl lrcrrs of cor-r-r1'ruting
irsu'cll as u,e[-r
:rncl
clcvclopment, r'nakingcligital iurrrgcsfirr rrnir-t'rrtion,
colnPuter ganlcs.
C o l l e g eo r U n i v e r s i t y
Course
E n t r yq u a l i f i c a t i o n s
Length
Careerprospects
Work in groups.Search one of these sites each for a
courseyou find interesting.Note the lnformation in a
table similar to that in l.
w w w .h e r e f o r d - t e c ha.c .u k
w w w . du dl e v c o l a. c .u k
w w w .u t s . e d u . a u
w w w . t t ue. d u
w w w .u n i t e c . a cn.z
Shareyour ínformation and try to agree on the best
course.Then explain your choice to the other groups.
Key words
Adverb
overseas
Nouns
a rchitecture
career
construction
cour5e
lab
m an u f a c t ur i n g
qualification
research
semester
structure
subject
t e c hni c i an
traffic
Verb
p resent
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
'16
U n i tl
Switch on
Look at productsA-F in pairs.Answer the questionsfor each product
1 What ls it?
2 Who uses it?
3 What do you think makesthe designgood or bad?
f;t
r
a_
.'..}í.
-t
&
t..!
Design17
ln thisunit
O keytermsin design
andwritingaboutdesignrequirements
o speaking
questions
o howtoaskYes/ NoandInformation
theirwork
describing
aboutdesigners
to andreading
o listening
o usingyoursearchskillsto findoutabouttheworkof
famousdesigners
Listening
Thedesignprocess
Q Listento a designertalking aboutthe designprocess.
Completethe missing stagesby choosingfrom the list.
a choosinga solution
Match the questionsto eachstagein the design
process.Thereis morethan one questionfor some
stages.
BXAMPIE
b evaluating
Stage
O-gestion
6testÍng
Isitsafe?
a What arethe most suitablematerials?
c investigating
d realization
b Doesitwork?
c \Á/hatexactlyisrequired?
e thedesignbrief
d Howwelldoesit matchthebrief?
*#*á|F#*
e Howwilltheproductlook?
f Isthis the bestdesign?
g How many ways arethereto solvethis problem?
h How can we make a prototype?
Stage
I
Stage
3
*
danelopinq altemative s olutions
i
a
*
5tage
4
f'I
*
5tage
5
I
I
*
Stage
6
testing
I
a
#
#
#
#
#
*
5tage
7
*
i Can it be improvedT
o LanguaBespot
Questiontypes
o Yes/ No andinformationquestions
When we want the answerYesor No,we ask questions
like these:
Doesitwork?
Is Ítsafe?
r For specificinformation,we ask questionslike these:
How wiIItheproductlook?
IAIhatmaterialsareavailable?
c Yes/ No questionsstartwith an auxiliary verb (can,
do,has,is,wÍll,etc.)which is followedbythe subject:
Dídyou testÍt?
o Informationquestionsstartwith a Wh- question
or with how,
word (what,where,when,which,who,why,
howmuch,how many,howlong,etc.).Note the auxiliary
verb and the word orderwhen the questionword is the
object:
Whatdoeshe design?
)) Go to GramrnarreÍerencep.116
1 8 U n i t3
Custome]CaÍe
1 Make the statements into Yes/ No ouestions
1 It'ssafe.
Usingnon-specialist!anguage
2 It works well.
3 You can mould some plastics easily.
4 She made a model.
5 Hehas desÍgnedalot of products.
6 You design sports equipment.
7 The materials are available.
8 He built a prototype.
9 They've drawn a lot of sketches.
10 She thinks nylon is the best choice.
2 Ask information questÍonsto get the answers.
1 Where
She works ÍnLondon
2 When
)' t
A computer specialist is trying to advise a nonspecialist about which monitor to buy. Which parts of
his explanation might be difficult for a non-specialist
to understandT
She movedthere in 2006.
3 What
She designs mobile phones.
?
4 Who
I work with a team.
?
5 Which material
Weuse plastic
?
ííThemonitor is an important part of the human
interface with the computer. I advise this TFT XGA
l9-inch flat panel.This model has 1024by 768 pixels
so you get a high-resolution dÍsplay.''
why
?2
Compare this version.Has the specialist missed out
anything importantT
How
This model weighs 120grammes.
?
How
?
ííWhen you work on a computer,the monitor is very
important.It has to be the right size and give you a
clear picture so it's comfortable to work with. The
screen size is measured diagonally from one corner
to another.You need at least a 19-inchscreen.The
picture Íscomposed of tiny picture elements or
'pixels'.
The more pixels you have, the sharper the
dÍsplay'This model has a high number of pixels so
you'll get avery good display.tt
BecauseÍt'seasytomould.
It costs€ 4 00.
9 How
Ithas morethan twentvfunctions.
10 Where
Youcan buy it anywhere.
?
t
Work in pairs.Prepare an explanation for a nonspecialist of one ofthese topics or on a topic in your
own field. Thentry your explanationwith a new
partner.
,*
r
t'
'
how
how
how
how
a diesel engine works
a semiconductorworks
GPS works
a nuclear power station works
Y o us e et hi n g sa n dy o u s a y ' Wh y ? 'B. u ta d e s i g n e r
d r e a m tsh i n g st h a t n e v e rw e r ea n d s a y s ' W h yn o t ? '
GeorgeBernardShawadaptedby DickPowell
It'smy job
Studythe requirementsin the designbrief for
KennethBlake,a FurnltureDesigner.Then match
eachrequlrementto the correctreason.
Product:garden chair
Requirement
Reason
1 lightwelght
a storeseasilyin
wrnter
-7
b spendsmost of
the time outside
s- "f r' n" n
oo
c supportsheavy
adults
3 stackable
availablein a range
of colours
d keeps
manufacturing
costslow
5 durable
e
6 comfortable
f competeswith
pecrrtnliff
rÍva]s
7 easyto mass-produce
looks attractive
8 se]lsfor ]essthan € 2 0
h encourages
peopleto use it
' \-'---
i' L,
f
'D (
llt
,-n\lll
.
w
n
t{{.
Readabout Kenneth.Comoletesentencesi-6 with
words from the text.
1 Plasticis very hard-wearing- it's-.
2 A companywhich competeswith yours is a
3 A4 Kenneth -
helps to make a structurestronger
hÍsdesigns first and then
makesfi nished drawings.
You can make hundreds of plastic chairs from one
6 A-
is a model which is readyfor testing.
Kenneth Blake:
FurnitureDesÍgner
I decided to use piastic becauseit's durable.You can
make it in a lot of colours and it's easy to mass-produce
plasticitems.
I went to the local garden centre to examine the chairs
other companies made,the rival products,and to find
out their cost - about € 2 0. I bought three different
models. I wanted a chair without arms so I cut the arms
off one.This made the back too weak so I added vertical
supports to make the back stronger.
I sketchedmy designs on paper,and from these I
producedtechnical drawings with all the dimensions. I
made a full-scale model to
make sure the chair looked
good and was comfortable.
Then I transferred my
drawings to a 3-D computer
modelling program, and sent
a copy by fiie transfer to the
moulding company.
They made a
mould and sent
me a prototype
chair. I added
more supports to
the back and the
chair was ready to
Write questionsto ask Kenneth about his design.The
answersshould be ln the text above.
EXAMPLE S
Why did you go to thegardencentre?
How much do gardenchairscost?
Did you make a model?
Now practiseyour questionsin pairs.Taketurns to ask
and answer.
2O Unit3
Gadget box
Thiswall-mounted
CD player
wasdesigned
byJapanese
justforfun in1999.Nowit is
designer
NaotoFukasawa
oneof thetopsellingproducts
at Muji.
Whydoyouthinkthisdesignissosuccessful?
Listening
Problem-solving
Workingwith design
t You are going to hear three people talking about their
work with design. Before you listen, find out how each
of the words in the diagram below relates to design.
Use the Glossaryon p.131tohelp.
1 Work in small groups.Look at the desÍgnsfor chaÍrs
which are used in a room intended both for lectures
and for Índoorsports. List the advantages and
disadvantagesof each model.
Usefullanguage
It'stooheavy.
Itlooks comfortable.
It'snot strong enough. You can stack it.It's stackable.
OTSIGN
Q
A
1
2
Now listen and note the answers to the questions.
B
4
5
6
Martin
What does he design?
What two things does he have to balance?
Whatdoeshestartwith?
C
7
8
9
Hilary
What does she do?
Whattwo groups does sheworkwith?
What doesshehavetoworkout?
Karl
What does he design?
What two things does he think about when he's
designing?
3 Whatdoeshestartwith?
Work in pairs. Write down as much as you can of what
Karl says.Help each other to make a complete and
accurateverslon.Then compare with the Llstening
scripton p.125.
2 In your groups,design a chair for use in classrooms in
your school or college.Sketchyour solution and present
it to the c]ass.Decide which chaÍris the most suitable.
Design 21
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue.
I k n o wk e yt e r m sf o rt h e m a i ns t a g e s
i n t h e d e s i g np r o c e s s
l c a n a s k Y e s/ N o a n d I n f o r m a t i o n
questiona
s ccurately
Pairwork
l c a ne x p l a i nu s i n gn o n - s p e c i a l il satn g u a g e
I Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information
about one designer.Complete the table below for your
designerand exchange information with your partner
by asking and answeringquestions.
StudentA
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
Go to p.110.
S t u d e n tA s
designer
StudentB's
designer
Name
Dates
N a t i o n al i t y
F a m o u fso r
d e s i g inn g
Student B
FerdinandPorsche(1875-1951).
Austrian car designer
who contributed to the design of the first Volkswagen
and the Auto Union racing cars.
2 ln your pairs,find out the same information about
thesedesigners
Key words
Adjectives
rivaI
vertical
Nouns
brief
c o s t nr 8 s
function
man ufacturer
model
mould
product
prototype
supporr
Verbs
evaIuate
investigate
m a s s - p r oudc e
sketch
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
These sites may help you:
w w w . t i n y u rcl .o m / q a t 7 n
www.wikipedia.org
í
22 Unit4
Switch on
Look at the picture of a mountain bike and its rider.
Match the items of the rider's clothing and the bike
components to the materials in the table.
brake cables
helmet
frame
nms
saddle
shoesoles
s}€{ts
tyresand pedals
wheelbearings
Rider'sclothing
Material
Reason
shorts
K e v l a ra n d n y l o n a e r o d y n a m i c
wear-resista
nt
rubber
Bikecomponents Materials
rubber
good grip
braidedsteel
verystrong
hard
a l u m i n i u ma l l o y l i g h t s, t r o n g
titanium
l i g h t e ra n d
strongerthan steel,
highlycorrosionresistant
nylon
light,flexible
goodgrip
polystyreneandstrong,
polycarbonate lightweight250grammes
Reason
T e c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 3
l n t h i su n i t
o k e yt e r m sf o r e n g i n e e r i n m
g a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t s
e q u i p m e nat n dt h e i rp r o p e r t i e s
a usedto,usedfor,madeof,madefrom
o s p e a k i n ga n dw r i t i n ga b o u tm a t e r i a l s
o h o w t o u s ec o r r e c ti n t o n a t i o nf o r o u e s t i o n s
It'smy job
I What do you think are the most important factors in
choosingmaterÍa]sfor a blke? Read abcrutPedro
Fernandez,a Bike Maker,and checkyouÍanSWerS.
Completethe table with the advantagesand
disadvantagesof the materialsmentionedby Pedro
Material
Advantages
Disadvantages
steel
PedroFernandez:Bike Maker
When I choosea material for a bike frame, I have to
think about the properties of the material. How elastic
Ísit? If you bend or stretch it, wiII it go back to its
original shape? If it does,it has high elasticity.How
strongis it? There are two kinds of strength.The first is
how much force you need to bend it to a point where it
can'tgo back to its original shape.The second is the
amount offorce you need to break it.
Steelis the least expensive choice.There'sa wide range
of standardgauge tubes available.It'sstrong and it has
goodelasticity but it's heavy.
Aluminium is lÍghtand strong but it,sflexible.The
more it bends,the quicker Ítbreaks.So aluminium bike
framesuse large diameter tubes.That limits the
amount of bending.
Titanium has a great strength.to.weight ratÍo.It,sgot
goodelasticity so when it bends it tends to return to its
original shape.It'scorrosÍon.resistantso you don,t
need to paint it. But it's expensive
- frfteentimes the price of steel!
The professÍonalsuse carbon
fibre.It'svery light and it's very
strong.You can shape it any way
vou like. But carbon-fibre
frames are hand-made
sothey'revery
expensive.
aluminium
titanium
c a r b o nf i b r e
o Languagespot
used to,usedÍor,made of, madefrom
Studythe ways of describinghow materialsare used:
Steelis usedto make the bearÍngs.
Titani'umísusedfor making theframe.
Thewheelsare made of alumi.ni.um
alloy.
A bike is madefrom many d{ferent materÍals.
We can add a reasonto explain the choiceof
material:
Steelis used to make the bearingsbecauseit is hard.
D Go to Grammar reference p.117
I Correctthe errorsin these sentences.
Rubberis used for make the tyres.
The frame is made titanium.
Kevlaris used to making the rider'sclothing.
Becauselt ls very strong,braidedsteeiis used to
brakecables.
5 Carbonfibre Ísused make racing bike frames.
6 Steelis made iron and carbon.
1
2
3
4
2 Explain the choice of materials for each of the items in
the table ono.22.
F
24 Unit4
3 Identify the maln material in items of sports
equipment 1-10.Tick (/)the material used.More than
one answer is possible ln some cases.
1 baseballbat
\-
nylon
fibre-glass
aluminium
aluminium
-L-
p l a s t i cl a m i n a t e s
\
2 football
7
ice skates
leather
nylon
polyurethane
high carbonsteel
fibre-glass
wood
3 vaultingpole
8 crashhelmet
nyron
Kevlar
Kevlar
titanium
fibre-glass
plastic
4skpoles\
bobsleigh
aluminium
steel
graphite
pvc
carbon-fibre
aluminium
h a n gg l i d e r
graphitecomposites
nylon
wood
a l u m i n i u ma n d
polyester
wood and nylon
wood and acrylic
T c c h n o l o giyn s p o r t 2 5
T h a n k st o t h e l a r g em u l t i - c o m p o n e n
c ot r ea n d a c o v e r
madeof a soft,thin,h igh-performance u rethane,golfers
a red rivirrgover20 yardsfu rtheron average.
Golf ball advertisement
Pronunciation
Vocabulary
Intonation
for questions
Describingmaterials
begin with a question
Informationor u,h-questions
w ord who,what,where,when, how.Your rroicegoes
down on the last important word in an information
question.
I f) t.istento the examples.
(,
Whereareyou front?
o
1 Studythe words used to describematcr"ials.
Fill the
gaps.Most of the words have been used ln this unit.
Adjective
7 elastic
plasticity
3 strong
Whatdoyou study?
Ycs/ No qucstionsex1;r:cL
ihc ansnrerYesor l/o fhey
Your rroicegoes up on
don't contain questions."rrords.
the last irnportantword inYes/ No questions.
2 f ) I i s t c n t o t l r ce x a r n p l c s
o
Areyou Ilttlk.ut?
o
corrosion-resistance
5 wear-resista
nt
6 brittle
7
ö
h ar dn e s s
tough
flexibility
Doyou sltctk L't'tglish?
3 Q L i s t r : n t o t h es h o r ti l i a k - . ' g rarned m a r k t h c
intcnatioir.
A \ l / h ; rrtn ' r t r ' r i ' rdl so r v c r r s cf o r s k i p o l e s T
B A|irlriniun-ror caLt'oufibre,I think,What are
footballsmade of?
A I ' n -rir o ts i i r c 1 si t l c a t h c r ?
elasticity
Check the meaning of any utrfamÍiiarwords irsing the
Glossary on p.i31.Then fili the gaps in sentences1-8
with the correctr,vordfrom the table.
1 Fibre-glassis used forvaulting polcs becauseit's
Iight and . It bends very easily.
2 You don't need to uaint titanium because it's
3 Bike bearinpsare ntadt-.
from stec]ber:artse
Ít's
B Ycs,I'itrr-l.rtaín'Vy'hat,s
ttscllto make bobslcÍghs?
A material which rcturns to its original shapewhen
you bend it has high --.
\Arc.rk
íirpitirs'A sk qttcstiotrsto check your ansrverstt.l
Languaqespot3. Use the correctintonation
Rubber is very --without breaking it.
.You can stretch it
Diamonclis an incredlbiy
substance.As
well as jer,rrcllery,
it |s sometirnes useclfor drilling.
Glassis very -
.lt breakseasily.
8 Kevlardoesn'twear out easiiv.It's-.
26 Unit4
Gadget box
a battery,
anda tiny
Adidas1trainerscontaina microcomputer,
thesurfaceyou'rerunning
motorinthesole.The
trainersenses
lt alsotakes
onandadjuststhe
amountofsupportprovided.
andthe
intoaccount
theweatheltheweightoftheathlete,
batterylastsfor100hours.
intensityofthesportingactivity.The
thetrainers?
Whatelsecouldyoudoto improve
Speaking
Skateboardv snowboard
Work in pairs,A and B.Eachof you has a diagramof a
pieceof sportsequipment.With the helpof your
partnerwho has information aboutyour equipment,
labelyour diagram,and completethe tablebelow.Give
reasonsfor the choiceof materialwherepossible.
StudentA
Go to p.110.
StudentB
Skateboard
Thebody of a skateboardis calleda deck.Plywoodis the
most commondeckmaterialusedbecauseit's light but
strong.Thefront ofthe boardis calledthe noseand the
backis calledthe tail. Thenoseand tail aretilted up at a
twenty degreeangle.Thesehelp the skateboarder
performtricks.
Fixedto the deckaretwo metal alloy truckswhich
connectto the wheels.Sometruck alloys contain
titanium for strength.Thetop part of the truck is called
the baseplate.It'sscrewedto the deck.Thebottompart
is calledthe hanger.It'sfixed to the wheels,which are
made of po$urethane.Thehardnessof the wheels
varies.Very hard wheels aregoodfor performancebut
not for rough surfaces.Betweenthe baseplateand the
hangerarebushingswhich providethe spring
mechanismfor turning the board.
Listening
Exchanginginformation
O Listen to this extract from a conversation between
two students.Then change roles and repeat the activity
inSpeakÍng.
f) tisten again to the second part of the conversation
and complete the questions.
1 Isit-fibre-glass?
Snowboard
PartI
Component
2 ReallyT Materials
used
?
3 OK. Is it the same 4 What's ?
?
5 Right.Important on snow What -the
edge? -
made of.p-tex as well?
it turns and does trÍcks?
made of
OK. Oh, and these straps- nylon?
6 -
Technologyin sport 27
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick (/) the statementswhich are true.
I k n o wt h e w o r d sf o r t h e m a i n
m a t e r i a l su s e di n s p o r t st e c h n o l o g y
CustomeÍ
Ca]e
Making Íecommendations
I c a nd e s c r i b ew h a t s o m e t h i n gi s
m a d eo f
I c a n s p e a ka n d w r i t ea b o u tt h e
propertiesof materials
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
enoughto understandmost ofeach text
i n t h i su n i t
Key words
Adjectives
aerodynamic
flexible
A student of materials science is advising his friend
how to choosethe right skateboarddeck.His friend is a
new skateboarder,and quite short and light. Studythe
expressionshe uses to make recommendations.
u I'dgofor awooden deck - wood is more responsive
than plastic or a composite.tt
.íIfyou,re going to use it mainly on the street,/,d
recommenda short board and not too wide so
you'll have more control.Your bestbet ís
something a little less than twenty centimetres.tt
ííTheshape is important. For a new skat er,I,dadvise
somethÍngshallow - not too deep.''
Work ln pairs.Make recommendations about the
skateboardwheels using this information.
Size
Used for
52-55mm
Street,skate parks.Shorter andlighter
rÍders.
56-60mm
Many uses.Street,skateparks,ramps.
Tallerandheavierriders.
.
60+mm
Speciality rides.Long boards,dirt boards,
hills.
Hardness
Usedfor
87A
Veryroughsurfaces,
longboards,hills.
Hard and durable.Street,rough surfaces.
974
Street,skate parks.Smooth surfaces.
1004
Very hard.TopprofessÍonals
only.
Nouns
alloy
bearings
composites
corrosion
laminate
performance
plywood
property
pvc
ratio
wear
Verbs
stretch
vary
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
2 8 U n i t5
Switchon
1 Work in pairs. Look at the mechanism and answcr
the questions.
i
What is it?
2 What does it do?
3 Howdoes it work?
4 In whÍchparts of the world is it used?
5 What's it made from?
Reading
Theinventor
1 Work in pairs.What do you know abolrt the Ínvcntorof
the.clockwork radÍo,?Read the first paragraph of the
text and check your answers.
2 Read the rest of the text and match parts a--eto the
numbered components on the diagram.
a winding hanclle
b steelspring
c generator
d gears
e pulley
3 Scan thc tcxt What do thc following nuinbr:rsand
quantitÍcsrefelrto?
a morcthantwomiilion
D
b(,
c3V
d 30 ininr"rtcs
c 199i
f
30mA
4 Conqrletc thc si:ntence,susin6;information from
the text.
1 As you turn thc hartdleon thc sirlc of thc radio,
2 Wh,:'nthc spring tinwirLCs,
3 As thc gcncratortur]rs,---Thc springhas cnough lrovrcLtorun thc radiofor 30
míntttesbcforc
5 T i r e ' e l c c t r i c s h o e ' c h a r g e s b a t l c r i e- s- -a.s
2 f) Irtowhsten to the cxplanatlon by an
Agricuitural EngÍneer,and check yortransr,vcrs.
ln this unit
O , l r ' , ' 1, ; ir . ' i ,
l'i,rr
í |l i
O h c , n rt l , r tj e i i ,i l
', irt
1 r ,l r i L i r
l lrirl.
O l . i ; ) t t r , . l t ' :ri ;
.
il '
O l i ! t r l l i l i j r r ' . : lli1, - )l .i
i
l:rl,
rr,ir,t.:
The clockrruorkr a clii'r
I ' r c , , r cI lr, i , ' i iIl ;l ;: r t ti n , i r ' I t t o t .
I L t1 9 9 1h, e l i c a t , ia l r o r tt l i e
p r o b l c r no f b r i n g i n gh ea l t h
inform;.riiou
tcrpcopl' jn
nrral Afiir:a.Radio we:ithc:
bestrvay but people lriri nrr
electricitl'and cor.rldn't
liay
So h
for expcnsirrcbattr.'rii::1.
invcntcd a rarlio tnrhich
d o c s n ' l n e c d n r a i n s p o w r r o r b a t t e r i c s .I n s t c a d ,i t
consists of a spring, gears' alld a smalI [j(]Ilír]Iat()Íd io act'rt l.i]l),Ítttt r:1iI . l . l A ll
So how dol: s his rllo.'k l^rrlilir-;t
y o r rt r r r n t h c h a n d l e o n t h c s i d c t r ft l r c t . a di o . y r ntt r ni' tt i l
u p a s p r l n g .i t ' s t h c s a u t e k i n d o f s t r : . ' sl 1 r ltt t t lr i : . , ' ri :r lLr ' '
saÍetybelts' It ti-rkes60 trtrrrsto wirrd tr1lthc ;piirr;
fully.
W h e n t h c s p r i n g s t , t r t ; i ot i i r r r i i t t dI h. r :5 ; ' r i . i , I r i i ' i l
There are thlce 1:I0sti:p rrp E;ears fit,: l;:i,t;;t,i-' ttp itI'li
is a pr.rllt:y.
Ptillcys ru n n'rorc rlrtictIy'Ih,rrr f,r'ar s si) t Lri ;
i r , i l r , i . , ; 1 r , ,y i , i l t i r r t r ri l r r t
I'.
i,;.r',.iltr'
'\tir tiIIits,li
g ( t n c r i l t ( r r i i l r i r s r ; n . ' I i t n 't itl r; l I ; l i t .- , .
g c n r : t a t r : s c l c r t r i c i t , . ' ; 1r r l ; l l 1 p ; ro i 3 \ i ; i t ; t l r . - , r i.tl O n t l \
T h r : s i ; r i n 1 ,1 t ; t sc i t o t t l l i r l ) . ) I / 1i i:.r ( ' r r i i r l l t i t . r r li r t [ o r 3 0
n . t j i ' r t l r .bs r ' Í . l t . ' ) , r l hr rl i ' r i :i o r . v i l l r ti t i | ] ) , l r ' l Jt 1 '
| Á ( ) r c t h a n t r n , om i l I i o n 1 . ] ; l i i i ' ' ."l. lI i : l l i ] i ' ]; 1 I {1. l l r t l ' l :l , l ]i
o v e r t h e t n , , o r l d J ' t r : v o r J t r r , , l i 'l:r : r ; r I r i r t r ' . r r t ' , 1 ; r r t
'clr::ctricshoc'.
l l c l t l t t g r l ;b : r t i . r j ^ t r r ' r i ) i rr \ r . r l 1 '
r3 0 U n i t5
Gadgetbox
ProfessorNegroponteof MIT (MassachusettsInstituteof Technology)in the U5A
hasdevelopeda clockworkcomputerwhichwill cost lessthan $100.This
low-cost
laptopis intendedfor childrenin the developingworld.lt uses'opensource'
softwareand will connectto Wi-Finetworks.He hopesto produce150milliona year.
Why doesthis computeruse'opensource'softwa
reand connectto Wi-Finetworks?
o Languagespot
Time clauses
. To show actions in quick succession,we use when:
Action 1 The sprÍngstartsto unwÍnd.
Action 2 The gears engage.
Whenthe spring startsto unwind,the gears engage.
. To show actions happening at the ,"*e tl*e*,'Actionl Youwalk.
Action 2 The electric shoe charges batteries.
As you walk, the electricshoe chargesbatteries.
weusebeforeor after:
Toput actionsin sequence,
Action 1 Theradíoplaysfor 30 mÍnutes.
ActÍon2 Youhaveto wind it up again.
Theradioplaysfor30 minutesbeforeyou haveto wind
itup again.
-__-
@b"t
!-ew
2 Choosesuitabletime wordsto fill the gapsin the
explanationof a two-strokeengíne.
Usethe diagramto
help.
Thetwo-strokeengine
1youcan use a two-strokeengÍne,
you
haveto fill the fuel tank with petroland oil in the right
ratio,usually 40:1.
Combustton
stroke
the sparkplug fires,the fuel ignites. The
explosionpushesthe piston down.-3
it
movesdown,it compressesthe fuel in the crankcaseon
4thepiston
the othersideofthe piston.
nearsthe bottom,it uncoversthe exhaustport.The
pressurizedfuel in the crankcaserushesinto the
cylinder.Thepressurepushesout the exhaustgas.
5the piston reachesthe bottom,it
uncoversthe fuel intakeport.
Compresstonstroke
6the piston movesup the cylinder,it
compresses
thefuel.At the sametime,the fuel valve
?the
opensandfreshfuelissuckedin.Just
pistonreachesthe top ofthe cylinder,the plugfires
agaÍnandthecyclerepeats.
Two-strokeenginesarepowerfulfor their sizebut they
producea lot of pollution.Theywear badly and
sthey havebeenusedfor sometime,they
produceoÍlysmoke.
SPARK PLUG
Go to Grammar reference p.117
I Link the pairs of actions with a suitable time word.
1 The wind turns the pump blades./ The piston
moves up and down.
2 The blade rotates./ Water is pumped from the well.
3 Baylis invented the clockwork radio. / He invented
the electric shoe.
4 The Internet existed./ The World Wide Web became
popular.
5 The generatorturns. / It produces electricity.
6 She left college'She became an engÍneer.
7 You apply the brakes./ The car slows down.
8 You press the accelerator./ The car speedsup.
COMBUSTION
Appropriate
technology3l
Pairwork
Problem-solving
The Stirling engine is a simple hot air engine. Look at
the diagram and put the sentences in the correct order
to explainhowitworks.
I Work in pairs,A and B.Studythis photo of an
appropriatetechnologydevice.Discusstogetherwhat
itmightbe.
..u...:i:...r1
DISPLACER
PISTON
?,
COOLED CHAMBER
()
,
.E'Éff3-t
t.i
ll
't
((
:i: :1
POWER
PISTON
Theair coolsand pressuredropsin the power
cylinder. b Thisdisplacesthe air to the hot end. c Theair heatsup rapidly and pushesthe power
pistonbackupthecylinder. Thismovementrotatesthe flywheel,drawÍngthe
displacerpistonto the coldendofthe cylinder.
e Thepowerpistonmovesdownthecylinder.
-
f \Alhenthe displacer moves to the hot end of the
cylinder,air is displaced to the cold end. g This rotates the flywheel and moves the displacer
pistonbacktothe hot end. Work in pairs.DecÍdewhich factor is the most
important to the successful functioning of the engine.
Can you explain why?
a The amount of heat applied
b The size of the flywheel
The type of metal which the piston is made of
d The temperature difference between the ends of the
displacer cylinder
e The external airtemperature
f The diameter of the displacer cylinder
What modern applicatÍonscanyouthink of forthe
Stirling engine?
Each ofyou has a diagram ofthe device.Exchange
information with your partner by asking and
answering questions. Label all the components.
Student A
Student B
Go to p.111.
Go to p.113.
f) Togetherdecide how the device operates.Then
compare your explanation with the recording.
Speaking
Studythesestatementsaboutappropriatetechnology.
Tick(/)the onesyou agreewith and cross(X)thoseyou
with.
dÍsagree
1 Appropriatetechnologyis onlyfor poorcountries.
2 Technologystudentsshouldinvent and make
appropriatetechnologydevices.3 StudyÍngappropriatetechnologyis a waste of time.
4 Appropriatetechnologyis out-of-datetechnology.
Now compareyour answerswith your partner.DÍscuss
the statementsyou disagreeabout.
Usefullanguage
approprÍate
Why doyou think that ..,? In my opÍnÍon,
technology...
Don'tyou think that ' ' . ? My víewis that ' ..
l 2 U r r i t5
@
I
plant (n)l.rrgeirrdustrial
t r r l ,l.r i n e r y
hite (v)let sorrrebodyuse
s o n r e t h i nfgo ra s h o r tt i m e ,i n
t l t u r r tf o rt r . r v r t t e n t
Pronunciation
Nurnbersand quantities
I
( ) t < e u d o L t l i . l tr tt l t t t t l . t t : i . , tcr1. l' 1 . , . r - i t i t . i , : ' s . ' l ' l i , r t t I i r ; l . r t
a t r l c l r c . i \ r r - l l . rr . , v v .r s .
a
3.742
r' 16 KJ lz
i 12V t)('
b 1150lrurr
Í 30rrrÁ
i 10"
c 250Nlu
B OoC
'7')",'"
h
l.: 10 "
d 60 cl-l
I 40:l
2 ( ) L i s t r : n : , r rrr"lv r i t r - ' J r r ,tr. vhntr r L r r n b ear ,r;r dq r - r r n t i t i e s
i r ' t t p t. t .s .
B
u p a n dd o w n ,
b a c k w a r d as r r d
forwards
a
i n a s t r a i g h tl i n e
l.
c
d
) Go to Symbols and characters p.U4
Vocabulary
Describingrn@tiurr
1
M u t c ] r a c l j e c t i v c i l i , v , r r L i i l l l ' ,d i i ] ! ] í i 1 l i l :l ;' l : t r l!. r l l v r l l [ l E
r\ F.
ir..'
l,,uv
1 atLticL:r
2 clui:klvi,::'
3 litrear
4 oscillatirrg
5 tecipr';r-rtirrg
6 rof:iry
colunrn of the
rtner to draw
A p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g3y3
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I know the wordsto describemovement
i n a m e c h a n i s ma n dt h e n a m e sf o r s i m p l e
mechanisms
CustomeÍCa]e
Explainingthe differencebetweenproducts
I c a ne x p l a i nh o w a r n e c h a n i s m
works
Ic a n u n d e r s t a n d
a n d s a yn u m b e r sa n d
quantitiesarcurately
I can expleirrthe differencebetween
products
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g f tro u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i r rt h i su n i t
Key words
Adjectives
rural
sound-proofed
two-stroke
Work ínpairs,A an<lB.
StudentA
Go to p.111..
Student B
You are a customer at a plant hire cclmpany.You want
to hire a portable generatorfor two weeks to provide
power for your horne.You don't want a noisy machirre
and you only want to fill the tank once a day.It rrust be
easyto use ancl provide sufficient power for your
home.Y<-ru
don,t watrt to pay tnclrethan € 4 0 a day.
Useful language
What'sthe output?
What kÍndoffuel does it use?
How often do I needto.fiIlit up?
Is Íteasy to start?
How noísyis ít?
How muchwÍIIit cost?
Nouns
accelerator
compression
c r an k s h a f t
d o m e s t i ca p p l i a n c e
e x h a u s tg a s
fuel
generare
pulley
Noun and verb
pump
Verbs
charge(batteries)
engage(gears)
wear
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
3 4 U n i t6
Switchon
Look at the picture of the police officer.
Can you name any of the equipment he carries?
q
i*x
\
I
--t
t-r
3
lfirb
Listening
Crime-fightingequipment
Q Listen to a police officer talking about his
equipment. As you listen, complete column A of the
table with all the items he mentions.
(-) tisten again and complete column B of the table
with the function of the Ítems.
A ltem
B Function
torch
providelight,signal
andsecurity35
Crime-fighting
ln this unit
o keytermsfor crime-fightingand securityequipment
o howto describethe functionof equipment
o developingthe skillsof findingand exchanging
information
a short report
writing
o
Vocabulary
o LanguagesPot
function
Describing
.P|ooÍ,.re'istant,.tight
o Studytheseexamples:
Handcuffsareusedto restrainsomeone.
Theknife.proofvestÍsusedas bodyarmour.
Radiosareused.forcontactingpoliceheadquarters.
ThebatonisJorkeepingpeopleat a safedistance.
Studytheexamples.
aknife-proofvest
o We can describewhat things areusedfor,their
function,in theseways:
usedto +infinitive
usedcs +noun
(used)for
+-ing
corrosÍon-resistant steel which isn't damaged by
corrosion
steel
i;:::;:r^aknifecan'tpass
watch
a shock-proof
anair-tightseal
a watch which isn't damaged bY
shock or is protectedfrom shock
a sealwhich air can't pass
through
)) Goto Grammar referenceP.118
Explain examples 1-8 inthe same way.
I Matchthe items in the first columnwith their function
inthe secondcolumn.
1 a gas-tight seal
ahelPPeoPleknow
exactlYwheretheYare
\
\b incapacitatesuspects
2 PersonalIdentificatÍon
without serious injury
Numbers(PINs)
ltasers.1
3 tagging
c helpprotectair
travellers
4 anti-virussoftware
d keep people at a safe
distance
5 face-recognition device e protect computers
f admit onlYthe right
6 helmet
people
7 batons
g protectcardsfrom
criminal use
8 GlobalPositioning
System(GPS)
h monitorconvicted
criminals
9 torches
i
headprotection
j
signalling devices
10 luggage X-ray
equipment
Workin pairs.Taketurnsto askand answerquestions
aboutthe items in l.
EXAMPLB
A I lhat'sthefunctionof tagging?
B lt,s usedto monitor crimínals.Illhataretasersfor?
suspectswithout
A They,re used to incapacÍtate
seriousinjury.
2 weatherproof paint
3 heat-resistantmaterials
4 asoundproofrecordingstudio
5 rustproofcarbodies
6 afoolproofdevice
7 a water-resistant coat
8 awater-tightcontainer
3 6 U n i t6
You mustn'tsmileon your passport
p h o t o g r a p ahs s h o w i n g y o u r t e e tohr o p e n
mouth can affectface-recognition
devices.
Also,yournustn'twear glasseswitlrtinted
lerrses.
Pairwork
Work Ínpairs, A and B. Eac}rof you has a short text
about a critne'figlrtitrgclevice.'thetitles of the texts
are:
StudentA
Smart gunrecognizesits owrrer
StudentB
Caught- byalamppost
Discuss what you think the texts miglrt be about.
Use the picturesoppositeto help you.
2
Read your own text. Then find out from your partner
this information about his / her device.Ask these
qttestionsand make notes of tlre alrswers.
1 What is the device callecl?
2 Whatdoesitdo?
3 Howdoesitwork?
4 Where is it usecl?
5 How successfulis it?
StudentA
Cioto p 111.
Student B
Caught- by a lamp post
Cities inthe UK like London,Glasgow, and
Birmingham are fitting a new device to lamp posts in
areas which have a crime problem. It's called
Flashcam and has been developed by an American
company, QStar. It consists of a camera with a motion
sensor. If it detects a group of people in an area where
there is no reason for them to be, it shouts a warning
at them such as:Stop! If you are engaging in an iIIegaI
your photograph will be taken. PIease leave
activÍt1t,
the area.If people don't move, it goes off with avery
intense flash and a loud shout.Theyhave had a
positive effect in some parts of London in reducing
crime and anti-social behaviour.
3 Now read your partner'stext anclcheck ttre
information.
4 DÍscusswhat you think are the practical problems of
these two devices.Would they work in your country?
What modifications would vou rnake?
1!*.:
onlineGonnections vi;rLhe
Intefnet
I
RFconnectionsr";itt:i.'.s.
r.tdioírec1tt.:ttcy
sigri.lis
Problem-solving
io tlrr prol-,lcrn
r;{
What'sthe best ter:hnicels,;hrtiorL
, lro
p r o t e c t i u ga l a r g es t , ) r cl r o t ns l to i t l i l t t r s( u c o p l tw
Work in srnall ilr e,ul.;:';
stealthings frcrrnsho1.r:l)?
ulcl
. (rivc
studythe solutions,therttnakt:yiitrl ,rltui('(
reasolLsfor yor.irchoice.
CAMERAS
IACS
C C T V( c l o s e dc i r c u i t e l e v i s i o nc)a m e r a sw i t h w i d e a n g l el e n s e s .
SignaIre|ayedto a ct:tltr.tI
ofÍiceand monitoredby a
s e c u r i t yg u a r d .
Recordedon videotapeseveryday.
Advantages
.Visibledeterrent.
Disdvantages
.Peopleforgettr-rchrnge
T h i e v e sk n o w t h e y
may be recorded
. Not veryexpensive
. Y o uc a n i n c l u d es o n r e
d u m m yc a í n e r a s
tapes
. lmagetrr"ry
not bevety
cleaf
aáui'it.ig.'
uisJvaniages
. MLr:,t
trercrnoveri;t
tills
- Visi[tlccieterrt:rrt
. l;'rg.,.rrtirtrx1-rt:nsivc
. |.xtrl1'115iyt,
)y\1.eÍrl
Lc)
instrll
. l)trrícslicltr;;l tl ri":Vt:.s
lnaY
rerllo.v(:
thlrry.r
irrtht:storc
-Ad;;;'i.'g.'s
Disdvarrtages
. Expensivi:
a n yb r o a d b a n d
connection
. N o t a p e st o c h a n g e
"l.hievt:sln;lV tt,.lt9...'l
:lrrc|
tlte:rrt
5trr:;ttlLe
c a L r g l r rt n o r ( ' ( : a ; i l y
-.
óii.lu.'.,i"g"'.
. Must be dt:a("tivatÉ:d.lt
ti||s.S.r|e.;
n]aV
l)t{)[j|í.j
l'oti;t:L
o l r r kL . r 1 rr,)'n- L l o t l t i n t l
;-.
Ihcy [lrc.lk i Ívvrt;rI1lly l t']ll l(-}V(](l
tl''islltiil Il-ir'iterrr
Aclvurrtages
Uisclv..rriiagc:
ci,.l-err'.:nL
| . : l i I O V (t .l r ' r I I
.:,ir.rr1,'|..;lnC|
i r I c X | , ( ] I| : i i V ( , " l r r r l i i : : ; l j i l . . r Íi l.rri;crvI ' : s t . . r r i
3 ConceaIed rÍlicro-cartlc.r;ts
with RF connection9'
Advantages
. N o e x p e n s i vw
e irilrg
. Good way to catcir
t h i e v e si n a c t i o r r
l . a r g e l e c t r o r t i c , <r,i,L:yctL. r t l :o rr t l ri Il r l sv v hi L l li rr e
o J t c ís}t o l Í ] Í l .
A l ; r r r ri s t r i 1 1 g . - .br ty:ac8l . 2i v i l - l:zi g t r a l l v h c rLrl r ct . r gi s
t . r k e r r t h r o u g" h
rs e c r r r i t6yn L ea t t l t es h c . rtp: r i t r i n i - e .
5 C o n r - c a l e de l t : r : t t ' c , r! t, i' (c . r .i rL y t , l g s
D i g i t aC
l C T Vc a m e r a sw i t h o n l i n ec o n n e c t i o n s .
R e c o r d eodn h a r dd i s kw h i c hc a ns t o r us e v e r anl r o n t l r s
of recording.
Advantages
. Can be viewedfronr
4
Disdvantages
. Not a visibledeterrent
3 8 U n i t6
Gadget box
Rotundusis a sphericalrobot,inventedat the Un iversityof U ppsala in Sweden,which
can patrola siteor buildingtoguardit.lt containssensorssuchas cameras,heatand
smokedetectors,
and microphones.
lt can sendfor securityforces,
soundan alarm,
and follow intrudersoversand,snow mud,or water.However,it cannotclimb stairs.
Why is Rotundusbetterthana low-techsolutionlikea securityguardor a guarddog?
Writing
CustomeÍGa]e
Short reportand linkingwords
Usinginformal!anguage
In writing we often use linking words to make it clear
to the reader how the ldeas in our writing are
connected.We can use but to link an advantage and a
disadvantage.
EXAMPLE
Use CCTV cameras and recordontovi.deotapes.Thisis
not very expensivebut peopleforget to change the
tapes.
We can use also use howeverand althoughtolink an
advantage and a dÍsadvantage,usually at the start of a
sentence.
EXAMPIE
S
Use CCTV cameras and recordonto vÍdeotapes'These
cameras are a visi.bledeterrentto thieves.However.the
image may not be very clear.
Use CCTV cameras and recordonto video tapes.
Although thesecameras are a visible deterrentto
thieves,the ímagemay not be clear'
I Studythesethreehomesecuritysystems.Notetheir
advantages
and disadvantages.
We can use because,since,and as to link a
recommendation with a reason.
EXAMPIE
S
I adviseyou to tnstall digÍtalCCTV cameras becausethey
are effectiveand notvery expensÍve,
I recommendyou use Iargeelectroní.c
securitytags since
they are a visÍbledeterrentto most thieves.
our advice is to use large electronicsecurÍtytags as they
are a visible deterrentto most thÍeves.
Al
ong ((TV GomeÍoConnoctgd
to o smoll
monitor,no rocording
Do-it-goursolf
instollotion
Nowwrite a short report on securityforthe owner of a
large shop.Your report should have two sections:
1 List the advantages and disadvantagesof each
solution.
2 Recommend the best solution.Give reasons to
support your choice.
Exchange your report from I with another student and
decÍdeif it can be understood easily'Mark any places
where the report is not clear enough.
E
DigitalC C TV camera,recordsto yourPC
FittedwÍthmotionsensorswhich trigger
recordingwhen an intruder enters
Professionally
installed
Cost€ i '000
C r i m e - f i g h t i nagn d s e c u r i t y 3 9
Checklist
Assessyourprogressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I k n o wk e yt e r m sf o r c r i m e - fgi h t i n ga n d
s e c u r i t ye q u i p m e n t
I c a nd e s c r i b et h e f u n c t i o no f s e c u r i t v
e qui p m en t
2 Work with a partner.Take turns to play the roles of
Salespersonand Customer.
Salesperson
Use the information in I and selectfrom the phrases
below to sell the system that best meets the Customer's
needs.The first row has more formal phrases.The
secondrow of phrases are more common in informal,
spokenEnglish. Choose the language that matches the
Customer.
Customer
Listento the Salespersonand ask questions.Choosethe
home security system that best meets your needs.
r;)
r
L:]
Notsatisfactory
Satisfactory
M o r et h a n
satisfactory
i t ' si n a d e q u a t e
i t ' sa d e q u a t e
it'sideal/ perfect
itfallsshort/
it'snotupto
thejob
i t d o e st h ej o b /
i t f i t st h e b i l l
i t ' ss p o to n /
i t t i c k sa l lt h e
ooxes
Completehome defencesystem
Wireless,so easyinstallation
Can be switchedon and offwith a remotedevice,so no
code numbershaveto be rememberedand keyedin
Will text you a messagewhen your childrenget home
FiveCCTV camerasactivatedif an intruderentersyour
home.Systema|sonotiÍles
the securitycompanywho
advisethe policeimmediately
Will alsodetectsmokeor floodingand notifythe
emergencyservices
Cost € 3 ,600 pIusa monthlymaintenance
chargeof € 3 0
l c a n w r i t ea s h o r tr e o o r t
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
Key words
Adjectives
low-tech
u n i qu e
Nouns
b o d ya r m o u r
CP5
grip
m o t i o ns e n s o r
PIN
recognition
security
sensor
shock
t a g g in g
trigger
Verbs
escape
i ncapacitate
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g yt h a t i s n e w t o y o u .
!t'smyjob
Switch on
1 Manufacturing is about changing materials into
prclducts.Choose ílorrrthe list and cotrip1etethe t;iblt:
tcLs1\-C
with the nraterialsreuuiredfor prr;rlt
alloy
rubber
steel
titaniurn
copper
plastic
wood
alnrniniunr
Materials
Processes
t
Work in pairs and answerthe questions.
1 What stages are involvt:clin nranufacturing bread
on a lerge scale?
2 lVhat kind of techriicÍatris respotrsiblt:fclrkeepitrg a
plant bakery mnningT
3 What do you think the numbers a-g refer to7
225kg
b 3 trritrutes
d 21rninutes
f 10,000
e 110tnirtutcs
É{2/to'o00
c 54rrrirrutr,s
Ilrrgireer,
2 ( ) I.istento Nassr'rAziz, r Mnnufartr-rring
and cherckyour alrswers.
2 Now choosefrom the list arrdcontpletethe table with
itrvoiveclirrniaking theseproclurts.
the proces;ses
assembly
bending
bonding
colour printing
cutting
impact extmsiorr
nc,uicii rLr1
itrjecti<.rn-t
paintittg
plating
weldít.g
D Go to pp.56-58 for more manufacturing processes
M a n u f a c t u r i n g4 l
ln this unit
n a n u f a c t L t r i npgr o c e s s e s
O k e yt e r t n sf o r c o r r t n r om
O P r e s e n Pt a s s i v e
o w r i t i n ga s h o r ts e q u e n c e
o h o w c o m p o u n dn o u n sw o r k
o u s i n gy o u rr e a c l i n ag n d s e a r c hs k i l l st o f i n do u t h o w
p r| o d u c t sa r et t t a d e
conlll1oÍ
2
Where Irecessaly,
we slrouldalso arrsv,rer
thesequeslions:
Wlretedoesit happen?
Why doesÍthappen?
tlctwdces it happert?
What
nappens
t h e d o r , r gihs c u t i n t o
l o a v e sp, u t i r r t ot i n s ,
a r r dI e Í t
We can answerthe Wherequestionby addjng
informatiorron the placethe stagehappens:
'1'1rc
ingredierts are rnixed in a steel mixer.
Staqe
4
What
happerrs
t h e l c l a v easr el e f tt o
c o o l t, l r e r tr a k r : no u t
o f t h e i rt i n s
f) fisten agairLand cornpletethe table to de:scribe
w h a t h a p p e n sa t e e c l rs t u g ei r rp l e n tb a k e r yl r r e a c l
rnakinp.
sl'q:
f1'e"
What
happerrs
question using the
We can ansvverthe lz1l/ry
infinitive with to (seeUnit 6):
The iryredierúsure tnixedin a steelrnixerto
n r u k ed o u g h .
We cirn answer the Ííowr1uestionlike this:
T'ltelr:avesare taken out oJ tlrcir tins (by) usitlg suction.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.118
Stage
Readwhat Nassersays in the Listeningscript on p.126.
TlrerrcorrrpletetheWhere,Why,and How information
irr ttretable with ir Lforrnationprovided in the text. You
drrnot lraveall the inforrrrationfcr each stase.
What
nappens
Stage
o Languagespot
t
Wirere
why
llow
PresentPassive
r To describea nrirnufacturirrg
process,vveshould
answer these tr,voirntrrot
tatrt clttr'-'stior
Lsalrttuac:tclr
stageÍnt}reprocess:
Whathappens?
When does íthappen?
'. We can answertire Whcltquestionursirrg
the
PresentPassive:
T,heingredierftsare núxed'
. We can or,r*.. il,. I,Vherr
questiorrby nurnbering
by usirrgsequerrcevvords
the stages(1,2,-1,etc ),r-rr
or titne clarrs,'s
ffirst,therr,rrc.rt,uJter tl tat,J tno.Ily),
(seeUnit 5):
tThe ingredientsare mixed.
First,the ingredÍeti'sare mixed.
After the loavesare sliced,they are wrapped.
5tage
6
Where
why
How
slage
Where
VVhy
lJow
Novvconrl.rirLetl reirLfortrLatiotr.
for each stage into otre
setrtetrce.
E XAIVIPLE
7 First,the Írtqrt:clierfts
clrentixed i'na steel yn.Íxer
to
rrrukedctttglt.
r42 UnitT
Writing
Short sequence
I Studythe injection moulding machine. It is for
manufacturing plastic products like CD cases.Then put
the stages in the injection moulding processin the
correct sequence.The first and last stagesare done for
you.
á
\/
I
v
HOPPER
MOTOR
1 Thehopperis filledwith plastic.
TheplasticÍscarriedthroughthe barrelby the
rotating screw.
Thehot plasticis injectedquicklyinto the mould.
c The plastic is melted by the heaters.
d The plastic travels through the barrel.
e The plastic is fed into the barrel.
f
There is enough melted plastic in the barrel.
g The mould is cool.
h The plastic is left to set before the pressureis
removed.
i
The screw is pushed forward by the ram.
11 The finished moulding is removed.
2 Combine the pairs of sentencesusing suitable time
words(seeUnit 5).
1 d+c
2 f+i
3 g+11
7
'-,
-r,
-4
'4
4
M a n u f a c t u r i n g4 3
Theworld'slargestmanufacturers
of:
h e a r i n ga i d s= S i e m e n s
microprocessors= Intel
lifts/elevators=Otis
m e m o r y c h i p=
s Samsung
videogames= ElectronicArts
motorbikes= Honda
Pairwork
I Work in pairs,A and B. Study this diagram of the stages
in the manufacture of CDs.With the help of the
diagram,discuss how CDs are made.
2 Eachof you has a set of short texts describing some of
the stages.Try to match each ofyour texts to one ofthe
stagesin the diagram. Be careful - some of the stages
arenot shown in the diagram.
LASER BEAM
RECORDING
I Discussyour information with your partner and agree
on the correctorder for all ofthe texts.
StudentA
Student B
Go to p.111.
From the Father,multÍplepositive image metal
Mothers are made by electroforming.Each Mother
in turn produces a negative image Son which is also
known as a stamper.
The glassmaster disc is placedin a chemicalbath.
The resist coating is not affectedbut where the laser
has removed the resist,the chemical etchestiny pits
into the surface ofthe glass.
Each disc is finished by applying a thin coating of
aluminium to form a reflectivelayer.The disc is
then coveredwith a protectivecoating of clear
plastic,inspected,and labelled.
METAL
-
METAL
MASTER
(rarurn)FATHER(-)-
Work in groups of three.Make a list of at least nine food
and drink products which, Iike bread,are
manufactured on a large scale.
Chooseone from your list and try to explain to the
othersin your group how it is made using your own
knowledge of the process.
Now combine information as a group to try to make a
betterexplanation. Using any useful ínformation your
partners have provided,repeat the explanation.
The next person should now choose a topic. Continue
until everyone has made three explanations.
Usefullanguage
I think ... happens next.
You've
forgottenabout ...
W h a ta b o u t. . . ?
FAMILY
PROCESS
uornrn (+)
ffil
-l
soN
Speaking
FORMING
'TAMPER
ffi
L_l
{
\
lTtlÍTÉ":
CLEAR
gggg1p41B
-J
I
MoULDING
/
-
-------fFINISHED E F I N I s H I N G
/
DISC
44 tlnii7
Reading
processes
Modernmanufacturing
Work in grclupsrlf thrcc Each oÍyortshtllllr1icllrl r,.ncoÍ
the texts about nrodernmanrrfirctrrlingprc,r't'sses
Tr'11
the othersirryour grorilrhow yorlr l)roccssv'rorks,
any
advantagcsit has and what ii is riserlfoi
Cornpletcthe table for ca,'li tcxt
Process
Advarrtagc:s
[ > : a r i t pllrcf u s c
B Waterjet abrasivecutting
Waterjet abrasivecutting
u s e sa h i g h p r e s s u r ej e t o f
water combineciwith an
abrasivesrrhstanceto crit
throrrghmaterials.The
advantagesofthis form of
crittingare that the jet can be
TT-adjustedand the kind of
abrasivechangeilso that
a j i n o s ta n y k i n d o f n l a t i " r l acl a n b e c r r tI n a d d i t i o n t, h c
milteriaican be cut vuithorrtchanging its propertiesin
artyway.With heat,there is always some riamageto
the arcasncarcstthe cut.
\^/Ai'Ii R
-(Iil,,,,,,,
Thi:;fornr of cutting lrasmauy appli<:;rtiorrs
It c:anbe
uscd to cr.itmetals,composites,ancleven thrck
concrete.At the otl'rt:r
cnd of thc scalc,finc watcr icts,
without ,rdrledabrasives,are rrscrlin surgcry.
A Electroforming
l i i : c t t o f o i t t t i nigs a w a y o f
nraking vcr y acr:urirtc
nretal
parts It is similar to
e l e c t r o p l a t i nign t h a t a
m e t a l c o a t r n gi s r i c p o s i t c d
o l r a s p e ( i a lf o r n ri n a n
cir'crl'oiytrc
sr;lrLtt:triThe
c,rf'Prd
i ; i l , . I R ( , r1 . i i d l f f ( . I c n c c i : ; t h a t t h cr . i _ ri3r 1
i$
EIlcr|]1]YÍI ^,'Al'l|R1|
] is t}'i.,k.lrso [h.it ilrc trlttrr
'firis
can be removed to leave a soiiri part
proce;s
allows manufacturers to'grow' cor ni)on(rntsin rnlt a Is
such as nickel.
i
ci )rIrP!rn(t,Ls l"irth
Electroforming is idtal f;'r v( r)/firrL-'
precise dimeustons It make s it prrssrblc to piodrrr:e
extrenrely accurate copies of rnasters For rhis reason,
electroforming is used in the manufactur e of ilDs.
C l{yrlrofoImÍng
I{ydr,rfoiiniugis a rlay of
shaping rlatcrials such as
r- cE Er q
aiuminirrmor rrltr,rlight
FÉ
Fq
stcel T'hcmctal is prished
i n t o s h a p er r s i n gí l r i i d
i . l . ' I3 : , l l r l l t
Alll)
FINAL
prr:rssure.
For e'>:anrple,
to
jrOIiM C, r4I,iNlit{l
prodrrcecotttponentsfor car
bodies,steeltrrbesarc placed
i n s i d ca m o r r l da n r th i g h
p . Í c s S u aI eP P ] i c rjlr i t h c i l l b e . ' n l i l i cpi tr t s h es t h e m e t a l
lnto the t:xactshapc reqrrired.Hydroforminga
componentirrthis ,a,ayrneansthat several di ff,:rent
operationssuch as stamiringand v"'eldjngare no
1ll: l liT
t)tT,s lll Al.ll(
-ffi- c
l^n.J6Í
ran'ri'a.]
Hydroforminl;is used where thcre is dernanrlfor lorver
vreight with high strength lt is uscd in the
manufacturcof top-of the-rangesportscarsand
motorbikes,such as Harley Davidsons.ltis also used in
the aerospaceinriustryto producepanels for aircraft.
A A . r n L r f a c t r r r4i5n g
Checklist
A s s e s sy o u rp r o g r e s isn t h i s u n i t .
Tick(.r')the statementswhich aretrue.
I knor,vkcytcrms for common
m a nu Í a c t r tnrgi p r o c e s s easl ] dt r e a t l 1 1 e n t s
l c a n d c s c r i b ca m a n u f a c t u r i npgr o c e s s
Vocabulary
l c a nw r i t ea s h o r ts c q u e n c e
Co m p o u n dn o u ns
i.r1ill.tt..llrlt...:l
i r:tll ]l i Ir
Coinpounds nouns aI. oÍt..i, i t'-;
1ogc.Il.rcr
Study
Thcy consistof two norrnsvrrorkin.l
thesc r:xrrrnplcs.
car borli.cs- bodiesof cars
pltrstichaths= baths made rtfplustic
i njt:ct io n ruto i tIrl it q = m o uI rlin g L;y'i nj c r t ic,tt
gas avcn = oV€ f | v,,hichttsesgns
gas C'Qt1ist.
r = c.inistc r ÍOr gas
E x p l l i r t c o n t l r r - r r r rnr od t t n s 1 - B j L rt l rr ' s t'r a \^,r'y'
1 c r i n 1 l r r tl (t ,n ( I s
2 l ' . I t . l . i l ír t' t t : : i r i i i
3 1 , v r1 ' ;, . ;
4 1 r l : . i rr,' r i n ' 5 s t e .i i u i r . r
6 t t ' t u n1 , u r n p
7 st .t r) 1lr:l
B ( l o r k \ \ , . ) r kr . l . i
L
\ '
[1.:','
?.
, , 1l ,
1..'.
i r
,
(
,. .. :' -
r
l
.),-
4 p l r : 1 rl r' ; t i . r s
5 1 ; ' tr-i l r : s
Key words
Nouns
barreI
blade
b o n di r g
extruslon
n o l l p er
i n g r e di cr ri s
plant
plaiing
proccss
r3m
sLrction
welding
I i l ' . . 1 s .r r i f i " r - ' il : ' t i h . t ' . ; i - ) r " '|1 ( r { , l l r l ' ' 1 ' ' t
'r
'
l ) r o ,( , j s . ' s . i t r i , i :, 1i t h c r n r n t if a L : t , i t ., .I i i r , r ; 1 5 i ' r l
( ( ) l . r p l c t i.h c t . i h l c ( i i 1 r i o a n c x : r ' ' iI ' l , r : l , i i , i r i i ht i i i : ," , , l r l " ' l i , : ; , - r r.r:: . r 1 ,h 7 )
1 r ;i,i- ,-tt>
M y ' r c a d i n ga r r dl i s t o r i n ga r eg o n c l
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a r rm
d o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
SAW
Webquest
Itr'rn
I k n o ws o n r co f t h e w a y si n w h i c h
c o r n p o u n dn o l i n sw o r k
Verbs
cool
spray
isused
N o t eh , , ' rar n y L h i n ga h r r r rht r ' r ' E. ar /r g l i s h
i n t c t h n o l o i ; yt h a t i s n e w t o y o u .
4 6 U n i t8
Switch on
t
I
'?
ldentify the different forms of transport in pictures A-F.
Work Ínsmall groups.List othertypes of 1and,sea,and
air transport.
Dl=- ,-t
Transport 47
Inthis unit
o keytermsfor differentforms of transport
a howto makepredictionsusingwill,may,might
o how to use correctivestress
o r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n gf o r d e t a i l
o u s i n g y o u rs e a r c hs k i l l s t o f i n do u t m o r ea b o u tc a r so f
the future
Reading
Thecarof the future
CAMERATO
DRIVER CONDITION
DETECTION SENSOR
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
BETWEENVXHICLES
MONITOR
AREATO REAR
FRONT
STRUCTURE
TO PROTECT
PEDESTRIANS
SENSOR TO
DETECT
OBSTACLES
BEHIND VEHICLE
DEVICE TO RELEASE
INSIDE DOOR LOCKS
SENSOR TO DETECT
OBSTACLES IN FRONT
Lookat the diagram and answer the questions.
1 How is this car different from a typical car of today?
ASVs
2 What do youthinkASVmeans?
3 What are the aims of the designers of this car?
4 What further improvements could you make to this
car?
Readthe text and check your answers to questions 1-3
in t.
Readthe last paragraph ofthe text again and note the
advantagesand disadvantagesof the forms of power ín
the table.
Advantages
i electric
2 hybrid
( p e t r oal n d
electric)
3 LPC
4 hydrogen
f u e lc e l l
Disadvantages
Road trafíc is increasing worldwide. This increase
brings problems:road accidents,congestion,and
pollution. However, engineers are working on
Advanced safety vehicles (ASVs)which will be much
safer for drivers, other road users such as cyclists, and
for pedestrians.They are also working on new engines
which use cleaner fuels.
ASVs will be equipped with electronic sensorsto
prevent accidents and to make it safer for people when
accidents do happen. One sensor will stop the driver
falling asleep. Others will warn drivers when they are
too closeto other vehicles.
The car of the future might be electric. Electric motors
are very efficient and produce no pollution, but they
need heavy batteries and their range is limited with
currenttechnology. Hybrid cars have both a petrol
engine and an electric motor. They save about t5%of
fuel. They need batteries but they don't have to be
charged overnight as the motor acts as a generator
when the car brakes. Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)is
already used as a fuel. Cars can be converted easily but
LPG only cuts down pollution a little. Hydrogen fuel
cells may be the long-term answer. They provide clean
power but each cell is very expensÍve.
Gadget box
Thewotld'sfir;t hyrlrogen-powcred
motorbikccan reach
8 0 k p h i n l 2 s e c o n d sl t. p r o d u c ens o p o l l u t i o na r r di s a l m o s t
si|cni.|-loweve
r;thehytlrogenfrleIce||costs
Í15,000
and
'rroisc-free'
rlotorbrike
fans dorr'tlikethc ideaof a
bil<e!
you ntakethis rnotorbikenroreattractivcto bikcrs?
llow r:otrlrl
It'smyjob
I
l*
)
J
bc thc bestchoicc.it doesn't
prodrrccrnur:hpolhrticn.(lt'spossilrle)
A 1..,t.,.i.] ,.,..f\t.ryullrl((lt
4 Solar-powt:rerivchiclcs-.-bethe answerto
- --our transportproblerns.The ceilsare vely
ineff,cient. (lt'svery r.rnlikely.)
bt-'comemuch safel rnriththe
addition of rnany sensors.(I'mcertain.)
ir By 2015more peoplein Europe- -- ------travelto
work by train than by car.(It'spossible.)
l.
1
In4
. 'l,.:rl. i l l . : t r j ; ; r l J l t - r 1, ':1l ri ir rt Jc e l
í n ; t j s l . | . l " ] l - í ) ) ' l r ; } l 1 , ; 1 1. ^
a l l , \ 1 ' a il l ' i
i : ; ,c l i C . l . .
1
\ A ] ] r l ii , . : l i i r . í . i . il i l ; 1 l r , ii-.|l ] t c c . l r : . . l n . . ] 1 ^ r i t l . l ?
2
I . { ' ; i ^ , l ] , . |n..; i ! ^ ' ( . ' :I i l ] 1 ^ r . . \l ,i í. ,. l i r l r i i j . . l ' ]
3
\ i l . t l i r f i 1 1 . ; -; r1 , , i 1 r . lr l r t r l :t t i . ,r . ; ; : , r i , a r t 'i .l 'r l l , :. i
4
\ ^ / h a t k i r t ' . ]r l Í Í r ' r r l r l l r l . : s . t ' h i : ; 1 1 1 6 1 ] 11111. ';'41]
!
l , \ i l 1 y L n i t - l h th i , l i : ; r i . , , ' 1 J ro' p n . l ' l u i l i t r , 1 ' or r s r '
Eng;lirh?
Pr+r|ictírn; l,uíÍl, r{,ű\,?lr iqht
S t r t r i r .trl t c c c i : x , l l , 1 . ; !r ; ;
", , , . ' t i ' : , : f i . i
A C v a n c ^ , 1 ; ; , 1 f t [ 1 , , yl,ryi , l " : : i , 1 5 i ' . . . ) r . 1 . ,r1, :f 1
n
i
r:
ic'c t r c,
T ll e,c :tt o f th e fiti ll r., il l íl 1|"'l.b
I [ t t r ] r o q r n l t t r l : : ! l s t ) 1 t i ) i. :! c t ' i i r ' i . r , i i tft6 r r . , ' ' 1 i r i ; , . - y i j | r i r ] i r 1 | ' ' l 1 ; i 1 . ' ' | i l l : , ' . . ! r . ' r r ' l ^ r ] i l l . .l /l -Vl íJ . i i ,
r t s c t a l i 1íl . ' r I h i : 1 g sl y l ' i 6 ] 1; l 1 . . c l L : l i 1 -l ^ t t l. l , . ; r l i . ' ' l 1 l i
m t t i h t i ' t t i r ' 1 ' . r ';: v ' l ' i i i l : :1 ' ;:' r f i i i i ; 1 1 (' i ' l i ' : . :i ; i t l i r '
1 1 i Í f e r : . n c : ' } l . . i l ^ ' , r li .i ;1r1: ' l ' : t ; . lirli; 1 9 h i 1 : lr n ' t l t : r ; . .| i : l 1 l i i s l l)
N o t e t h l . s : : 5 1 . , . r i tí i l l - l l - . :r;l . .e : l i t r s p r ; i l 1 . 1; ] ]r -rrl | . j . : ]. - .
w o t l ' t - \ 1 , ' i in! o t
nligl,lín,t = il.ti,]l,iLll,li'
DIOT R.itv+rJt
) Goto Grammar reference p.119
I
B Bccar:schydrogen-firclledcarsare silent,they
- -- be more dangerous than cars rvith
p r : t r ocl u g l n c s .( l t ' sp o s s i b l c . )
ql own pl cd ictions aborrtth e topics belov"r
1.1;r,lo
for
116'r
ti'ir yr-'ars
into the frrturc.Therlcolnparcyour
,oith lrour partner.Try to reach agreernent.
1:rc-'lictions
thr' mrmber of cars in Vour countrv
p1i6's61,)i1
tl.rr:
o Languagespot
W h e t 1 \ n . ' ,l .r l : i
7 As worid oil sr-rpplicsdry up, petrol ---- - - -- get
nrore atrdmore expetlsive.(I,mcerta'Írr')
, ,Í^ l l !i ll ,l q t i 1 1 1 ; . ' 1 . l r i , t l l .
C o r . i t . . l r t t li l ' c : ( : ] i , .|]1.c. : -ii1 : ] j l l Í
't'i
j.11
r''
,-'r':',t
the Lrur-'g.r
t iv f
kC i S ,,rrill lt Clll.
l. r 1; ;5115il l lri ;r,:
1 \,Vc___.._ __ p j. ;l:: rc;Jcr':giilcrlil-,ilta fi,flri'e.
T h e r c l r - c h i t t l : i a , i l c r; i e l l v l j : l( I , n r r . ct:r i r . r . )
2 l{yrl16g1'11
tirr:lci.ll:;
gt't rirr,:rpcr ls
t e C l t n o l o l , , , i r i t i r l . ) \;1 (. l ' t : rr r i l a i n . )
t h e s i z ec f n A s s , ' n r ' ]t 'i rt c r ; l f t
the tlosL populai way to ttavi-:ltrl'ut'oLk
lhc rrscofclcr:triccars
Transport 49
Pronunciation
Corrective
stress
When we correctwhat someone says,we often stress
the point of disagreement.
Problem-solving
I Work in pairs.Can you identify the less common forms
of transport in pictures A-E? Decide who might use
them and for what purpose.
f) Listen to this example.
A Electricmotors aren'tvery eficient.
B No,electricmotors are very efficient.
2 Correctstatements 1-8.Use the words in brackets
where provided.
1 Hybrid cars have a diesel engine and an electric
motor. (petrol)
2 Hydrogenfuelcellsarecheap.
3 Most car drivers are happy to use public transport.
4 LPG cuts down pollution a lot. (little)
5 ASVs are more dangerous for pedestrians.(safer)
6 Solar-poweris the answer to our transport
problems.
7 Air travel is good for the environment.
8 Trains and cars are examples of public transport.
(buses)
I Work in pairs.Take turns to correcteach other using
the statements above.
{ f) tisten and check your answers.
I Work in pairs. Make statements of your own about the
topics below. Disagree with your partner's views and
give reasons to support your case.Use the dialogues in
{ as a model.
a
the best car made in Europe
a
the safest way to travel
a
travelling by air
Ü studyÍngEnglish
a
travel by train in the past and now
a
the best motorbike
a
the answer to traffic problems
a
the most interesting job intechnology
In your pairs,decide what special features these forms
oftransport require to operate effectively.
5 0 U n i t8
328.761
mph / 529.33kph
JCB breaksthe land-speedrecordfor a diesel
enginevehicle(August2006)
ff
Gitffii{aex
CustomeÍCaÍe
Vocabulary
Making and acknowledgingapologies
Recordingnew expressions
In Unit l you studied useful ways of recording new
vocabulary by grouping words according to subjects.It
is a]souseful to group expressÍonsby function - what
they are used for.
t
Study the expressionsfor apologizing in the table of
functions.
I/ Weapologizefor
...
I/ Weregret...
If your company supplies faulty goods or if there is a
delay in providing a service or meeting an order,you
may have to apologize to the customer.
We can apologize face-to-face,by phone, or by email
using phrases like these:
I'm sorry that your order is late.We'vebeenvery busy
but I'lIseeto it at once.
Sorry about the delay with your order.
We can acknowledge the apology using phrases like
these:
That's alright. / OK.
It'snot a problem.
Don,tworry about Ít.
No problem,
Sometimes we want to acknowledge the apology
and make sure that action is taken. In this casewe add
but....
EXAMPLE
It,snot a problem but I,d like them to arrÍvetomorrow at
the latest.
Work in pairs. Take turns making and acknowledging
apologies for the problems below. The customer starts
by explaining the problem.
o The car batteries you received are for an old model you wanted the ones for the new model.
' You are still waiting for an important delivery of
solar panels, due this morning.
One ofthe office telephones you receivedyesterday
is faulty.
O p e n i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l
C l o s i n ga l e t t e ro r e m a i l
Referring to previouscontact
Now complete the table wÍththe expressionsbelow
used for writÍng emails.
a Hi...
b Wewill...
c I'm writing to you because ...
d Regards...
e D e a r. . .
f
I wrote to you on (date)...
g W e ' r eg o i n g t o . . .
h We spoke(lastweek)...
i
Bestwishes ...
gehng'rn\ouc\'rs
1 \\ereason\m
k I can assureyou that ...
...
Write a short email to a customer apologizing for
sending five air-conditioning unÍtsinstead of the sÍxhe
/ she ordered.In your email, you should refer to the
telephone conversation you had yesterday and provlde
a reason for the error and tell him / her you will send
the remaining unit by express delivery.
T r a n s p o r t5 l
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I know keytermsfor d ifferentforms
of transport
Webquest
Searchthe sites for detaÍIsof cars which do not have
conventionalpetrol or diesel engines.Copy the detalls
into this table for each model.
I c a n m a k ep r e d i c t i o nuss i n g w i l lm
, ay,
and might
I know how to usecorrectivestress
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
Key words
Adjectives
au t o m a t i c
efficient
liquefied
pneumatic
Nouns
congestion
delay
fuel cell
hybrid
production
p u b l i ct r a n s p o r t
th rottle
Verbs
converT
detect
g i v eu p
monitor
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
www.bmw.com
w w w . d a i h a t s cu o. m
www.ford.com
www.om.com
w w w . a u t o m o b i l ehso. n d a . c o m
w w w .m e r c e d e s - b e n z . c o m
www.smart.com
www.suzuki.com
www.toyota.com
www.votvo.com
52 Reading
bank
Reading bank
Technolo1y in sport
F|le
Ed||
v]ow
h$n
Forhd
T@|6
AciloÉ
tle|p
How can clothing help athletes to
nprfnrm
hefier)
Scan the text quickly to find out
which items of sportswear are:
a designed for swimmers
b designedforrunners
c designedbyAdidas
d designedtoreducedrag.
Now read the text again to find the
answersto these questions.
1 How does the Precoolvest
improve performance?
2 Whydidthedesignersof
Fastskin work with an expert in
sharks?
ar ealw aystr yingto developnew
S po r tscompanies
thatw ill allowathletesto per for mmor e
s po rtsw ear
i nclude:
Recentdevelopments
effic iently.
P R E C O O LV E S T
N i k e h a v ed e v e l o p e da v e s tw h i c h h o l d si c e p a c k si n i t s l i n i n g .l t i s d e s i g n e d
f o r a t h l e t e sw h o c o m p e t ei n m a r a t h o n sa n d o t h e rl o n gd i s t a n c er a c e s .
W e a r i n gi t f o r o n e h o u r b e f o r et h e r a c ew i l l r e d u c et h e b o d yt e m p e r a t u r e
b y 1 9 % , a n dt h e r e f o r er e d u c e st h e r i s ko f h e a ti n j u r y .
FA5T5K!N
3 What are Power socks designed
to prevent and why is this
i mnnrteniT
4 Inadditiontoreducingdrag,
how does Swift suit help
athletes?
5 How are Straplessgogglesheld
on the swimmer's face?
S p e e d oh a v ed e s i g n e da s w i m s u i tw h i c ht h e y c l a i m i s t h e w o r l d ' sf a s t e s t .
T h ed e s i g n e r sh a v ew o r k e dw i t h a n e x p e r to n s h ar k s- f a m o u s l yf a s t
s w i m m e r so f t h e f i s hw o r l d . T h em a t e r i a l c o p i e s f e a t u r eo sf s h a r k s k i na n d
i s d e s i g n e dt o r e d u c ed r a g . T h em a k e r ss a yi t c a n i n c r e a s ep e r f o r m a n c eb y
uoto 4%o.
POWER SOCKS
s o c k sf o r r u n n e r sw h i c h a r ed e s i g n e dt o
A d i d a sp r o d u c ek n e e - l e n g t h
t h e m u s c l e si n
r e d u c el e gf a t i g u e . T h e
s o c k ss a v ee n e r g yb y c o m p r e s s i n g
the legs.Thip
s r e v e n t tsh e m u s c l e sv i b r a t i n ge a c ht i m e t h e r u n n e r ' sf o o t
h i t st h e g r o un d .T h ev i b r a t i o ni s a w a s t eo f e n e r g y .
S W I F TS U I T
A d i d a sh a v ed e s i g n e da n a e r o d y n a m i c
h e a d - t o - a n k lseu i tf o r s p r i n t e r sc,y c l i s t s ,
lt keepsathletes
rowers,and ice-skaters.
c o o la n d r e d u c e sd r a g . T h ed e s i g n e r
c l a i m si t g i v e sa t e n - c e n t i m e t r e
'l00-metre
a d v a n t a g ei n a
sprint.
S T R A P L E S SG O G G T E S
F o rs w i m m e r s N
, i k eh a v ed e v e l o p e df e a t h e r w e i g hct a r b o ng o g g l e s
w i t h o u ts t r a p sE. a c hl e n si s s t u c kt o t h e e y es o c k e tw i t h m e d i c a lg l u e .
H a v i n gn o s t r a p st,h e g o g g l e sp r o du c e l e s sd r a gt h a n o r d i n ar y g o g g l e s .
R e a d i n gb a n k 5 3
Appropriate
technology
Studythis mechanical device.
Chooseits correctfunction.
RUBBER SHOCK ABSORBER
(rNsrorwHrnr)
a farming
b exploding mines
5-anrtnnporn
c travelllng on the Moon
d filming in dangerous places
e carrying things
WHEELMOTOR
List some of the components of
this devicein the table.
Now read the descrÍptionof how
the deviceworks to find the
answerto these questions.
1 What is the device called?
2 What does it do?
3 Why is it suitable for the
developing world?
Why do the wheels have steel
teeth?
How often does a wheel have to
be changed?
125cc prrnor ENcTNE
Item, -
Quantity
5-metremetal or bamboo ooles
Why does the machine not miss
any mine in its path?
Three-wheeledIife-saver
T h e d e v i c ei s c a l l e da D e r v i s h .l t i s a
m i n e - d e t o n a tni g v e h i c l ef o r c l e ar in g
a n t i - p e r s o n n em
l i n e sf r o m f a r m l a n d
i n d e v e l o p i n gw o r l d c o u n t r i e s l.t h a s
a v e r y s i m p l e d e s i g na n d u s e s
i n e x p e n s i v ep a r t s .T h e U n i t e d
N a t i o n se s t i m a t e st h a t 2 4 , 0 0 0
p e o p l ed i e e a c h y e a r b e c au s e o f
mlnes.
T h e D e r v i s hh a s t h r e e w h e e l s .E a c h
wheel has steel teeth to create more
p r e s s u r eW
. h e n t h e t e e t h p a s so v e r a
m i n e ,i t e x p l o d e s . T h ew h e e l s c a n
'l,500
e x p l o d ea r o u n d
minesbefore
t h e y h a v et o b e c h a n g e d .
A m o t o r b i k ee n g i n e p o w e r st h e
D e r v i s h T. h e d e v i c er o t a t e s A
. s each
w h e e l p a s s e sa c e r t a i np o i n t i n t h e
r o t a t i o n ,i t s l o w s d o w n . T h i s m a k e s
t h e m a c h i n ea d v a n c ei n t i g h t c i r c l e s ,
a b o u t 3 0 m m a o a r t .F o rt h i s r e a s o n
no mine in itspath is missed.
54 Readingbank
Crime-fightingand
security
Readone ofthesetexts,A, B,or C,
as your teacherdirects.Find out
the answersto thesequestions.
1 What is this deviceor system
calied?
2 Whousesit?
3 How doesit work?
Shareyour answerswith othersin
yourgroup.
Readtheothertwotextsand seeif
you canfind any extra
information.
TheAdvanced
tasergunisanelectric
stungunwhichallowspoliceto
dealwithviolentpeoplewithoutcausing
injuryor death.lt hasa laser
sightto makesurethesuspect
isproperly
targeted.
lt usesa compressed
aircartridge
to firetwodartsat thesuspect.
Thedartspullbehindthem
fineelectric
cable.Theycanpenetrate
thethickest
clothing,
upto 5
centimetres,
at a rangeof 6.4metres.
Whenthedartshitsomeone,
thegundelivers
a 50,000voltshockfor
fiveseconds.
Theshockcausestemporary
paralysis.
Taserwaves,
electrical
signals,
causethesuspectS
muscles
to contract.
Theguns
containa microchip
whichrecords
thedateandtimeof eachfiring.
Theirisisthecoloured
ringroundthecentralpartof
youreye.Eachoneisdifferent,
whichmakesit perfect
forsecurity
systems
suchaslris-scanning.
First,youririsisscanned
andtheinformation
converted
to a digitalfilewhichisstoredin a database.
This
process
takesaboutthreeminutes.
Whenyougo to a
highsecurity
area,yousimplylookat a camerawhich
scansyouriris.Theresultiscompared
withyour
database
entry.lt takesjustovera secondto complete
thecheck.
Thesystem
is usedat airportsto speedpassengers
throughpassport
controlandto controlentryto
restricted
areas.Somebanksuseit at ATM machines
instead
of PlNs.
Apartfromthespeed,theadvantage
isthatusersdon't
needto remember
a password
or key.Thesystemcan
handleuserswearingglasses,
contactlenses,
andalso
people
changes
to theeyeas
age.Sofar,it'sfoolproof.
Reading
bank 55
O f f p n d p rl r , r r ki n n . n n ( i S t SO I a S m a l l
t r a c k i nugn i tw o r no n t h eb e l to r
ankle.lt usesthetechnology
of
(
G
G l o b apl o s i t r o n i ns ygs t e m P S ) t o
record
thewearer's
movements.
This
rs
fed
data
to a serverwhichmatches
movements
with places.Some
ofÍenders
arerestricted
to an area
a r o u n tdh e i rh o m e .l f t h e ym o v e
thatarea,thisis reported
outside
by
e - l , r rl ol t h po o l i r eS o m eo f f e n d e r s
areforbidden
to entercertainareas.
lftheygo there,thisis reported
a u t o m a t i c atlol yt h ep o l r c eT h e
system
alsocontainsdetailsof
c r i m e sl f.a n o f f e n d eirs n e a rt h e
scene
o f a c r i m ea t t h er r g h t i m e a,
r e p o ritss e n td i r e c t ltyo t h ep o l r c e .
I
21hr )'
t)
LL
l5b
IR
rn
5 6 R e a d i n gb a n k
Manufacturing
Studythe common
manufacturing processeson
pp.56-58.
WASTING
metal
metal
metal,wood
From the list beloW identify the
processand method involved in
each of these operations.
i
Making a small circular hole in
a metal sheet.
2 Joiningtwosimilarmetals
using heat.
Applying a permanent layer of
chromium to a steel car body
part.
Gluing wings to the body of an
aÍrcraft.
MakingaluminÍum
components by pouring hot
metal into a shaped container.
MakÍng plastic bottles by
blowing aÍrinto a hot plastic
tube.
turning (Iathe)
andmilling
(millingmachine)
drilling
FORMING
metal
metal
metal
r-r
IT
ForcÍngaluminium through a
die to make window frames.
É i_____nJ
Shaping steel by hammering
an ingot of hot metal.
Spraying a component with
tiny particles ofresin and
colour to make a protectiveand
attractive covering.
filing
I
shearÍng
l0 Cutting a metal sheet Íntotwo
using a sharp blade.
punchingand
piercing
bending
metal
metal, plastíc
metal
ílÍl
iJ{hflhflhflH
{-}iJi}x+iflt
-r----r
e*aÉEg
rollforming
r
forging
il__-.
{
ap-*-_l
extrusion
R e a d i n gb a n k 5 7
CASTINGAND MOULDING
metal
plastic
metal,polymeÍs,
andplastic
tr-
-r---r1
L-::-
plastic
---!
|
T-
I
|........-.-r\./r-l
Vsandcasting
and die casting
metal
ru
I
lL--J
|
rrArr
F
\ /\:
,--1
{-------+
\=\
.-_Jr
\-.--lt
)V
arcwelding
and gas welding
I
----l
l-
[_J
-\=_-J-]
l\\-\
)
injectionmoulding
blowmoulding
vacuumformíng
metal
metal,wood,
plastic, fabric
metal,wood
N-
,, fr=t'{
ll
rL_-J
ill
ill
TLlrl
O:-l
c
W
lll*
_]l
_.ltl
H'r*1
nrnl
Itltltltltit
brazing
W
lll
usingadhesives
W
llr
usingmechanical
fixing s (rÍvets,screws,
bolts,etc.)
l5 8 R e a d i n gb a n k
CLEANING AND COATING
metal
metal
f,r
and ultrasoniccleaning
chemicalcleanÍng
metal, wood, plastic
painting
a)Ct\-_/
\_/
plating
metal
powdercoating
Reading
bank 59
Transport
A hybrid resultsfrom combining
two differentthings. What two
things are combined to make a
hybridcar?Lookat the diagram
and checkyour answer.
Readthe text and find the answers
to thesequestions.
1 When is the petrol engine used
alone?
2 When is the electric motor used
alone?
3 When are both motors used?
4 What advantage does this car
have over an electric car?
5 HowisthebatterychargedT
A H y b r i d - e l e c t rvi ce h i c l e( H E V )h a s b o t h a p e t r o le n g i n e a n d a n
e l e c t r r cm o t o r ,T h e p e t r o le n g i n e i s t h e m a i n p o w e r s o u r c e .l t i s
s m a | | earn d I i g h t etrh a nt h e e n g i n e so Íc o n v e n t i o n acIa r s .T h e e | e c t r i c
m o t o r p r o v i d e se x t r a p o w e r w h e n n e e d e d . I n s o m e H E V s , i t i s
c o n n e c t e dt o t h e w h e e l sb y t h e s a m et r a n s m i s s i o nI n. a d d i t i o nt o a
f u e |t a n k ,t h e H E V c a r r i e sa p a c ko Ía d v a n c e db a t t e r i e sT. h e r ei s a | s o
a p r o c e s s owr h i c hd e c i d e sw h e n t o u s et h e m o t o ra n d e n g i n e .
W h e n t h e c a r i s r u n n i n ga t a c o n s t a n ts p e e d ,c r u i s i n gt, h e p e t r o l
e n g i n ep r o v i d e sa l l t h e p o w e r r e q u i r e dF. o ro v e r t a k i n gh, i l lc l i m b i n g ,
a n d a c c e l e r a t i nfgr o m s t o p ,t h e e l e c t r i cm o t o r p r o v i d e se x t r ap o w e r .
I ns o m e c a r s ,t h e m o t o r a l s o p r o v i d e sp o w e r f o r l o w - s p e e dc r u i s i n g
l n g i n e sa r e l e a s te f f i c i e n itn t h e s ec o n d i t i o n s .
as petroe
H E V s u s e r e g e n e r a t i v eb r a k i n g .W h e n t h e d r i v e r b r a k e s ,t h e
r e s i s t a n c eo f t h e m o t o r h e l p s t o s l o w d o w n t h e c a r . A t t h e s a m e
t i m e , t h e e n e r g yf r o m t h e w h e e l s t u r n s t h e m o t o r w h i c h t h e n
f u n c t i o n sa s a g e n e r a t o r p, r o d u c i n ge l e c t r i c i t yt o r e c h a r g et h e
b a t t e r i e sW
. h e n t h e b a t t e r i e sa r e l o w , t h e p e t r o le n g i n ea l s o d r i v e s
the generator.
H E V s h a v e a u t o m a t i cs t a r t/ s h u t o Í fT. h e p e t r o |e n g i n es h u t so Í f
w h e n t h e c a r c o m e s t o a s t o p W h e n t h e d r i v e r p r e s s e st h e
a c c e l e r a t o tl h e m o t o r i n s t a n t l sy t a r t st h e e n g i n ea g a i n .N o e n e r g yi s
w a s t e df r o m i d l i n gw h e n t h e c a r i s s t o p p e d .
H E V sa r e m o r ee f f i c i e n at n d p o l l u t el e s st h a n c a r sw i t h o n l y p e t r o l
enginesT
. h e y d o n o t r e q u i r es p e c i a fl u e l l i k e h y d r o g e nc a r s a n d ,
u n l i k ee l e c t r i c a r s ,t h e yd o n o t n e e dt o b e p l u g g e di n o v e r n i g htto
r e c h a r g et h e b a t t e r i e s .H o w e v e r ,t h e y a r e h e a v y b e c a u s eo f t h e
w e i g h to Ít h e b a t t e r i e s .
6 0 R e a d i n gb a n k
Highliving:
skyscrapers
You needto be ableto travel
quickly up and down skyscrapers.
Lookat the diagram oppositeof a
Iiftsystemand answerthese
questions.
1 What is the counterweightfor?
2 What arethe guide rails for?
3 What arethe safetyfeatures?
Now readthe text to checkand to
addto your answers.
Readthe text againand answer
the questions.
1 What doesthe microprocessor
do?
2 Whyistravelinlifts oneofthe
safestjourneysyou canmake?
The clevelopment of tall br,rildtngsand liftsgo togethcr The first
,e|evators,
Iifts.or
in Arneric.tn EngIish, CoÍlsistedof a p|;ltforrn
suspendecl from a rope which passed over a pulley at the top of
the building. lf tl-rcrope brokc.,the platform fell to the grouncl
ln | 852 Elisha Otrs invented the first safety lift. lf the rope broke,
a brake was applied automatically which lockecl the platfornt in
placc between guide rails.Today thc Otrs corrpany ts the
largest supplier of lifts in the worlcl.
Most liftstoday are roped lifts.The car rlrns Lretweenvertical
guide railswhich keep it steady and act ;rsa safety ckvice. Stccl
ropes, or cables, .rttached to the roof of ttre car pass over a
pulley, called the drive sheave. which is turnecl by an electric
motor. The other end of the cable is att.tchcd to .t
counterweight. Tlris matchcs the W€ ] ight of .] car with .ttt
a v e r . r g cl o a d o f p , r s s e n g e r s .
The counterweight savcs cncrgy. lts wcigirt helps to r.rise.thc
car |n thc same wc.ly,the W€ ] |ght of thc:c.lr whcn it clcsce:trc]s
l-rclpsto r.iisc the colrr]terwL'tqht.For thc nrost pilrt, tl't(-'
nrotof
only h.rs to overcor-ncfriction
Liftsare controlleclby a mrcroprocessorrn the machtno roonr
T h i s l o g s a l l p a s s e n q e rc a l l - a
s n d m o n r t o r st h e n u m b c r o f
passengers trervellingfrom floor to floot the posttion of any c;rr
in the system, and its speed. lt ccin clirectpcrs5eneersto the c.ir
which will get thcm to their clcstination fastestarrclwill prcvcnt
any car which is overloadecl frorn nrovirrg
Lifts have many safcty deviccs which ntal<eit virtu.rliyrmpossrble
f o r a n a c c i c J e n t o h z r p p e n .T h c c a b l e s c o n s i s to f u p t o c r g l - r t
steel ropes wor.rndtogether. Each one is strong enor-rghtc-r
s u p p o r t t h e c a r .l f t h e c a r s t i . l r t tso r u r - tro o q u r c k l y ,c l ' g o v e r n o r '
or safety brake locl<sthe car to the gLriderails. Doors on each
floor cnsure th.lt no one c.ln f.rlldown an open lift shaft. Doors
on the ccl[er']surethat no passenqer c.rn be ir-r.iurccl
by contact
with thc shzrft.The car cannot move ut-ttilboth sets of cioors are
closecl. Finally,at the bottont of the sh;rftthere are largc.shocl<
absorbers, or buffers' to cushion the iÍnp.lctof ;lny fJ||.All thesc
things comtrinecl m<rl(e
travcl in liftsonc of the-safestJoLlrneys
you can mal<el
R e a d i n gb a n k 6 t
,GOVENOR'OR
DRIVE SHEAVE
SAFETYBRAKE
CONTROLLER
MACHINE ROOM
HOIST
ROPES
IIFT CAR GUIDE RAILS
DOOR OPERATOR
LIFT CAR
CAR DOOR
SAFETY GEAR
LIFTWELL
TRAVELLING CABLES
COUNTERWEIGHT
GUIDE RAILS
IÁNDING
INDICAToR
LANDING
PUSH BUTTON
COUNTERWEIGHT
I.ANDING ENTRANCE
6 2 R e a d i n gb a n k
Medical technolo1y
Answer the questions.
1 The afftxtele-means'distant'.
What do you think these terms
mean?
atelemedicine
b telecare
c telesurgery
2 What sort of technology would
be needed for each ofthe
services describedby these
terms?
3 Whomightbenefitfromthese
services?
Read the text and check your
answers.
Telemedicine
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Reading
bank 63
Personal
entertainment
What advice would you give to
someonemaking a digital video
moviefor the first time?
Compareyour advice with the tips
givenin the text.
Studythese explanations for some
of the tips given.Match each
explanationto the correcttip.
E||o
Edit
vlow
bs6d
e Unsteadyorjerkyshotscan
look amateur
Ifthe unexpectedhappenson
the day of filming - problems
with the technology,weather,
or the actors- you still have
time get it right. Wind or streetnoise can ruin
yourfilm. You won't lose time, or worse,
make serious technical
mistakes and ruin good shots.
You can get all the necessary
actors and locations organized
in goodtime
ActioEs
Ho|p
D i g i t a vl i d e oc a m e r a sa l o n gw i t h s o f t w a r es u c ha s A p p l e ' si M o v i ea l l o w
a n y o n et o m a k eh o m em o v i e s . Y ocua na d dv i d e oa n d a u d i oe f f e c t sa n d
p u b l i s hy o u rf il m s o n w e b s i t e sa n d b l o g s . Y ocuan p r o d u c ev i d e o
p o d c a s t fso r o t h e r st o s h a r eH
. o w e v e rh,a v i n gt h e r i g h te q u i p m e n t
d o e s n ' tg u ar an t e eq u al i t yT. h e s et i p s m l g h t h e l p :
W
b When you start filming you
won't have to worry about
where to shoot next. -
d lt's quality,not quantitythat
counts._
Tm|s
Tipsfor makinga digitalvideomovie
a Professionalsmake limited use
of these kÍndsof shots. -
c Theyhavetocatchyour
attention and make their
messageclear in a very short
tlme. _
Fqímat
?
Prepareyour storyboard well in
a d v an c e .
2
A l l o wp l e n t y otf i m e f o r f i l m i n g .
3
t r n aet a s h o o t i n gs c h e d u l el i s t i n g
e a c hl o c a t i o a
n n dt h e t i m e f o r
filming.
4
F i n dq u i e tl o c a t i o nasn dc h e c k
t h e m b e f o r ey o u s t a r tf i l m i n g .
5
u s e t v a d v e r t s f o r g o o di d e a s .
6
Keepyourfilm
short.
q'
wf,,
*
'l
M a k es u r e y o ua r e f a m i l i a r w i tahl l
y o u rc a m e r ac o n t r o l s .
U s ea t r i p o dt o e n s u r ey o u rc a m e r a
is steady.
D o n ' to v e r u s ez o o ms h o t s .
6 4 R e a d i n gb a n k
Careersin
technolo1y
What questions would you ask
someone with the job title of
Technical Installation E ngineer?
Read the answers to the questions
the interviewer asked Ron
Martinez, a Technical Installation
Engineer.Correctyour answers to I
ifnecessary.
,?*
&,
N
Now match these questions to the
answers and put them in a logical
order.
a What'stheworstthingabout
the job?b What does yourwork involve?
c How long have you worked
there? d What advice would you give
students entering your
profession?e Why did you choosethis job?
What's the best thing about the
job?-
P l a n nn q t h ej o b ,e s p e c i a i il n
y o l c i ebr u i l c l i n ql st '.s m p o r l a r r l
t o W O r ko u t t h eb e s tr r l u t eÍs t l Ir l l cp i 1 l c sd'r l r : tas n' dc a b l c s
i r l v o l v eads t h s c a r ra í 1 c ctl| r ic:o s lo l t h cw o r k
consrclerably.
What's the biggest challenge of
yourjob? What's the salary like? -
I w o r kf o ra c o r n p a nw
y h i c i ri r r s t a5 c f n l r a lfr c a t r r raqn da r r
r r l : p l a rnr nq ,
c o n c J i t i o n isnVq\ l e f n W
s . e r l oe v r : r y 1r h
Il \l.JlInU' l.\| ' 'J'J| (l í' |'' tl' \\]UlI t]q
W h e ryl o us w l t c ho n a n di t a l lw o r k sp er Í e c t 1 y -
F i v ey e a sr
R e a d i n gb a n k 6 5
ThefutuÍeoÍ
technology
Forrobotsto function less like
machinesand more like humans,
they need to be coveredin
artifrcial or synthetic skin.
WhÍchfeatures of human skin
doesrobot skin need to copy?
Choosefrom a-d.
a sensitiveto touch
b sensitÍveto heat
c stretchable
d allofthese
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Robotsare very good at doing the same task in the same placeover
a n d o v e r a g a i n , I n f a c t o r l e sa n d n u c l e a rp o w e r s t a t i o n s m o r e t h a n a
millionrobotsbehavein this way every day.
For robotsto workwith people,for example caringfor the old, they need
to be much more like humans. TheV need to be able to move like
h u m a n sa n d a d a p tt o n e w p l a c e s .T h e y a l s o n e e d t o b e m o r e s e n s i t i v e
to touch and temperature.In humans it is skin whichprovidesimportant
informationon Dressureand heat.
Now read the text and check
your answer.
Readthe text again to find the
answersto these questions.
1 What sort of tasks are robots
good for?
2 Typically,whichindustries
make use of robots?
What do robots need in order
to work with people?
4 How does E-skin stretch?
5 Why is stretchability
important?
How could walkÍngrobots
use information from E-skin
in their feet?
How could E-skin help robots
not to damage themselves?
What two features of E-skin
would be important in
bathing ababy?
Englneersat the Universityof Tokyohave developedan artificialskin for
robots which is sensitive to pressureand temperaturethanks to a large
numberof sensors. In addition,because it uses a mesh or net structure
i t c a n b e s t r e t c h e d b y u p t o 2 5 o / oa n d s t i l l r e t a i n i t s s e n s i t i v i t y .T h i s
means it can be used to cover moving parts liReJoints,
This E-skinopens the way for much more sensitiverobots.For example,
walkingrobots could use feedbackfrom their feet to adjust to different
surfaces. Robots in future may be able to grasp differenttools and use
t h e m a s h u m a n s d o . D o m e s t i cr o b o t sc o u l d p i c k u p a n d b a t h e a b a b y
withouthurtingit. They wouldalso be less likelyto damage themselves.
A l o t r e m a i n s t o b e d o n e . E - s k i n w i l l p r o v i d em u c h m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n
t h a n t h e r o b o tr e q u l r e sa t a n y o n e t i m e . l l u m a n b r a i n sc a n s e l e c t o n l y
the importantinformation.Beforerobotscan act like humans,they need
to have brainslike humans.
R e a d i n gb a n kk e y
Reading bank key
Technologyin sport
2
Fastskin,Straplessgoggles
b Precoolvest,Powersocks,Swiftsuit
Powersocks.Swiftsuit
d Fastskin,Swiftsuit,Straplessgoggles
andsecurity
Crime-fighting
1
A
1 Advancedtaser gun
z Police
1
3
1 It reducesbody temperature and therefore the
risk ofheat injury.
B
2 Becausesharks are famously fast swimmers of
the fish world.
z
3 Leg muscle vibration. The vibration is wasted energy.
1 Iris-scanning
Appropriateterhnology
I
b
2
Airports, banks
3 The iris is scanned digitally and stored in a database.
4 Itkeepsthemcool.
5 They are stuck to the eye socketswÍth medical glue.
It uses compressedair to fÍredarts attached to electric
cables.These deliver an electric shock which causes
temporary paralysis.
c
This provides a check or match when the person later
requestsentryto a high-security area.
1 Offender tracking
2 Police
3 Atracking unit recordsan offender,smovements vÍa
GPS.A server matches these movements to places and
reports automatically to the police if the offender enters
forbidden areas.
Item
Quantity
S-metremetal or
bamboo poles
3
750x 20 mm
toothed wheels
3
2 joining:welding
125cc petrol engÍne
1
3 coating:plating
3 mm armour plate
2 pieces
4 joining: using adhesives
wheel motors
3
5 castÍng:die casting
Manufacturing
1 material removal:drilling
3
6 mouldÍng:blow mouldÍng
1 Dervish
7 forming: extrusion
2 It clears antÍ.personnelmines.
8 forming: forging
3 It'smade from easily available materials and is
cheap to make and use.
9 coatÍng:powder coating
4 To create more pressure
5 After it has exploded 1,500mines.
6 It coversin a serÍesof tight circles so no mines are
missed.
10 forming: shearing
R e a d i n gb a n kk e y 6 7
Transport
Personalentertainment
I
PetrolengÍne
and electricmotor
I
a9
b3
c5 d6
e8 f2
2
1 Running at a constant speed,'cruising'
2 Low-speedcruÍsing
3 Overtaking,hill climbing, and acceleratingfrom stop
4 It is not necessaryto charge the batteries.
5 The electric motor serves as a generatorwhen braking
The petrol engine also drÍvesthe generatorwhen the
batteriesare low.
Highliving:skyscrapers
lt2
i It savesenergy by balancing the weight of the lift.
2 They keep the car steady and act as a safety feature.
94
h7
i1
Careersin technology
3
a7 b4
c8
d5 e3 f6
Possible logical order
b4 c8 e3 92 f6
g2
h1
a7 h1 d5
ThefutuÍeof technology
I
d
3
1 The same task in the same place over and over again
Factoriesand nuclear power stations
3 Brakeson the guide rails operatedby a'governor',
double-doors,multi-strand steel ropes,shock absorbers
or buffers at the base ofthe lift shaft
3 They need to be able to move like humans, adapt to new
3
4 It has a mesh or net structure.
1 It logs all passenger calls,monitors the number of
passengerstravelling from floor to floor,and the
position of any car in the system and its speed.It can
direct passengersto the car which will get them to their
destination fastest,and will prevent any car which is
overloadedfrom moving.
2 The large number of safety devices make it virtually
impossÍblefor an accident to happen.
Medicaltechnology
1 a Administeringmedicalhelpfrom adistance
b Looking after people from a distance
c Operating on people from a distance
2 the Internet,satellite phones,video links, digital
cameras
people living, working, or travelling remote from
medicalhelp
places,and be sensitive to touch and temperature.
5 E-skin has to cover moving parts like joints.
6 They could adjust to different surfaces.
7 The robot could detect anv obstacle as soon as it
touched it.
8 SensitÍvityto pressure and temperature
6 8 U n i t9
Switch on
I
Name some famous skyscrapers.Which cities are
they in?
2 Look at the diagram. It shows some of the components
of a skyscraper.Match a-f below with 1-6 in the
diagram.
a concretebase
b cladding
c floorsbelowground
d steel columns
e horizontall-shapedgirders
f
steelpiles
H i g h l i v i n gs: k y s c r a p e r s6 9
ln this unit
o keytermsfordifferentpartsof a skyscraper
O how to describesafetysignsand givesafetyadvice
o how to stresslongwords
o usingyour searchskillsto find out aboutthe world's
t a l l e s tb u i l d i n g s
It'smyjob
f -
Ducts are installed beneath each floor ro
carry cables and pipes.
I -
Theverticalsteelcolumnsthatformthebase
of the building's main frame are frxed to the
foundations.
h -
The processis repeatedfloorbyflooruntilthe
skyscraperis completed.
2 Read the text and check vour answers.
Q Listen to Leon Peters,a Steel Erector,and answer the
questions.
1 How bÍgis Leon,sgang?
2 How long is a contract?
3 What kind of buildÍngshas he worked on?
4 What word does he use to describe components
which are cut and drilled off-site?
5 Howlongis atypicalshiftT
Q tisten again and find the reasons why
1 contractsvaryinlength
2 bonuses are paid
3 youneedgoodgroundpeople
4 youdon't come downfortea-breaks
5 moving girders is dangerous.
Reading
How skyscraperrare built
Put these stagesin the construction of a skyscraperin
the correct order.Then work in small groups and
compare answers.
a -
Metal deckin g calledJloor formers arelaid
between the beams to form a shallow pan.
b -
Outer walls, caIIedcladdinq,are lifted into
posÍtionby crane.
c -
Girders are bolted to the columns to form the
floors of the building.
d
e -
í
Thefoundations are laid.
Liquidconcreteispouredontotheformers.
Skyscraperconstruction
Skyscrapersstartwith a very largehole in the ground
which will containthe foundations,severalfloors,and
possiblyevena metro or subwaystation.Thetype of
foundationsdependonthe natureofthe ground.
Usuallythey aremadeby drilling narrow,deepholes
and filling them with reÍnforcedconcreteto form piles.
Another methodis to drive steelpiles,as much as
twenty metresin length,into the ground.A thick raft
of concreteis laid on top ofthe piles.
Verticalsteelcolumnsareboltedto the foundations.
Eachcolumn restson a platform of steelto spreadthe
Ioad.Steelgirdersarefixed horizontallyfrom column
to columnby SteelErectorsto form a strong
framework.Metal deckingis laid acrossthe girdersand
frlledwith lightweight liquid concretewhich is
pumpedup from the ground.When it sets,it forms the
floors.
Ductsareinstalledbelow the floorsto carry all services:
electricity,water,drains.All exposedmetalworkis
fireproofed.If a fire happens,it is important that the
structurecan withstand high temperatureswithout
buckling.
Thesameprocessis repeatedasthe buildingrises.In
someconstructionmethods,entirefloorsarebuilt at
groundlevel and hoistedinto positionby cranes.
The outsideof the building is coveredin cladding.This
consistsof prefabricatedpanelsof materialssuch as
stainlesssteel,aluminium,and glass.
7 O U n i t9
was
Theworld'sfirstskyscraper
t h e H o m eI n s u r a n cbeu i l d i n g ,
C h i c a g ob, u i l ti n 1 8 8 5l .t w a s
o n l y t e ns t o r e y sh i g h .
o Languagespot
Safetysignsand safetyadvice
Safety signs are found on construction sites
2 Work in pairs.Take turns to explain the signs in I to
a trainee.
EXAMPLE
Sign5
You mustn'tgo
Thismeans'Noadmi.ttance'.
Ínthere.
More general safety advice is given in handbooks on
safety and on safetytraining programmes:
Don't wearflammable clothingwheretheremay be
openJlames.
Beforeoperatíngan unfamilÍarmachine,check the
guards.
Safety signs give direct commands to the reader:
No smoking.
Do not smokehere.
You must not smokehere.
Wear a safety helmet
Safety helmets must be worn.
Go to Grammar reference p.119
1 Match the safety signs to their meanings.
@
@
@
@
@
@
a
Eye protection must be worn
ln the event offire do not use this
tift.
We use always andneverto strengthen safety advice:
ChecktheguardsbeforeusÍngan unfamiliar machi'ne.
Always checkthe guards beforeusing an unfamiliar
machine.
Don't usean unfamiliar machinewithout checking
theguards.
Neverusean unfamilÍarmachinewithoutchecking
theguards.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.119
3 Rewrite the examples of safety advice usíngalways
ot never.
EXAMPLE
Don't usedefectivetools.
Never use defectivetools.
1 Make sure a machine has stopped before removing
the guards.
2 Do not use mobile phones in busy working areas.
3 Wear eye protection when using grinders.
Ear protectorsmust be worn in
this area.
4 Do not smoke near flammable substances.
Protectivefootwear must be
worn in this area.
7 Make sure the mains supply is disconnectedbefore
working on electrical equipment.
5 Wear a hard hat when work is going on overhead.
6 Do not operatechain saws without ear protection.
8 Store chemicals in a Iockableroom or container.
High-visibility clothing must be
worn in this area.
No admittance.
H i g hl i v i n g s: k y s c r a p e r s7 l
Custome]CaÍe
2 the site manager is going to take the group round the
construction site.Read what he says about the
regulations the students must observe and note in the
table.Add reasons using the text and your own safety
knowledge.
íí I,m responsible for your health and safety for this
visit. Have you all signed in? Construction sites are
dangerous places.You must wear a hard hat and
yellow vest all the time you're on site.Can you
adjust the internal band of your hard hat now,
please?Make sure it fits. Look up, look down. Check it
doesn't fall off.tt
(í You,vebeen told to wear boots.If anyone is wearing
t Work in pairs. Study the picture of a group of civil
engineering students who are visiting a construction
site.Discuss what regulations they might be breaking
and why they could be in danger.
traÍnersor soft shoes,they can't go on the tour. There
may be nails or spills anywhere. Please don't carry
any loose papers with you. It'squite windy today,
and I don't want papers blowing round the site.You
can take pictures but no flash photography on any of
the floor levels.It can distract.tt
ííLook out for the guys with the forklifts. Their eyes
are on the load,they're not looking out for
pedestrians.Don,t pick anythÍngup - it might cut or
burn. Always keep with the group and make sure
you sign out at the end ofthe tour! tt
Regulation
Reason
Weara hard hat
andyellow vest.
Constructionsitesare dangerous.
Youmust protectyour head and be
visibleat all times.
7 2 U n i t9
$som
Projectedcost ofthe Empirestate
buildingin NewYork
m
$41
Actualcost
Pronunciation
Pairwork
Stressin longwords(1)
Work in pairs,A and B.
I Q nsten to the wordsfrom this and earlierunits.
Write the numberof svllablesin eachword.
g precaution
a aluminium
4
Each ofyou has two texts about foundation types.
Match your texts to the diagrams below. Use the
information to explain to your partner how these types
of foundations operate.
b component
h prefabricated -
c construction
i reinforced
Student A
d defective
j skyscraper
Student B
e installed
k temperatures -
Piles onbedrock
I visibility
Reinforced concrete or steel piles which rest on
bedrock. Suitable when bedrock is near the surface.
f
powered
Put the words below in columns 1-3 of the table
according to their stress pattern. All the words are used
inthis book.
appropriate
automatic
designated
developing
emergencies
1 oOoo
exploration
generator
helicopter
horizontal
kilometre
2 ooOo
operator
polystyrene
regulation
supermarket
unfamiliar
3 Oooo
3 f) Now listen and checkyour answers.
Goto p.112.
Splayedbase piers
Reinforced concrete piles with expanded or splayed
ends.These spread the weight of the building over a
larger area.Used when bedrock is not near the surface
but where there is a layer of firm soil near the surface.
H i g hl i v i n g s: k y s c r a p e r s7 3
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I k n o wk e y t e r m su s e di n s k y s c r a p e r
construction
I c a nd e s c r i b es a f e t ys i g n sa n d g i v e
safetyadvice
Webquest
I know how to stresslong words
Complete the table by finding out information about
the tallest building in your country,as well as the ten
tallest buildings in the world.
Country Building Height
n a m ea n d
place
Yours
Floors
Year
completed
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
Keywords
Adjectives
flammable
prefabricated
Adverb
off-site
Nouns
oonus
cladding
decking
former
girder
g r in d e r
g u ar d
lifeline
pile
safetyharness
srorey
Verb
buckle
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
10
These sites may help:
w w w . t i n y ur l .c o m / n u z db
w w w .s K y s c r a p e r p ga e . c o m
7 4 U n i t1 0
Switchon
1 Look at the diagram of an artificial heart system,
and answer the questions.
heart for?
1 What kind of patient Ísthe artÍficÍai
ARTIFICIAL HEART
MECHANISM
2 What does the artificial heart contain?
3 Why are there two batteries?
4 How is the internal batterycharged?
5 What is the controller for?
,/
,/
./
.,/
l
WIRELESS ENERGY
TRANSFER SYSTEM
/
i
l
EXTERNAL
BATTERY PACK
INTERNAL
INTERNAL CONTROLLER UNIT
2 Now read the text and check your answers.
AbioCor artificial he art
The AbioCor is an artificial heart made of titanium and plastic.It is
for patients with very serious heart problems who are waiting for a
heart transplant.
It contains a hydraulic pump and a valve which lets the hydraulic
fluid move from one side of the heart to the other.When the fluid
moves to the right, blood is pumped to the lungs. When the fluid
moves to the left,blood is pumped to the rest of the body.
The system has two batteries:one internal, inside the patient's body,
and one external.The internal battery lasts up to forty minutes. This
is long enough for the patient to have a shower or to change the
external battery.The externai battery lasts four to five hours.
The external battery provides power using a wireless energy transfer
system.A coi] on the patient's skin induces power in a coil insÍdethe
body.ThÍsoperatesthe controller and chargesthe internal battery'
The controller contains a microprocessorwhich decidesthe best
heart rate for the patient at any time.
RECHARGEABLE
BATTERY
M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g y7 5
Inthis unit
o k e yt e r m si n m e d i c atl e c h n o l o g y
o d e f i n i n gr e l a t i v ec l a u s e s
o l o c a t i n gi n f o r m a t i o ni n a d i a g r a ma n d t e x t
o l i s t e n i n gf o r d e t a i l
o h o wt o l i n kw o r d sw h e n s p e a k i n g
o w r i t i n ga s h o r td e s c r i p t i o n
It'smy job
I Make definitions of each person or device in column A
of the table by matching them with the informati.onin
columnB.
EXAMPLE
ln
I A hearí'ngaid is a devicewhich helpsdeaf people.
h e a r i n ga i d
appliee
s ngineering
p r i n c i p l etso m e d i c a l
problems
X-ray
technician
h e l p sp e o p l ew i t h
d a m a g e dk i d n e y s
Beforeyou Iisten,discuss with your partner possibie
answers to the questions.
1 What is E AT 7 (A =Assistive)
2 Name three ways in which severelydisabled people
can operate equipment.
3 What are the three branches of engineering which
make up mechatronics?
4 What doesapage-turner do?
5 Howdoes apneumaticswitchwork?
Q trlowlisten to Phillipe Rugeri,a Mechatronics
Engíneer,and check your answers'
o Languagespot
Relativeclauses
Study these examples:
A pacemaker is a devicefor people.
Thepeople have heartproblems.
We can join these sentencesiike this:
A pacemaker Ísa devicefor people who have
heart problems.
The part in bold is a relative clause.Itadds important
information - defining or telling us exactly who the
people are.In the relative clause you replace Thepeople
with who. Whois used for a person or people.
Now study these examples:
A page turner is a device.
The deviceturns the pages oJ booksor magazines.
We can join these sentenceslike this:
A page-turner is a devicewhich turns the pages of books
ormagazines.
WhÍchis used for things.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.120
3 X - r a yc a m e r a
p e o p l ec an u s et o
c a l l f o rh e l pi n a n
emergency
4 lab
t e c h n i c in
a
t a k e s3 - Di m a g e so f
t h e b r a i na n d o t h e r
o r g an s
5 kidney
machine
p e r s o nw h o
h e l p sp e o p l ew h o
c a n n o tw a l k
6 personal
alarm
d e v i c ew h i c h
h e l p sp e o p l ew i t h
h e a r tp r o b l e m s
7 bioengineer
w o r k si n a s c i e n t i f i c
laboratory
8 CATscanner
h e l p sd e a fp e o p l e
9 pacemaker
s p e c i a l i z ei ns t a k i n g
andprocessing
X-rays
10 wheelchair
t a k e sp i c t u r e so f
b o n e sa n d o r g a n si n
the body
7 6 U n i t1 0
Gadgetbox
t ,'.."
.\.!ü.
i
.rY
RP6(RemotePresence)
is the U K'sfirst robotdoctor.lt a llows
doctorsanywherein the worldto communicatedirectlywith
patientsin their hospitalbeds.Therobotis controlledbythe
doctorusinga joystick.lt is fittedwith a cameraso that the
doctorcan examinethe patient.
What arethe advantagesand disadvantages
ofthe robotdoctorT
Problem-solving
2 Look at the pictures of the Uitracane.Who do you think
will use it? How do you think it works?
Put devices a-e in order ofhow useful they are to a
blind person (1= most useful, 5 = least useful).Then
work in small groups,and compare your answers.Try
to agreeon the best order.
a a scanner which reads books and documents out
loud b a voice-operatedcomputer c a global positioning device which tells you where
you are with an accuracy of + 3 metres d a fridge which reports when food is past its sell-by
date e software which allows your computer to read
onscreen information out loud Usefullanguage
3 pitttfre gaps in the description of the Ultracane with
information a-g. Add who when the information
describespeople.Add whichfor things.
DÍsagreement
I don't really agreewÍthyou.
I don't think you're quite right.
a inventedthecane
Agreement
That sounds like a good idea.
I think so too.
b calculatesthe position and size ofthe object
c areneartheblindperson
d havetriedthe cane
Persuasion
Isn'tX more useful than Y?
e helps blind people to avoÍdobstaclesin their path
f
cannot see well
g are for objectsinfront and overhead
1often use a cane to feel their way when walking. The
2.It uses echo-location,like a bat,to detect obiects
Blind peopleor people
Ultracane is a new type of cane
around the blind person.Some people call it the Batcane.Thecane transmits ultrasound signals.These are
3.Sensorson the cane receivethe reflectedsignals which are
reflectedby objects
passedto a microprocessor
4
There are four buttons on the handle ofthe cane - the two
s are on the top, and the two
which are for objectson the left and right are on the back.These buttons vibrate when an object is detected.The
larger the object,the larger the vibration.
People
6say that with a little practicethey can use these vibrations to make a mental
map of their surroundings as they walk. Becausethe cane uses vÍbrations,not noise,they can also use their ears for
7are now planning
additional information about their surroundings.The engineers
new uses of echo-locationto helo the blind.
M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g7y7
Vocabulary
Study the extract from instructions for using a medical
inhaier. Discuss with your partner if these instructions
are easv to understand and follow.
Opposites
When a word and its opposÍteare often used together,
try to rememberthem as a pair.Completethe missing
words (theyare all used in this book)
1 backwards
a
2
b anticlockwise
3
Á input
c external
d
5 open
e
6
f step-downgear
7
wind
ltll
a
t
Customercare
Givingclearinstructions
H o w t o u s ey o u r r- n h a l e r ^
way
the r-rght
Usingan inholermoy seemslrnpie,but mony
potlentsdo not use theirinholerin the rightwoy.
lf you useyourinholerthe wrongwoy,/essmedicine
goes to your lungs.For the flrsttwo weeks,reod
theselnstructlo
ns out loudos voufollowthem,
Getting ready
I Takeoffthecapandshakethe inhaler
2 Breatheout allthe way.
3
Hold your inhalerin the correctway (seepicture)]
Breathein slowly
4
5
As you start breathingin slowly through your
mouth.pressthe ,nhalerdown once,(lfyou use
a space[Dressdown on the inha|erÍ]rst.Then
within íve seconds Startto breathe in s|ow|y.)
Take as long a breath as you can,slowly.
Hold your breath
6 Holdyourbreathandcountslowlyto ten
Study the description of how to charge the batteries for
an electric wheelchair. Use it to make a set of clear
instructions for a wheelchair user.Give titles to the
steps of your instructions.
One way of communicating with customers is by
instruction manuals or leaflets for your company's
products.These need to be written in clear,simple
language which cannot be misunderstood.This is
particularly important in medical technology,where
there is a high degreeof risk to the user or damageto
the product if it is used wrongly.
The botteriesmustbe chorgedwhen the
c o p o c i t yh o s f o l l e nt o l 0 % . T h i si s
indicotedby two red llghtsfloshingot the
top of the ioystick.When the chorgeris
connected, o
c h o r g i n gi n d i c o t o r
will show on thecontroloonel.When the
green indicotorlights,thisshowsthotthe
botteriesore fullychorged.Botteries
shouldbe chorgedin o well-ventiloted
o r e o u s i n go n l yt h ec h o r g e rs u p p l i e d .
3 Exchange your set of instructÍonsfrom 2 with another
student and decide if it can be followed easily.Mark
any placeswhere the instructionsare not clearenough
7 8 U n i t1 0
lf somebodya few years ago saw the medicaItechnology
w e m a k en o w , t h e y 'cda l l u sm i r a c l e w o r k e r s .
D rJ . W . S t e a d n r a n
lnstituteof Electricaland ElectronicsEngineers
Pronunciation
keyboard
a l l o w st h e o p e r a t o tro k e yi n
p a t i e ndt e t a i l sa n do t h e r
information
prnter
p r i n t st h e i m a g e
Linkingwords
When a word beginswith a vowel sound,the final
consonantsound of the word beforelinks to it.
(-) Listento thls example.
a door opener
Mark where the words línkin compound nouns 1-10.
Then read them out loud
An ultrasoundmachine is used to
t.It consistsof a transducer
6 a domesticappliance
probe,computer,LCD,monitor,keyboard,and
2.The probe
2 a wlndow opener
7 a gear box
contarns
3 a personalalarm
R
4 a remote control
9 a digital radio
1
c
J
r rrrriein
nncnPr
^ li^L+ -,^,i+-L
d rlBrrL JvvlLLlr
noinc
e dipsel p
'^ 'b-' ''
10 an MP3 player
3 (-) Listenand checkyour pronunclatlon
Maincomponents
F un c t i o n
t r a n s d u c eprr o b e
g e n e r a t e tsr, an s m i t sa, n d
r e c e i v ehs i g h - f r euqe n c ys o u n d
WAVES
p r o d u c es o u n dw a v e sw h e n
c u r r e nits a p p l i e da c r o s tsh e m
Computer
. ö r-r'n'i't .\ /
h a r dd i s ks t o r a g e
8
Imagescan be printed or copiedto DVDs.
1 Studythe information
about an ultrasound
machine which makes
images of internal parts of
the body.Use it to complete
t h e s h o r td e s c r i p t i o n
be1ow.
nrnrecqino
6.It also containsa hard disk
?.This information
is keyedin by the
Shortdescription
C P U ( c e n t r Ia
The computerincludesa CPU which
s .T hi s i s d i s p l a y e do n which
Writing
p i e z o e l e c t rci cr y s t al s
which
p r o c e s s etsh e d a t af r o mt h e
t r a n s d u c et ro p r o d u c ae n i m a g e
device
s t o r e tsh e i m a g ea l o n gw i t h
p a t i e ndt e t a i l sa n do t h e r
information
L C Dm o n i t o r
d i s p l a ytsh e i m a g e
Find out about CAT scanners(CTscanners),and write
y o u r o w n d e s c r i p t i o nr n t h e s a m e w a y .
?
O
M e d i c a l t e c h n o l o g y7 9
Checklist
AssessyourpÍogress
in this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhicharetrue.
I knowkeytermsin medicaltechnology
Icanmakedefinitions
withrelative
clauses
Icanlocateinformation
in a diagram
andtext
Pairwork
Work in pairs,A and B.Discussways in which
technologycouldprovidea safeenvironmentfor an
elderlypersonliving alone and makea list.
Eachofyou has a list ofdevicesproducedby a company
specializingin telecarefor the elderly.Make notesin
the table and then describeto your partnerwhat you
think thesedevicesarefor,and how they work.
StudentA
Icanwritea shortdescription
My readingandlistening
aregood
mostofeachtext
enoughto understand
inthisunit
Keywords
Goto p.112.
StudentB
Device
I knowhowto linkwordswhenspeaking
a)Whatit'sfor
b)Howit works
Pressu
re-sensitive
floortiles
Movementdetector
P i l l o wa l e r ts m o k ea l a r m
Temperatu
reextremes
sensor
Personal
radioalarmtrigger
Boguscallerbutton
I Choosefrom your combinedliststhe six most
ÍmportantdevÍces
to ensurea safeenvironmentfor an
elderlypersonliving alone.
Adjectives
artificial
hydraulic
rechargeable
Nouns
accuracy
coil
image
joystick
scanner
sell-bydate
ultrasound
valve
webpage
Verbs
calculate
reflect
vibrate
NotehereanythingabouthowEnglishis used
intechnology
thatis newto you.
8 0 U n i t1 1
Switch on
Do a class survey.Find out how your class listen to
muslc, apart from live performances.Then complete
the table with the percentageof students.
Device
Pelcentageof students
R a di o
TV
CDs
Online
P o r t a b l eh a r dd i s kd e v i c e s
O t h e rp o r t a b l ed e v i c e s
í'e.
L
*
ta*-
ry$ilFqrffi{t
S-
.l
I
1
"\ln
-_ .*.li
.--' > - - =.8
-
P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 l
ln this unit
o keytermsfor personalentertainmentdevicesand
v i d e og a m e s
o how to giveadviceusingshould/ shouldn't
o l i s t e n i n gf o r o p i n i o n s
o u s i n gy o u rr e a d i n gs k i l l st o f i n d i n f o r m a t i o na b o u t
v i d e og a m e s
Listening
Opinions
f) A radio interviewer is discussing developments in
online music with Max Eggers,who works in the music
industry, and Sam Fassbinder,a student.Listen and
note how Max and Sam listen to music.
Max
Complete the sentenceswithshould or shouldn't and
the words in brackets.
tracks from illegal
1 (Youi download) sites.It damages the music industry.
oriTunes.They're
2 (You/ use)-Napster
Iegaland they offer a wide range of music.
If you want quality pictures,(you / buy)a digital camera with fewer than 3.3megapixels.
I think (you / share)It'siliegal.
tracks with friends.
I don't think (you / buy) out-of-date.Buy a DVD piayer.
Sam
6 (You/ give)7 (You/ update)software.
a VCR.They're
your password to anyone.
your virus protection
It'seasy to damage a flat screen.(You/ touch)
it.
_
Q tisten again and answer the questions.
1 Which music servicesdoesMax use?
2 Sam has a job Ínterviewtomorrow with a large
engineering company.Give her advice using should or
shouldn't andnotes 1-10.
2 According to Sam,what's special about this way of
listeningT
1 Be late.
3 How many people regularly download music from
illegal sites in Britain?
3 Practiseanswering questions with a friend.
4 What doesMaxthink ofthis?
5 How is it damaging the music industry?
6 What does Max think the music industry should do?
7 What does Sam think of this?
o Languagespot
shouldI shouldn't
Study these examples:
What shouldthe music industrydo?
They should go after anyone who downloads illegally.
I don,t seewhy we shouldn,t share tracks wÍthour
friends.
We use should and shouldn't to give advice and to
express opinions' often we use 1thínkbefore advice to
show it's our personal opinion:
I think you shouldn'tplay violent video games.
)) Go to Grammat reference p.120
2 Dress smartly.
4 Be honest.Exaggerateyour skills.
5 Prepare some questions of your own.
6 Read up as much as you can about the company.
7 Look atthefloorwhenyou speak.
8 Look at aIIthe intervÍewers.
9 Leanbackandlookbored.
10 Sit straight and Iook confident.
8 2 U n i t1 1
Ccl (n)Computer-generated
imaging
demo (n)a demonstration
game
Webquest
It'smyjob
1 Read about Bruno Schleeí a Video Games Designer.
Make a ]ist of the jobs he mentÍons,and note the klnd
of work they do.
EXAMPLX
JOB
WORK
LevelDesigner
scriptsevents
2 Read about Bruno again and answer the questions.
1 Why is it diff cult to get a job in the video games
industry?
2 What qualifications does Bruno have?
3 Howdidhegetademo?
Find out more about working in the video games
industry. Make notes about the following information.
education / qualifications
, experience
salary
Compare answers with other students in your class.
These sites may help:
, www.gamesindustry.bizljobs.php
, www.gamejobs.com
4 Name two predictlons he makes about video games.
5 What other applications does video games
technology have?
Bruno Schleef:VÍdeoGames DesÍgner
It's difficult to get into this industry because you have to
show success,and you can,t do that wÍthout having
experience.
I took a degreein Computer science,worked for a while,
and then did a Master's in Computer games technology.
We got into a competition called'Dare to be digital'as a
team offive students. Our team won the prize for
'Greatest
marketing potential'. That got us noticed and
gave us a demo. So that's how I got started.
Another way in is to be a Games Tester.It's the hard way.
You play gamesfor eighthours a day,
tryingto makethemfail.But quÍtea
lot of people have become Level
Designer from that position. You
can script events inthe game.
I work as part of a development
team.A few yearsagoyou only
neededa coupleof Programmers
and an Artist.Nowwe've got
teams of sixty or more. In
additionto Games
Designers like me who
{ areresponsiblefor
'
creatingideasfor
games,thereareConceptArtists.They'renormally
trainedIllustratorswho draw 2-Dcharacters.Thereare
3-DArtists who do all the 3-Dmodelling.Thereare also
3-D.A,nimators
who makethe charactersmove.Of
course,you haveyour Producer-to oversee,make sure
deadlinesarekept,andthe work goesto budget,that
kind of thing.You'vegotyour Programmersto wrÍtethe
code.If you want realistÍcslow-motionaction,you need
CGIexperts.
Theway it's going is morefllm techniquesare coming
into games.More peoplearegettingbroadbandso
online playabilityis important.Massivelymultiplayer
online gaming,MMOG. That'salso provingreally
popularand is sureto grow.They'rerole-playinggames
you play online with otherpeople.As otherhardware,
mobile phones,all that stuff,becomesmore advanced,
what you play your gameson will becomeless specific,
notjust consoles.
YoucanplayonlÍneat home,then
plan your next moveson your mobile phone on your
waytowork.
It all soundsgoodfun,but there'sa serioussideto
games,toc.Companiesmakemilitary simulationsand
medical sÍmulations,forexample,dealingwith a neck
Ínjuryrespondingto a disaster.
P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 3
Vocabulary
Work in paÍrs.Using the title, decide which genre
each ofthe games belongs to. Explain the reason for
your answers.
Newvocabulary
Entertainment technology is creating a new use for old
words. Match the words with their definÍtions.
1 burn
a copying tracks to CDs from online
music sites
2 ríp
b recordingyourCDsandencoding
them into MP3 or other digital files
3 tag
c broadcastingfiIes,maÍnlyaudio,on
the Internet for others to download
4 podcast
d adding extra information about
artists,albums, and songs to tracks on
your MP3 collection
Do you know any other newvocabulary connected
wÍth entertainment technology? If so,work in pairs
and explain the words to your partner.
Problem-solving
Studythe pie chartshowingthe best-sellingcomputer
gamegenresin the USA,and answerthe questions.
1 What genreof computergamessellsmost?
2 What genresellsleast?
3 V/hat do you think is astrategygame?
ACTION
5.9o/o
ADVENTURE
SHOOTBR
75.6%"
1 Jade Empire
2 Charlie and the
Chocolate Factory
Grand Theft Auto:
SanA,ndreas
4 The Sims
5 Stronghold
6 Doom 3
7 Pro Evolution Soccer
8 Legend ofZelda
role-pIay
8 4 U n i t1 1
The US Societyof HandTherapistswarn that
excessiveuseof handheldelectronicdevices
c a n l e a dt o h a n da n dw r i s tp r o b l e m sS.o m e
of these have been calledTexter'sthumb,
Blackberrycramp,and iPodfinger.
CustomeÍCare
3 Reply to the customer enquiry and make suggestions
using the notes below.
Making sugtestions
JEll_Xl
Flle
Edll
Vbw
lnsd
Fml
T@b
E l s " n dE € l x b l l | E
Acbos
IlM
llelp
n'il
.'
)optbBa
J]P
E r c mI Il l l v o @ s o i o m a i l . c o m
H i C u s t o m e rs u p p o r t
N o n eo f t h e s o u n dc l i p so n y o ur w e b s i t ew o r kf o r m e .W h a t
s h o u l dl d o ?
Cheers
LillyO_anzee
1 Sam has a problem downloading a music file, so she
contacts Customer support.Read her email.
Bb
Edn
Yk
hs
Fomr
Td
Eeea EglxbGlts
^eN
Help
llsa n
!l
opto"
ass.com
All clips are in Windows Media format - customers
must have Windows Media Player installed.
If they have Windows Media Player installed,
they should:
check their system sound settings
check the sound settings on their media player
(Thesound settings might need to be turned up.)
Usefullanguage
Do...
Y o uc a n d o . . .
Try doing ...
I suggestyou do ...
s"oo, lProblemwith downloadingMP3file
D e a rC u s t o m esru p p o r t
Id o w n l o a d eadnM P 3f i l ea n dm yc o m p u t e r t h i nikt s' sa t e x t
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P e r s o n ael n t e r t a i n m e n t8 5
Checklist
Assessyourprogressin this unit.
Tick (/) the statementswhich are true.
I k n o wk e y t e r m si n p e r s o n a l
entertai n ment technology
I can giveadvicein a numberof ways
Pairwork
Work in pairs,A and B.Each of you has details of a
video game.Find out from each other information to
complete the table.
I c a n l i s t e nf o r o o i n i o n s
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
enoughto understandmost ofeach text
i n t h i su n i t
N a m eo f t h e g a m e
C o m p a n y/
Developmentteam
Typeof game
Console
Cood features
Student A
Go to p.112.
Student B
GranTurismo4
This is a driving simulator game. You can buy, modify,
and race cars.lt was developedby Polyphony Digital
for Sony. This version is for the PlayStation 2 console.
The best features are the graphics which are very
realistÍc,and the driving is very accurate'
Key words
Adjectives
online
portable
Nouns
animator
broadband
clip
code
gamesconsore
h a r dd i s k
hardware
program
setting
simulation
track
trend
update
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
8 6 U n i t1 2
Switch on
Look at the pictures.What uses for information
technology can you think of in these places or situations?
Match the examples of computer use in column A with
the areas of application in column B. More than one
answer is sometimes possible.
A
1 using barcodesto identify
items and prices
2 calculatingtheexact
distance to a target
3 producing scale models of
new designs
4 identifying an employee by
his or her voice
5 checkingcreditcardsusedfor
payments
B
hospital
.d
b airport
-i
supermarket
d design
.,!Fr,fu,.
e security
T
Iibrary
I military
h oil refinery
i the home
F
I
't
6 issuing seat numbers
7 analysing blood tests
8 storing employee records
9 keepingarecordofall
borrowings
10 calculating the stress on a
componenT
11 controlling the temperature
of awashing machine
12 monitoring the safety of each
stage in the process
13 warnÍngwhen aircraft are
too close
14 monitoringthe life signs of a
patient
15 comparing fingerprints
16 co-ordinating Ínformation
from all parts of a war-zone
Now Iist the uses for computers
in an area oftechnology you are
familiar with.
ip
I
!i
H
t
i
l n f o r m a t i o tne c h n o l o g y8 7
l n t h i su n i t
o k e yt e r m sf o r c o m p u t e ru s ei n t h e c ar i n d u s t r y
o PastPassive
o h o wt o p r o n o u n c tehe - e df o r mo f v e r b sa n d w o r d sw i t h
s i l e n tl e t t e r s
o u s i n gy o u rs e a r c hs k i l l st o f i n d o u t a b o u tt h e w o r l d ' sm o s t
powerfuI computers
Reading
3 tist the things computerscan do in the design and
productionof a car.
CADCAM
EXAMP LE S
Look at the pictures below.What uses for computers Ín
car productioncan you see?
What do you think terms 1-4 mean? Read the text and
checkyour answers.
1 CAD
2 CAM
3 CIM
4 CNC
allow 2-Dand 3-Ddesignsto be made
calculatedimensionsfrom a desian
8 8 U n i t1 2
b y a c o l l e a g u e . W ebUe e n
T h en a m e w a s f i r s st u g g e s t e d
i nt h e m e e t i n g f o h
r o u r sa n d , w h i l eh e w a s d r i n k i n ga
a n exam ple
cup of Peet'sJavacoffee,he picked'.lava'as
of yet a nothername that wou ld neverwork.The initial
reactionwas mixed.
Arthur van Hoff
form er Sen ior Eng i nee1 Sun M icrosystem s
1#fi-,
rl
+./!
-\-
\aul
?-lrz/
4 Complete column B of the table.
A How was it done in
the past?
i
B How is it done now?
1d e s i g n sp r o d u c e do n
paper
2 d i m e n s i o ncsa l c u l a t e d
bymeasuring
3 m o d e l sm a d eb v h a n d
4 realcarscrash-tested
5 w e l d i n gd o n eb y h a n d e
6 c a r si n s p e c t e d
by people
7 s u p p l i e so r d e r e d
by staff
8 p a i n t i n gd o n eb y
workers
/
I
l
Listening
Describingchanges
Q Laura Santini works for a company which makes
cans and containers for the food and drink industry.
She explains to a journalist some of the changes which
have taken place in this industry. Listen and note the
sÍxchanges she describes.
Work in pairs and compare your answers.
It'smyjob
Discuss these questions with a partner.Then read the
text to check your answers.
1 What kind of work does an IT Support Technician
do?
2 Whatis ahelpdesk?
Read the text again and answer the questions.
1 How did DÍanafind her first job?
2 What makes working on a help desk diffÍcult?
o Languagespot
Past Passive
Study the statements about How was it done in the
pastl in the table in Reading 4.We can make each
statement into a sentencelike this:
Designs wereproduced on paper.
We use the Past Passiveto descrlbe actions Ínthe past
where the action is more important than the agent
performing the action,or where the agent is not
known.
3 What words does Diana use to describe how callers
to the help desk feel?
4 What are the good points about working on a help
desk?
5 Whyis it not a goodÍdeatoworkon ahelp deskfor
long?
6 What are the attractions of Diana's new job?
7 What informatÍonsourcesdoes Diana use in her
work?
8 How will Microsoft certificatÍonhelp Diana?
Find an expression in the text which means:
)) Go to Grammar reference p.121
a people-handlingskills
1 Make each statement from column A of the table in
Readíng4 into a sentenceusing the Past Passive.
b problem-solving
2 Link each pair of statements,past and present,into one
sentence.
d dealing with telephone calls.
EXAMPTE
7 Desí'gnswereproduced on paper but now they are
produced by CAD programs.
c workingdirectlywithpeople
I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y8 9
Diana Mayo:
IT Support TechnÍcian
CustomeÍCa]e
Workingon a help desk
I'm an IT Support Technician.I work for a large chain
which sells building materials to the public and to
tradespeople.AImost every business these days,large
or small, needs support technicians.
When I Ieft college,I got a job through an agency
working for a companywhich provided online support
to local businesses and individuals. I was on their help
desk.That meant taking calls and providing advice on
all sorts of problems.It'sa job where you need not just
technical skills but also good'soft skills'.That means
people-handling skills. You need to be able to
understand how the caller feels as well as trying to
solve their IT problems.You have to keep calm when
you're under pressure.People may be pretty frustrated
by the tÍmethey phone you, and they expect you to fix
their problem right away.It'sa demanding job because
you have to cope sometimes with angry people,get all
the information you need to help them with their
problem, work out how to solve it technÍcally,and then
explain in a clear,simple way what they can do to put
i-h^i'n^o_ c' o ' _r _i oo h
_ 'f- '
A help desk is a good place to start.You learn to think
quickly and how to handle people but I wouldn't advise
doing Ítfor long' It,snot the best paid job. In my present
job I get to work with people face-to-face.The work is
more interesting.It'snot all trouble-shooting.I also get
to install software,maintain servers,and advise on the
best choice of new hardware.The money is better too.I
find the best wav to find information on
problems is to use the Internet.Most of
the manufacturers have sites which
provide information. There are also
news groups for sharing Ínformation.
I'm planning to get Microsoft
certification.My company is
prepared to pay for the courses
and the exams. It'sgood for
them as it means I can do more
and it's good for myfuture.
\
Some computing support technicians work on help
desks Iike Diana. They take telephone calls from people
with IT problems.They have to:
recordthe facts about the problem accurately
diagnosethe problem
provide the right advice.
I Study this extract from a problem report form. Find out
the meaning of any unfamiiiar terms.
Item
Location
Make
Model
Problem
Advicegiven
Cleared
byphoneYes/No
Requires
visit
Yes/ No
2 f) Now listen to the recording and complete as much
ofthe form as you can.
3 Work with a partner.With the help of the completed
form take turns at playing the role ofhelp desk
technician and the person needing help.
{ Compare your performance with the Listening script
on p.128.What differences do you notice between your
versionand the Listeninpscriot?
90 Unit12
peripherals(n)secondary
equipmentconnectedto a
computer
Computersin the future may
h a v eo n l y1 , 0 0 0v a c u u mt u b e s
a n dw e i g hn o m o r et h a n l . 5
tons.
PopuIa r Mechani cs,March 1949
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
-edÍorm
of verbsandwordswith
silentIetters
Collocations
I Collocations are words which are often used together.
The verbs in column A are used in computing. Match
them with an appropriate noun from column B.
EXAMPLE
t f) tisten to words 1-15used in this book.Put them in
the correctcolumns of the table.
download +pictures
A
click on
calculate
download
display
create
scroll up / down
surf
selectfrom
The -edform of verbs is pronounced in three ways:
/t/
/d/
/rd/
B
amenu
an icon
a paSe
pictures
theWeb
costs
a new document
information
1 constructed
6 finished
11 planned
2 controlled
7 integrated
12 produced
3 customized
8 invented
13 reflected
4 damaged
9 mixed
1,4 searched
5 disabled
lÍ'/
10 operated
/dt
15 worked
tdt
Use the phrases from I to fill the gaps in the sentences.
1 FIat screens around the airport display
on all arrivals and departures.
Click on the presentation.
for PowerPoint to prepare a
3 You can download n
from your camera.
Spreadsheetsare used to calculate-.
5 Scroll down the information you need.
until vou find the
I normally spending at least one hour a day surfing
She createdupdates.
to keep track of software
You can selectfrom the applÍcationyou need.
to choosewhich
2
Q Nowlisten and checkyour answers.
3
Can you work out a rule to help you decide how to
pronounce other -edforms?
4 Words 1-7used in this book contain silent letters.Cross
out the silent letters.
ExAMPLE s
couM
design
I listening
4 pneumatic
2 might
5 should
3 modellÍng
6 vehicle
7 would
5 Q Nowlisten and checkyour answers.
I n f o r m a t i otne c h n o l o g y9 l
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue.
I know keytermsfor computeruse in
t h e c a ri n d u s t r y
I can usethe PastPassive
I know how to pronounceth e -edform
of verbsand wordswith silentletters
Speaking
Computerperipherals
Work in pairs,A and B.Each of you has pictures of four
computer peripherals. Find out which peripherals your
partner has by asking questÍons.Don,t ask directly for
the names of the peripherals.
Keywords
EXAMPLE
A
B
A
B
What shape Ísit?
It'ssquare.
Does Íthave a back and front?
Yes,ítdoes.
StudentA
Go to p.111.
Student B
Go to p.112.
Adjectives
customized
s i m ul a t e d
t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n(a3l - D )
t w o - d i m e n s i o n a( 2
l -D)
When you have identÍfiedthe peripherals,together
decide whether they are input or output devices.
Webquest
Find out about the five fastest supercomputersin the
world and complete the table.Compare your answers
with others in your class.
Order
Typeor
name
2nd
3rd
This site may help:
www.top500.org
5peed
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
enoughto understandmost ofeach text
i n t h i su n i t
Maker
Location
Nouns
a s s e m b l yl i n e
CADCAM
cr M
cNc
defect
m a c h i n et o o l
machining
peripheral
software
supplies
Verb
inspect
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
9 2 U n i t1 3
Switch on
Work in small groups.List as many ways as you can to
send and receivemessages.
EXAMPLE
7 by phone
2 writing
Identify the devices used in telecommunications in
pictures A-F.
3 Work in pairs.Choose one device each and explain to
your partner what it does.
EXAMPLE
A I' IIchoosethe space satellite.
B OK.Whatdoesitdo?
A Itfollows an orbit in space.Some satelliteshelp
communicationand othersprovideinformation...
-
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o 9n 3s
I nt h i s u n i t
o k e y t e r m si n t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
o PastSimolev PresentPerfect
o l i s t e n i n ga n d r e a d i n gf o r d e t a i l
o m a k i n gs i m p l ee x p l a n a t i o n s
o hearingthe difference:
PastSimplev PresentPerfect
It'smyiob
f) ListentoTodd
McArthur, a
Telecommunications
Technician.Note the
following things.
I the number of years he has worked for his company
2 as many items of telecommunicationsequipment
as you can
3 as many country names as you can
4 the meaning of VolP
Q tisten again and answer the questions.
1 Where did he first learn about telecommunications?
Name a changehe has experiencedin
telecommunications.
Why is his job now much more about braÍnthan
muscle?
4 W h a t d o e sh e l i k e m o s t a b o u th i s j o b ?
What doeshe not like?
o LanguaBespot
PastSimptev PresentPerfect
Study these examples fro m lt's my job. Why is the
Past Simple used for sentences1-3 and the Present
Perfectfor sentences4-6?
7 I was in the army for four years.
2 Ijoined when I left school.
3 I travelledquite a lot.
4 I,vebeen with the companyfor eÍghtyears.
5 I've been to Norway,Kenya,and Belize.
6 I'veseenquiteafew changesin phone systems.
We use the Past Simplefor things that happened
at a particular time in the past or during a period that
endedínthe past:
I travelled a lot when I was in the army.
We use the Present Perfectto talk about past
experiencesbut not when they happened:
I've been to the USA.
We use the Present Perfectfor actions which
happenedduring a periodfrom the past to the present:
He's worked as a technicianfor eightyears.(He'sstill a
technician.)
We often start a topic using the PresentPerfectand
then switch to the Past Simple:
A Have you ever been to Norway?
B Yes,I went there in 2001.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.121
I
Completethe text about developmentsin radio and
television.Put the verbs in bracketsin the correctform:
Past Simple or Present Perfect.
In just over a hundred years,radio -1
(develop)into a major form of entertainment and
'z(invent)a
communication. Marconi
wirelesstelegraphsystem in 1896.This
(be)the birth of radio.Voice transmission
(start)in 1909 following the invention of the valve.
(make)Ítpossible to
Semiconductors-'
develop much smaller,portable radios.The
introduction in recent years of digital radios
u(allow)us to enjoy much better sound
quality.
(be)many changes in television
There -'
(start)daily TV
too.ln the UK, the BBC -'
broadcastsin 1936.Colourbroadcasts-'
(begin)in the late 1960s.Sincethe 1970ssatellite
'o(allow) viewers a wider
broadcasting
choice of programmes.The recent introduction of
digital TV
" (mean)better picture and
now
sound quality. Manufacturers (develop)
which
entertainment
systems
"
include television,radio,DVD recorder/ player,and
computer.The
Internet
13(make)
it possible to enjoy
radio and television
from around the
world on our PCs.
9 4 U n i t1 3
j Gadgetbox
Jaoan'sDoCoMonetworkallowsusersof 36 mobilesto usetheir phones
as electronicwallets.Thephoneactsas a creditcard.Whenthe phoneis
passedovera speciaI reader,
it can payfor th i ngs a nd a llow moneyto be
some
withdrawnfrom a cashmachine.As well as passwordprotection,
phonesusingthe systemhavea fingerprintscanner.
W h y d o y o ut h i n ka f i n g e r p r i nstc a n n e irs u s e f u l w i t ht h i ss y s t e m T
2 Choose the correct alternative.
Interviewer
How long haveyou been / wereyoul a
Telecommunications Technician?
Todd
About ten ye ars.Ihave traÍned/ traÍned2
in Signals when I was in the army.
Interviewer
How long haveyou been / wereyou3 in
the army?
Todd
I have served/ servedafor four years.Then
Ihavejoined / joÍned5thiscompany about
eight years ago.
Interviewer
Have you seen/ Did you see6many
changes during this time?
Todd
Yes,we ve replaced / we replacedl copper
Iines with fibre-optic cables andwe've
introduced/ we introducedsVolP phone
svstems.
Pronunciation
PastSimplev PresentPerfect
Speaking
Mobile phones
Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information
about a mobile phone. Find out the information you
need to complete this table by asking each other.
Student A
Go to p.113.
Student B
Make
HP
Model
i P a qh w 6 5 1 0M o b i l e
Messenger
Keyboardtype
fullQwerty
Screen
3 inch,64K
Software
W i n d o w sM o b i l e2 0 0 3
Otherfeatures
C P Ss a t e l l i t e
navigation
f) Stuay tnese pairs of sentences.You are going to hear
one of each pair. TÍck(/) the one you hear.
BIuetooth
voicecontrol,SMS
( t e x t ) a n dM M S
(picture)messaging
1 a They've spent time in the army.
b Theyspenttime inthe army.
2 a I'vetextedhimaninvitation.
b I texted him an invitation.
instantmessaging
Email
3 a He faxed me a reply.
b He's faxed me a reply.
4 a Todd'sphoned the office.
b Toddphonedtheoffice.
5 a She emailed me twice.
b She'semailed metwice.
=
oo G)
Ül
I
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n9s5
Firsttelegraphmessage,l844:
WhathathCodwrought?
('WhathasGoddone?')
SamuelMorse
Firsttelephonemessage,1876:
MrWatson,come
here,I
wantyou.Alexander
GrahamBell
Firstemailmessage,197l:
testsignal,notpreserved.
Reading
VolP phonesystems
I Work in pairs and answerthe questions.Then readthe
text and checkyour answers.
1 What doesVoIPstandfor?
2 What is apacket?
3 What is awirelesshotspot?
HowVoIPphonesystemswork
VoIP(VoiceoverInternetProtocol)phonesystemswork
by sendingdatavia the Internetin tiny packets.This is
calledpacketswitching.It works like this:
1 Yourvoice signal,which is analogue,is converted
into digital data.Ifyou havea standardphone,you
need an extrapieceof hardwareto do this calledan
ATA (Analoguetelephoneadaptor).Ifyou havean IP
phone,it producesa digital signal soyou don't need
an adaptor.You can alsouse your PC and a
microphoneas a telephone.
2 Thesendingcomputerusessoftwaretocompress
the digital data,much like MP3 files.
3 The data is dividedinto packets,eachone 30
millisecondslong.
4 The packetsare sentto a routerwhich decidesthe
bestpath throughthe Internetfor eachpacket.Ttrey
will travel by many different paths.They will anive
at differenttimes and somemay evenbe lost.
(
5 Thereceivingcomputerusesspecialsoftwareto
storethe packetsand put them in the right order.
Becausethe packetsareso smaU,you won't hearthe
differenceif somearelost.
6 The data is convertedbackto voice and played
throughyour standardphone,IPphone,orPC
headphones.
If you have a wirelessVoIPhandset,you can make and
receivecalls anywherenear awireless hotspot.Some
mobile phonesaredual-mode.You can use a mobile
phonenetwork or wirelessVoIP,dependingwhere you
aÍe.
Put the stepsin the correctorderto make a flowchart
showinghowthis typeof VoIPphonesystemworks.
a Thepacketsaresenttoarouter.
b The digital datais compressedby the sending
computer.
c Thedatais convertedbackto voice.
d Thereceivingcomputerputs the packetsback
togetheragain.
e Thevoice signal is convertedto digital.
f Thedigital data is diüded into very small packets.
g Theroutersendseachpacketthroughthe Internet
bythe bestavaiiablepath.
e
7
3_
5
7_
2_
4_
6
9 6 U n i t1 3
(adj)describing
geosynchronous
s a t e l l i t ews h i c ho r b i ta t t h e s a m e
speedas the earth but may not be
abovethe equator.Some have
fi gure-of-eight
orbits.
Customercare
Webquest
Explainingin simpleterms
Satellitecommunciationssystems
I Studythe diagrams which explain geostationary
orbit.Then answer questions 1-4.
SPOT BEAM
\
\
il\
$
T"l
V,
\
EO-UATOR
SATELLITE
GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT
sarrrurn 1
I tike Todd McArthur, you may have to explain to clients
in simple terms a process,or what a device is for and
how it works. Work in paÍrs,A and B. Find out more
about your device or process,then explain it in simple
terms to your partner.
Student A
the difference between analog and
digital signals
Student B
the difference between DVDs and CDs
Usefullanguage
BasÍcally...
I n g e n e r a l. . .
Toput it símply...
I n v e r ys i m p l e t e r m s . . .
T h em a i n t h i n g i s . . .
These sites may help:
w w w .h o w s t u f f w o r k sc.o m
www.wikipedia.org
f) Now listen to a native speaker explaining the
dÍfferences.Compare your explanation with his. What
differences can you find in the language used and the
points made?
sarEnrrr 3
\'.
satErurE 2
f
/
77.4"
How long does a satellite in geostationary orbit take
to rotate round the earth?
How many satellitesin geostationary orbit are
required to provide global coverage?
Why is it an advantageto launch geostationary
satellitesfrom countries near the Equator?
What are communications satellites used for?
T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n9s7
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
I k n o wk e y t e r m si n t e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s
I understandthe difference:
PastSimplev PresentPerfect
2 Study the information about Milstar
U S m i l i t a r cv o m m u n i c a t i o n s
N u m b e ro f s a t e l l i t e s
Find out similar information about one of these
satellite communication systems and complete the
formbelow.
SESAstra
Eutelsat
Worldspace
N u m b e ro f s a t e l l i t e s
These sites may help:
w w w . w i k i p e d i ao.r g
www.eutelsat.com
www.ses-astra.com
www.worldspace.com
I c a n m a k es i m p l ee x p l a n a t i o nosf
t e c h n i c atle r m sa n d d e v i c e s
I c a n h e a r t h ed i f f e r e n c e :
PastSimolev PresentPerfect
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
enoughto understandmost ofeach text
i n t h i su n i t
Key words
Adjectives
compatible
complex
Adverb
inorbit
Nouns
adaptor
a ntenna
computerfile
dish
network
router
satellite
screen
semiconductor
wirelesshotspot
Verbs
compress(data)
reprace
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
9 8 U n i t1 4
Switch on
Choosetwo jobs from the list of jobs in technology
that you would like to do.Then choosetwo whlch you
wouid not like to do.
Áern<nlce
F n o' bi 'n- c c' .r' - '
"'
AgriculturalEngineer
B1omedicalEngÍneer
fhpmirel
Fnoincpr
Clvil Engineer
Flentrierl
Flprirnnie
Fnoinecr
Fnoinepr
EnvironmentalEngineer
IT Engineer
Marine Engineer
Materials Engineer
Mechanical Engineer
Nuclear Englneer
Do+vnlorrm
Enoinppr
Public Health Engineer
Sound Technician
\nP.l2
| | - Í Í P . Í s Ie c n n 1 c l a n
TelecommunicationsTechnician
Trencnnrt
l"
F
_n
" oo _i n" c_ e- _r
2 Work in small groups,and
e x p l a i ny o u rc h o i c e s
I
b
-Tlil
\
I
C a r e e r si n t e c h n o l o g y9 9
l n t h i su n i t
o d i s c u s s i n ag n d r e a d i n ga b o u t j o b si n t e c h n o l o g y
o h o w t o d e s c r i b jeo b r e q u i r e m e n t s
o i n t e r v i e ws k i l l s
o writinga CV
tql
Reading
Job descriptions
Tele c orrrnu ni c ati on s Te ch ni cian
Work in groups of three.Choose one job description
(A-C) each.Make notes about the job. Then describethe
job to others in your group using only your notes.
Vrur uork crrrrlrlinvolvc:
. M r r k i r r gt,c s t i r r gr.r r r tcl h c c k i r r qc o l ) ) p ( ) l )l tet s
. Asscrrrlrlirrgccluiprncnt
. Instrrllirrg,
scttiuq llp, tcstilrq,rrntlrepuilinrl ct1ui1'rnrerrt
' L:rvingrttttlr'orrtrectirtr{
c'ubles
. Irrstlrllirr
g r:rclioct1r.ri1'rr
rrcrrt ltrrclnrou rrtirrrl .u)tcl)r)as
()r on nrilsts
orr builtiirr{rs
Your notes should cover:
1 the job title and some of the areas covered
I
what you think are the most important
IequÍIements
Vrrr coultl uork irrcloorsirr a frrctory<lrtlrrtsitlcuorkirrrl
i n rll rvcrrrlrcrconditiorrs.Y<rur''uvork
corrltl i rrvolvc li fti rrq
, r r t ,rl rr t r k i r t g , rltr t ' i r : l r r r .
3 the locatÍonof the work
A
good and bad points about thejob.
I ( t ' t l ti r c r r r ne t s
tÁ-l
ílivji
. cleglcc or cliplorrrrt
in lT
. phvsicrrlfrtrrcss
i ' ' j ( ] i l . . tI . ] ! i
. g o o d c o r r r n r u r r i c l r t i os n
kills
. qo()rltcllrlr\\'()rkcr
You could work in any of these fields at any point from the
design to the completion of the structure.
.
buildrngs, sports stadiums, shopprng
centres
railways.roads.bridges
hydro-electric schemes, dams, pipelines
the movement of Water from one aÍeato
another
the construction and development of docks
and harbours
waste disposal and sewage treatment
plants
You might work both in ofil.cesand on sjte. Site work can be in
difficult areas far from any tovvnor city.
Essential;
Desirable
- degree or diploma rn civil engrneering
- ability to think creatively
- look at things rr a practical way
- enjoy problem-solving
_ annrl
tA^m\Á'^rl.ér
tr
Y o r r o r l r l \ n / ( ) r l ( i l l . ' ( o r . ,l ,i rt r. rr 1r l1i o . , n r . r k i r g l r r r l l rt yr 1 r r , r l
s o u n r lrr , ro r r l i r r 1r1n. ,, r, i n llyo r t l r cr , n l r ,l r, r i n n r c r l r rlrL r srty
S o L r r rcl n l l i n c t ' ro. ,p c t , r t t ' ( ( ) l t( p' xl c r I r i . l n r( t, ( l Ll r) n r { , r 1
1 ( r | ( . l l | ( ) ( l t l ( ( ' | ] ] t l . ' i ( . ( l i . ] | o ( ] |t]s(' '.\l (r )l r| ll il l)t(l itir.,ít1 t ' r
, l L l ( l r (oo l l t { i l 1
Y o i u r v o r k c o L r l r rl o v c r a l l t y p o s o l . , o l l r r ll o r r
I
\lk
rr{N
C O M M I . R- C I A LM U S I C R L C O R D IN ( ; S
T H I A T R t ,R A D I O ,I I L M ,A N D T V
WEBSITES
V I D I O A N D C O M P t , ]I I R C A M I S
ML]LTIMEDIA
R e qu i r e m e n t s
I s , , i ' r r t :i , t r l c r l r l c r r r r l itl r; n r ,i rr , l r . r ! J r r t r p r r , r t i
r l i s r1 r ln i :
L , r tr ' l l c ' nht e , r r i n g l
. rt ' . r l r r l t : r r sr tr rr r r L r s.ilrr r lL r r c l r l o l o y ; y
l ) r ' s i r , r b l r ' : ,l ir tl yr t o w o r k l o r t r l h o L r r s
, rr c l o p c r a t i v e . r nfrrl i c n d i yl L t r t L r r i c
t l ( ) o ((l) r! l , m i z . r l i o n ..r,lk i l l s
jobs isferce.Yollhav. to be
ConlpetÍtion
Jor sotlndengineetinq
willingta worklonq hoursfor littlepay at ftrst.
I O O U n i t1 4
f 50,000-f70,000
€ 7 4,oo0_€ 1 04,000
$9i,000-$13r,000
Typicalannualsalaryrange
in 2005forOffshore
PetroleumEngineers(with
experience)
in the UK
o Languagespot
OffshorePetroleumEngineer
Job requirements
d i p l o m ao r d e g r e ei n p e t r o l e u me n g i n e e r i n g
,' We can describe essential requirements like this:
w i l l i n gt o t r a v e l
You must have a degree or diploma in IT.
You must be physically fit.
^ Note the meaning of the negative form:
You mustn' t be colour -blind. (It'sa requir eme nt not to be
colour-blind.)
r We can describe desirable requirements like this:
You should have good organizational skills.
You should be able to cope with long hours.
w i l l i n gt o s p e n dl o n gp e r i o d si n d i f f i c u l t
environments
good communicator
a b l et o s u o e r v i s o
ethers
List the essential and desirable reouirements for
this job.
)) Go to Grammar reÍerence p.L22
I Write sentencesto describethe requirements for
jobs 1-3.
(// = essential,/ = desirable,I = requÍrementnot
tobe)
SatelliteTechnician
d i p l o m ai n e n g i n e e r i n g
STAGETECHNICIAN
Westgotetheotreis seekingfo oppointo TroineeStoge
Technicion
to ioino bockstogeteombosed in London.
physically
fit
Condidotesshouldpreferoblyhoveo cerlificoteor
diplomoin on oreosuchos:
- Electricolengineering
- Electronics
- Audio-visuolcommunicotion
afraidof heights
Olhertechnicoloreoswill be considered.
c o l o ur - b l i n d
Proclicol
skillsin corpentry
ond construction
wouldbe on
odvontoge.Condidotesmustbe preporedto work
irregulorhoursond to trovel.Theotreexperienceon
odvontogebutnolessentiol.
lnformotion
ond opplicotion
pockscon be
q
A- downloodedfromwww.westgotetheotre.co.uk
or senoo LV ono coverinqlefierlo:
Kosio.Johns
Weslgofetheotre
I MoxwellCourt
LondonWC2A 5DD
good team player
g o o dc o m m un i c a t i o ns k i l s
EngineeringConstructionTechnician
certificateor diplomain engineering
g o o d m a t h e m a t i c aaln d c o m p u t i n gs k i l l s
w i l l i n gt o t r a v e l
a b l et o e x p l a i nc o m p l e xr e q u i r e m e n ti sn
clear terms
Find out what the job requirements are for a career you
are interested in.
This site mayhelp:
u www,connexions.gov.uk/jobs4u
C a r e e r si n t e c h n o l o g yl 0 l
Checkyour CV carefully!
D o n ' t j u s tu s es p e l l c h e cwk h e ny o u c h e q u ey o u rC V
becausesum wordsmite existbutt havea different
meanrnS.
Writing
CV
I Study the CV.It is based on the European Curriculum Vitae format
PERSONAI
INFORMATION
Aisha Q. Chetty
7 Linden Crescent,
Edinburgh, EH5 7DR
United Kingdom
(+44) 151 125 4567
aishaqchetty@hotmail
British
30.o5.1984
Name
Address
Phone
Email
Nationauty
Date of bÍrth
com
WORK EXPERIENCE
Dates
Employer
Position held
Main activities
and responsibilities
EDUCATIONAND
September 2OO5 bo present
Western IT, I I Randolph Road,
Edinburgh, EHl6 2NY, IIK
computing support oíflcer
Providing support in the fleld to a wide range of
comDarues
TNAINING
Dabes
Organization
Qualiflcation
Main subjects /
skills covered
September 2ooo to Au€ u st 2oo5
Simpson College, Glasgow tIK
Higher National Diploma
Computing (Technical support), Operating systems,
Hardware Ínstallation and maÍntenance, Network
building and maintenance
PERSONAL SKILLS AND COMPETENCES
Mother üongue
Other languages
Social skills
Organizational
skills
Technical skills and
nnmnéfAnné<
ADDITIONAI
English - excellent communicator
Good spoken French, some Hindi
My work involves communicating with a wide
range of clients with computing problems who
often need help urgently. I work weII under
pressure.
At college I organized a class visit bo France
Telecom.
Familiar with most current operating systems,
Novell, and Windows networks
INFORMATION
Clean driving licence
Personal interests include rock climbing and cycling
2 Make notes in order to write vour own CV.You can invent work exDeriencefor this task.
The number1 rule i n preparing for a job interviewis
to researchyourtarget company beforethe
interview.The
number2 rule in preparing for a job
interviewis to researchth e competitionof your
target company beforethe interview.
CarofFilfipino,RecruitmentConsultant
Pairwork
1 Studythe personalitytest designed to help you choose
a suitable career.
4 When applyÍngfor a job, people often prepare a short
personal statement to summarize their best qualities.
Which of these expressionsdescribeyou? Check the
meaning of any unfamiliar terms in a dictionary.
creative
a good team player
I \Vhat do you like doing?
dependable
Iike a challenge
2 \\rhat are you goodat doing?
energetic
motivated
3 How do you seeyourself?
experienced
skilled
hard-working
well-organized
Choose adjcctivcsfrom this list:
practical
artistic
helpful
ambitious
scientific
orderly
\\Ihat do you value most
practical things
science
creative arts
helping people
success
Preparea shortpersonalstatementaboutyourself.Be
positive,but don'texaggerate
your qualitiestoo muchl
Readyourstatementto yourpartnerand seeifyou can
improveit together.
EXAMPLE
I'm a skilledtechnician who likesa challenge.I'm a
dependable,energetÍcworker who is happy to work
independentlyor as part of a team.
Pronunciation
Stressin longwords (2)
Work in pairs,A and B.Ask each other the questions in
t. Decide which of these adiectivesbest describevour
panner.
realÍstic
someone who would like to do
practicalwork
social
someone who would like to work
withpeople
investigative
someone who would like to do
research
enterprising
someone who would like to start
their own business
artistic
someone who is creative
conventional
someone who likes things as they are
Decide which of the jobs describedin this book or listed
on p.98 would suit your partner best.
Q Listen to these words from Units 10-14.Write the
number of syllables in each word.
a computer
e microprocessor i supercomputer
j telecommunicatÍons
b co.operative f petroleum
prototype
k ultrasound
c download
h simulator
I vibrate
d hydraulic
Put these words from Units 10-14in columns 1-3 of the
table according to their stresspattern.
animator
anticlockwise
capacity
dependable
development
I oooo
energetic
enterprising
entertainment
envÍronment
Índicator
2 ooOo
informatÍon
motivated
peripheral
simulation
ventilated
3 Oooo
C a r e e r si n t e c h n o l o g y1 0 3
Cherklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/)the statementswhich aretrue.
I know keytermsforjobs in technology
I c a nd e s c r i b jeo b r e q u i r e m e n t s
I can write a CV
Speaking
Job interview
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
Work in pairs,A and B.
Student A
Go to p.113.
Student B
You are the applicant for the Stage
TechnicÍanjob (p'100).
List the questions you think the interviewer will ask.
Prepareanswers to them.
EXAMPLES
" Which subjectsdid you enjoy most in your course?
Think ofreasons whyyou enjoyed particular subjects.
Explain why your qualifrcations will be important for
thejob.
What work experiencedo you have?
DescrÍbeany part-time work, voluntary work, or work
placement you have done.
. Why doyouwantthÍsjob?
Think of reasons why this job is Ímportantto you'
Why do you think you would be good at thisjob?
Think about your qualifications,work experience,and
interests.
Consider what kind of person you are.List your good
points.
What do you do Ínyourfree time?
List any sports or other interests.
Think of three questions to askthe interviewer about
the job.
EXAMPLE S
Who would I work with?
What training is therefor thejob?
2 Q tistento anextractfrom aninterviewforthe Stage
Technicianjob. Then change roles so that Student A is
the applicant and Student B is the interviewer. Repeat
your interview
Key words
Adjectives
colour-blind
off-shore
Nouns
carpentry
competences
CV
experience
interview
lighting
m a i n t e n an c e
projectmanagement
recordingstudio
requirement
soundsystem
t r ai ni n g
Verb
supervise
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
in technologythat is new to you.
1 0 4 U n i t1 5
Switch on
Workin smallgroups.Discussthe predictÍons
about
technology.
Decidewhich onesaremostlikelyto
happenandwhentheywill happen.
1 Medical robotswill carryout operations,controlled
by surgeonswho may be hundredsof kilometres
away.
Tiny robots will be injected into our bodies to deliver
medicine andto perform surgeryfromthe inside.
You will be able to interact with characters in a TV
programme and follow a storyline of your choice.
Planes will be controlled by computers which think
like humans and are therefore afraid to crash.
Cars will be made of composites,plastic,and
fibreglass,and will be assembled in six hours.
Cars will automatically drive at safe speeds and safe
distances from each other.
You will be able to download your brain to a
computer before you die.
8 Microchips will be stuck to your skin to form
dÍfferentcircuits, including computers. You,IIbe
able to watch a DVD using your arm as a screen.
9 Business will be carried out in 3-D virtual space,not
in offices.
lO Active make-up will change to any shade you want.
11 Jobs like teaching chÍldren or nursing will continue
to be done by people,but most other jobs will be
done by robots and computers.
12 We'll be able to'grow'plastics and fabrics from
molecules.
TI
ó4>"4:-Feb
T h ef u t u r eo f t e c h n o l o g y1 0 5
ln this unit
p r e d i c t i o nasb o u tt e c h n o l o g y
o l i s t e n i n gt o a n d d i s c u s s i n g
o o h r a s avl e r b s
o h o wt o l i n kp h r a s avl e r b sw h e n s p e a k i n g
o r e v i s i o nq u i z
o LanBuagespot
Listening
Phrasalverbs
Predictions
Studythesesentences:
HÍsfatherset up the company in 1965.
The company closeddown in 2002.
Try to work out the answer.
The words in bold are phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs
consist of a verb + an adverb such as down,off,on,out,
up.Some of these words can also be used as
prepositÍons.
Many phrasal verbs have two meanings:
(a doctor speakÍng)
Look up,then look down
(a teacherspeaking)
Look up any new words in a
dictionary.
)) Go to Grammar reference p.123
I f) Work in groups,A and B. Listen to this radio debate
between two'futurologists',Lianne Bradley and Stefan
Werner.They are discussing technology in the future.
Group A Listento Lianne'scomments.
Group B Listen to Stefan'scomments.
As you listen, tick (/) the table to indicate which areas
of technology the speaker mentions.
Lianne
(GroupA)
Stefan
(GroupB)
Prediction
about
1 transport
2 h e al t h
3tr
4 teIecommunicatíons
5 military
6 crime
7 domestic
8 d e v e l o p i n cgo u n t r i e s
f) tn the same groups,listen again and note down the
predictions made by your speaker.
Now work with someone from the other group.Explain
to each other your speaker'spredictions.Decide
together which predictions you accept.
Study the phrasal verbs used in this book. Put each one
in the correctsentence.
carryout
close down
cut down
find out
shut off
switch off
switch on
work out
Slve up
plug in
print off
ser up
operations instead
1 In future, robots will of humans.
Will we -
cars and use public transport?
3 We'll be able to use the Web to -
the
answers to almost every question.
4 It'simportant that we -
pollution in cities
5 If you don't have a dictionary,you can often
the meaning of a new word from the
words around it.
When you the petrol engine,the electric
motor starts runnÍng.
It,smy job to the concertbegins.
OId industries will will take their place.
The first step is to -
all the equÍpmentbefore
but new industrles
and -
anrrinmant
i0 Click'Print' and selectthe number of copies to
11 To avoid electrical damage, aiways -the
machine when it's not in use.
the
l 0 6 U n i t1 5
Gadget box
Mitsubishi
havedeveloped
a robot,called
Wakamaru,which
canidentify
10,000
words.lt will
up to tenpeopleandtalk to them.lt canrecognize
youof allthethingsyouhaveto
wakeyouupinthemorning
andremind
can leaveit to lookafteryour house.
dothatday.lfyougo on holiday,you
Itwillreportanyproblems
bymobilephone.
foryou?
Whathousehold
taskswouldyoumostlikea robotto perform
Pronunciation
Pairwork
Linkingin phrasa!verbs
Work in pairs,A and B. Each of you has information
about a future development in technology. Take notes
from your text so that you can explain the main points
to your partner without looking at the text. Listen
carefullyto your partner so you can summarize their
text.
Phrasal verbs are sometimes difficult to understand
because of lÍnking.
f) Listen to these examples.
setjtltp.
Cutthem!ff.
Student A
Q Listen and mark the lÍnking in examples 1-10.
l Linethemup.
6 Shutitdown.
2 Give it up.
7 Start it up.
3 Work it out.
8 Print them out.
4 Switch it off.
9 Plug it in.
5 Find it out.
Go to p.113.
Student B
10 Turn it on.
Work in pairs and say sentences1-8.Time each other
and see who can say them fastest without making a
mistake.
1 Don't switch it on. switch it off.
a
Start it up when he's plugged it in.
Take it out to see if it turns on, then turn it over.
4 Find it out before they find it out and we'll get
ahead.
5 Print them out so you can line them up and see the
difference.
6 Shut it down now, not later - if you do it later, it's too
late to start it up.
7 Turn Ítup by turning.Up,and turn it down by
turning'Down' - it's simplel
4
8 If we work it out today, we won't have to find it out
before we set it up tomorrow.
'tongue-twisters'of
your own
Write some phrasal verb
and practÍsesaying them with a partner.
INKJETTECHNOLOGY
A n e w u s eh a sb e e nf o u n df o r a n o l d t e c h n o l o g yI n
. kjet
p r i n t e r as r eb e i n gd e v e l o p e w
d h i c hc a n p l a c et i n y
a m o u n t so f i n k p r e c i s e l iyn t h e r i g h tp l a c e .U s i n gm e t a l
i n k sc o n t a i n i n vge r ys m a l lp a r t i c l e os f c o p p e ro r s i l v e r ,
t h i st e c h n o l o gcya n b e u s e dt o m a k ep r i n t e dc i r c u i t sl.t
c a na l s ob e u s e dt o p r i n te l e c t r o n icco m p o n e n t s
i n c l u d i n gs e m i c o n d u c t oarns de v e nb a t t e r i e sE.l e c t r o n i c
p a p e ri n f u t u r ec o u l db e s e l f - p o w e r e d .
T h et e c h n o l o ghy a sm u c hw i d e ra p p l i c a t i o n Isn. f u t u r e
i t m a yb e u s e dt o p r i n ts u p p o r st t r u c t u r ews h i c hc o n t a i n
h u m a nc e l l s T
. h e s ew i l l b e u s e dt o h e l pt h e b o d yg r o w
n e ws k i n ,b o n e ,o r e v e no r g a n sl.t w i l l b e p o s s i b l et o
p r i n tp i l l s ,i n s e c t r a p s a, n d e v e nw a l l p a p ew
r hich
c o n t a i nist so w nl i g h t i n g .
Thefutureof technology107
Thetelephone
isa wonderful
invention.
Icanforeseetheday
whentherewill beonein everycity.
Unknown,circa
1890
Vocabulary
CustomeÍCale
Affixes
Sayinggoodbye
Sometechnicalwordsin Englishbeginor endwith
common afflxes.Knowing the meaning of the affix can
help youwork out the meaning of the whole word.
Studythe examplesfromthis book.
How many of theseinformal ways of saying goodbyedo
you know? Do they haveequivalentsin your language?
Affix
Meaning
Example
bio
life
biotechnology
outof
external
between
Internet
intra
inside,within
intranet
-less
without
wireless
mrcro
verysmall
mtcrowave
small
minidisk
poly
many
polyester
pre
before,
earlier
prefabricated
super
above,
much
grearer
supermarket
tele
far,distant
telecommunications
2 Using the table,work out the wordswhich havethe
following meanings.
1 medicine at a distance
2 averysmallelectronicchip
3 a plastic containingmany moleculesof carbon
4 an instrumentfor measuringvery small
thicknesses
5 concretewhich has been stressedearlier
6 a computermuch morepowerfulthan ordinary
computers
7 averysmallprocessor
8 a fan which removesair and blows it out
9 a phonewithout a cord
10 measuringaccordingto biologicaldata
l O 8 U n i t1 5
Accuracyis impossible,but blurredvisionis
b e t t e rt h a n n o n ea t a l l .
fan Pearson,British TelecomFuturologist
Ouiz
Wirt in g.oupsof three.Onestudentis the quizmasterand asksthe questionsfor part
A. Theothertwo studentswork individuallyandwrite their answers.Changerolesfor
partsB and C.Thenfind out who has rememberedthe mostl
A (Units 1-5)
B (Units6-10)
1 Give a negative and a positive effect of technology
onsocÍety.
2 What's the comparative form offast and efficiently?
3 Name one of the ways that the Airbus 380 is larger
thantheBoeing7{T.
4 WhatdoesÁBSstandfor?
5 Whichpartoftheword engineerisstressed?
6 Name one course civil engineering students take.
7 Correct this sentence:/'m liking calculus.
8 Complete this sentence EledrÍcalengineertng
1 Name an item of policeequipment.
2 Whatitem of equipmentdo policeuseto restrain
is about...
9 Which branch of
technologydoesthis
picturerepresent?
10 WhatisÁutocad?
11 Name oneof the stages
in the designprocess.
12 Which word means'thefirstexampleof a new type
of desÍgn,?
13 Nameafamousdesigner.
14 Indesign,whatisthe
brÍefl
15 Make a questionto getthis answer:Becauseit'seasy
tomould.
16 Nametwo materialsusedfor bikeframes.
17 What propertydescribesthe capacityof a material
to stretch?
18 Strongis an adjectÍve.
What is the noun?
19 Namesomethingin the world of sportmadeof
Iycra.
20 \ /hatis alaminate?
21 Whichverbgoeswithspring?
22 Whichverbdescribestwo gearsmakingcontact?
23 Nameoneof the strokesof atwo-strokeengine.
24 Writedownthis numberinwords:10"
25 Víhatis the adjectivewhich describesa movement
from sideto sidelike a pendulum?
someone?
3 What doesP/Nstandfor?
4 What do you call a sealwhich air can'tpass
through?
5 What cana smartgun do?
6 What aremostdrinkscansmadeof?
7 FÍllthegap:Ioavesaretakenout oftheirtins
-suction.
8 Whatprocessis usedtomakeCD covers?
9 What material is usedto make soft drinks cans?
10 FÍllin the gap A clockworkradio is a radio
-clockwork.
11 What doesÁ5V standfor?
T2 What do we call a carwith a petrolengine and an
electricmotor?
13 Name a disadvantage of electric cars.
i4 What word do we use to describe'very heavy traffic
that slows down movement on the roads'?
15 If you tell a customer that youvery much regret
something,what are you doing?
16 What do we call the outer walls of a skyscraper?
17 Fill in the gap: AIIexposed metalwork is in case offire.
18 If somethíngisJlammable what can it do7
19 What does this sign
mean?
20 Whichpartofthe
wordautomaticis
normally stressed?
21 Why does an artificial heart have two batteries?
22 What kind of switch works by air pressure?
23 Complete thÍssentence A pacemaker is a device' ' '
24 What kind of signals does the Ultracane transmit?
25 What is the opposite offorwards?
T h ef u t u r eo f t e c h n o l o g yl 0 9
Checklist
Assessyour progressin this unit.
Tick(/) the statementswhich aretrue.
l c a n d i s c u s sp r e d i c t i o nasb o u tt e c h n o l o g y
I k n o wh o w t o u s ec o m m o np h r a s avl e r b s
I k n o wh o w t o l i n kp h r a s avl e r b sw h e n
s p e ak in g
M y r e a d i n ga n d l i s t e n i n ga r eg o o d
e n o u g ht o u n d e r s t a n dm o s to f e a c ht e x t
i n t h i su n i t
C (Units 11-15)
1 What does GCI stand for?
2 What is demo short for?
3 What verb do we use to describe copying tracks to
CDs from online sites?
4 Fillthe Bap:You-touch
aflat screen.It's
easy to damage them.
5 What do we call a person who piays games to find
faultsT
6 What does CIM stand for?
7 What verb do we use to describe how a computer
can make something,likea car crash,seem real?
8 Fill the Bap:In the past designsproduced
on paper.
9 Howisthe -ed ending pronouncedinfinished: ltl, ldl,
or l:.dl?
10 Cross out the silent letter in the wordpn eumatic.
11 Name two devices used in telecommunÍcations.
12 Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:I (be)
with this companyfor 5years.I líkeit here.
13 Fill the Bap:VzIPphones send data over the Internet
Íntiny packets.This is called .
14 What does I CD stand for?
15 When did email start (+5years)?
16 What do we call an engineer who is concernedwith
buildings and other structures?
17 Name one thing that a Sound Engineer does.
18 Fill in the Eap:Anyone who works with electrical
wiring be colour-blÍnd.
19 What do we call a document which lists all vour
work experience and qualifications?
20 What do we call a peÍsonor organÍzationwhich
gives you work?
21 F1IIthe gap|When we say what will happen Ínthe
Juture,wemake a
22 What is the correctphrasal verb? HÍsfatherset down
/ on / up the company in 1994.
23 FiIIthe Bap:Driversshould-up
theÍrcars
and usepublí'ctransport instead.
24 What do we call a computer network within a
company or organization?
25 What doesmicromean?
Key words
Adverb
a u t o m a t i c lal y
Adjectives
blurred
Smart
stressed
unmanneo
virtual
voice-operated
Nouns
c h ip
intranet
p r e di c t i o n
processor
virus
Verbs
i nteract
reporr
stick
N o t eh e r ea n y t h i n ga b o u th o w E n g l i s hi s u s e d
i n t e c h n o l o g y t h aits n e w t o y o u .
1 l O P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e s
Pairworkactivities
Unit t p.8
Unit 7 p.21
StudentA
StudentA
StudentAs
l a u n c hs y s t e m
StudentB's
l a u n c hs y s t e m
A r i an e 5
P r o t o nM
Country
E u r o p e a Sn p a c e
Agency
F i r s tl a u n c h e d
1996
Height
5',tm
D i am e t e r
5.4m
James Dyson (I947-) UK engineer,inventor,and multimÍllionairewho has deve1opeda lange of very popular
'bagless'domesticvacuum cleanersand other
products.
En g in e s
PayloadCTO
( g e o s t a t i o nray
t r a n s f eo
r rbit)
6 , 8 0 0k g
Mass
kg
230,000
Lift-offth rust
6 , 3 6 0k N
Skateboard
P a r t / C o m p o n e n t M a t e r i a l su s e d
Reason
Unit 2 p.13
StudentA
09.00-11.00
'11.15-'13.00
r5.30-16.10
Snowboard
Clientoperating
systems
Snowboards are made from
wood and laminated fibreglass.Wood is used for the
core.The combinatíonof
wood and fibre-glassgives
the board strength with little
weight. It also makes the
board flexible. The base ofthe
board is coveredwith p-tex,a
kind of tough plastic which
helps the board slide but
resists wear. It has a curved
steel edge which helps the
board to grip the snow.
BindÍngs,made of nylon, are
fixed to the top ofthe
snowboard.
DY
5ELF.STU
Mon
Tues
R]10
Hardware
i n s t al l a t i o n
& maintenance
R]10
Rl 0 5
Networks
Rl 0 5
Free
R]07
Program
p l an n i n g
4104
In u r
R]02
Free
Computer
o p e r a tni g
Fri
14.00-15.30
Free
A't04
C o m m u n i c a t i o nFree
sk i l s
T105
Free
P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e s
Unit12 p.91
StudentA
trB
t
ModelA
M o d e lB
ourpur
4 . 5k W
8kw
voltage
120or 240 AC
12Oor 24OAC
di e s e l
Unit5 p.31
runningtime
8 hours
b e f o r er e f u e l l i n g
24hours
n o i s el e v e l
e n c l o s e dm o t o r
( 8 8d B )
f u l l ys o u n d p r o o f e d( 6 0d B )
starti ng
e l e c t r i cs t a r t e r
e l e c t r i cs t a r t e r
c o s tp e rd a y
StudentA
d e l i v e r yc h a r g e
DIRTY
WATER
INLET
€]0
Unit6 p.36
StudentA
GLASS COVER
Smart gun recognizesits owner
SUPPORT
FRESH WATER
TROUGH
Unit5 p.33
StudentA
You are a technician at a plant hire company.You have
two possiblegeneratorsfor the customerto hire
(ModelA and Model B).Help the customerto make the
rlght choice.Checkwhat domestÍcappliancesthe
customerhas.Remind the customerthat he / she may
not need to run the generatorall night.A typical home
uses 2.4kW for iighting. With al1major appliances on
at the same time,this risesto 6.6kW.
The Newlersey Institute of Technology has developed
a new system for hand guns called dynamic grip
recognitÍon.Sensorsare fitted into the handle ofthe
gun and trained to recognize only the owner's grip.
Hand grips,like fingerprints and iris patterns,are
unique.The sensorsreadthe pressureofthe grip in
the first second the trigger is pressed.if it doesn't
match the owner's grip,the gun will refuse to fire.
The inventors say it will prevent incidents where
police have been shot with their own guns or where
children have been killed playing with a parent's gun.
Early results from trials with New Jersey police show
the system works.
Unit7 p.43
StudentA
Useful language
What electricappliancesdo you have at home?
Do you needto run thegeneratorall night?
A
Next,the glassmaster Ísplacedinto an electrolytic
solution containing a silver rod. Current is applied and
a thin layer of silver forms over the glass face.The
processis calledelectroforming.It producesa rigid
metal negativeto the master which is called the Fathel
ll2 Pairworkactivities
B
The digital signal to be recordedis sent to a laser.The
laser is aimed at a spinning glass disc coated with a
photoresist chemical. As the laser turns on and off,the
resist is burnt offor remains, matching the exact
pattern ofthe sÍgnal.
c
The stampers are placed in a moulding press.Melted
plastic is Ínjectedinto the moulds and allowed to cool.
This produces a clear plastic disc,a substrate,with the
pits ofthe original recording accuratelycopied on one
side.
Unit 11p.85
StudentA
Jade Empire
This is a role-playÍnggame.You play the part of a
student at a martial arts school.Your village is
attacked.You get to explore imaginary worlds and fight
with enemies.It was developedby BioWare for
Microsoft.It'splayed on an Xbox. The real-time combat
features are particularly good.
N a m eo f t h e g a m e
Unit9 p.72
Company /
D e v e l o p m e ntte a m
StudentA
Typeof game
Friction pile
Console
Reinforced concretepiles which are used in soft soil
which becomes stiffer with depth.The piles stay in
place because ofthe squeezing force ofthe soil round
them.
Cood features
Floating raft
StudentB
A raft of reinforced concrete.For situations when the
ground is soft or there are tunnels or mines under the
ground which could cause collapse.
Unit l2 p.91
UnitrO p.79
StudentA
Device
Bedoccupancysen5oÍ
Carbonmonoxidedetector
(wireless)
Floordetector
Cas shut-offvalve
M e d i c a t i o nd i s o e n s e r
Property
exitsensor
a)What it'sfor
b) How it works
P a i r w o r ka c t i v i t i e sl l 3
Unit5 p.31
Unit 14 p.103
StudentB
StudentA
You are the interviewerforthe job of StageTechnÍcian
(p.100).
Write a list of questions to ask the applicant.
REFLECTOR
EXAMPLES
l What work experÍencehaveyou had?
,. Why do you want thísjob?
,+Why do you thÍnkyou would be good at thisjob?
. What areyour strengths?
" DescrÍbea difficult sÍtuationyou handled well.
Give the candidate a chance to ask you questions about
the job.
BLACK BOTTOM
ACCUMUI.ATOR
Unitl? p.94
Unit15 p.106
StudentA
StudentA
Make
Motorola
Model
RAZR
Keyboard
type
fullQwerty
Screen
32Ox74O pixel,65K
t h i nf i l m t r a n s i s t o r ,
l i q u i dc r y s t a l d i s p l a y
Software
MicrosoftPocket
E x p l o r eO
l utlook,
Word,Windows
Media
Other
features
1 . 3m e g a p i x ecl a m e r a
Bluetooth
M P 3 , A A C , W M Aa n d
WAV audiofile
playbaca
k n dv i d e o
capture
Email
c o m p a t i b l ew i t h a
varietyof services
I nt h e p a s t ,Í | i c k e r i nsgc r e e n m
s a d ee | e c t r o n ibco o k sa n d
n e w s p a p e rusn c o m f o r t a btl oe r e a df o r l o n gp e r i o d sT. h e
A m e r i c a nc o m p a n yE, I n k ,h a ss o l v e dt h i s p r o b l e mb y
producine
g l e c t r o n iicn k .T h es y s t e mw o r k sb y f o r m i n g
t h o u s a n dos f b l a c ka n dw h i t ec a p s u l e si n t ol e t t e r sw h i c h
a r ea l m o s ta s g o o da s p r i n t e dc h a r a c t e rTs .h e ya p p e a ro n
s c r e e nw
s h i c ha r ea s t h i n a s p a p e ra n d c a n b e b e n t
w i t h o u tc a u s i n gd a m a g e .
s h i c hu s et h i s
D i f f e r e ncto m p a n i ehs a v er e l e a s e dp r o d u c t w
n e wt e c h n o l o g yS.e i k oh a v ep r o d u c e d
a w a t c hw h i c hy o u
c a n b e n dr o u n dy o u rw r i s t .S o n yh a v er e l e a s e d
their
R e a d ed
r e v i c el.t i s n o t h i c k e tr h a na p a p e r b a cak n dw e i g h s
j u s t2 5 0 g r a m m e sl t. h a sa s i x - i n c hs c r e e na n d c a ns t o r e
b o o k sa n dc o m i cb o o k sd o w n l o a d e fdr o mt h e l n t e r n e tl.t
a c c e p t sb o t hm e m o r ys t i c k sa n d S D f l a s hm e m o r yc a r d s .
S o n yc l a i m st h eb a t t e r i ews i l l a l l o wu p t o 7 , 5 0 0p a g et u r n s .
O n t h e d o w n s i d ei ,t h a s n o b a c k l i g hat n dw i t h c o m i cb o o k s
t h e b a t t e r i ecsa n b e e x h a u s t e idn t w e n t vh o u r s .
ll4
Symbolsand characters
Symbolsandcharacters
Mathematicalsymbols
EXAMPLE
MEANING
8.5689
eight pointfivesix eight nine
+
Rl+ R2
R one p/usR two
+
+3m
Y minusYone
plusor minus3 metres
R=Rr*Rz
R equals/ is equal to R one plus R two
#
or:
v + v r + v 2 V doesn'tequal/ is not equal toY one plusV two
l=28mA
I is approximotelyequa I to twenty eight m i ||iam ps
X
f x120
F times/ multipliedby onehundredandtwenty
no sign between
two quantities
E=lR
E equalsI times/ multipliedby R
R
Iover / divided byR
Theratio ofltoR
onequantity
overanother
36 + 5 =7.2 thirtysix dividedbyfiveequalssevenpointtwo
*
%
l
>-
l*V
IisproportionaltoY
1 1: 1
(a ratio of) eleven to one
25%
twenty-fiveper cent
300c
thirtydegrees
celsius
V5
thesquarerootof / rootoffive
R2
Rsquared
X'
Xcubed
104
lo-o
tento thepowerfour
tento thepowerminuseight
> 1 0d B
greaterthan ten decibels
< 2 5m A
less tha n twenty-five m i Iliam ps
>5W
greaterthan or equal tofive watts
<10w
lessthan or equal toten watts
url characters
SYMBOL
MEANING
EXAMPLES
forwardslash
wwurtinyrrl,esml_gat7n
b a c ks l a s h
w w w dottinyu r Idotcomforwardslashq a t 7 n
dot
http;/wwwoeree{q---brc
colon
h t t o c o l o nd o u b l e f o r w a r sdl a s hw w w d o t m e r c e d e s
hyphenbenzdot com
hyphen
unoerscore
C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c el l 5
Grammar reference
i Comparisonswith adiectives
and adverbs
We can use lesswith adjectivesand adverbs of two or
more syllables to mean the opposite of more.
Computerswere lesspowerful in the past.
They worked less efficiently.
Comparative adjectives
We can addmuch before comparative adjectivesand
adverbsto suggesta strongercomparison.
Adjective Comparative
one-syllable
adjectives
add -er
fast
faster
one-syllable
add -r
safe
safer
Thesesalesfiguresare muchworse than I expected.
That reportwas written much more recently than
this one.
e rl i eriirrec
ending in -e
two-syllable
adjectives
ending in -y
change -y easy
to -ier
2 PresentSimplev Present
Continuous
easter
PresentSimple
adjectiveswith more +
realÍstic morerealistic
two or more
adjective
syllables
good
bad
better
worse
Íor
farther /further
irregular
adjectives
I /You/We/They
enjoymaths.
He / She / It
enjoys maths.
= subject+ verb
Negative
Computersarefaster today.
This report Ísmore realistíc.
When we compare two things or situations directly,
we use the comparative+ than.
Theprograms today are more sophistícatedthan in
thepast.
N or Theprograms today are @
thepast.
Adverb
Comparative
add -er
fast
faster
add -r
late
Iater
change -y early
to -ier
I /You /We / They
don't want to be an engineer.
He / She / It
doesn't want to be an engineer.
= subject+do /does+ not+infinitive
Short answers
Questions
in
ComparativeadveÍbs
adverbswith
same form
as adjectives
Positive
DoI/you/we/they
like the
Yes,I / you / we /
proposal? theydo.
Does he / she / it
like the
Yes,he / she / it
proposal? does.
N o ,I / y o u / w e /
they don't.
No, he / she /it
doesn't.
earlier
=Do / Does + subject + infinitive
Note that in short answers we use the fullforms do /
doesin positiveresponses,and the short forms don't /
doesn'tin negativeresponses.
adverbs ending more+
adverb
in-Iy
slowly
moreslowly
irregular
adverbs
good
bad
weII
worse
Íor
farther /further
We use the Present Simple to talk about
things that are always true
repeatedactions
verbs that describethinklng and feeiing.
Water boils at 100oC.
She doesn,tgo to collegeon FrÍdays'
Do you think the amount of traffic will increase?
l l 6 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e
With the PIesent ContÍnuous,we often use a time
expression such as now,currently,at the moment, this
year.
PresentContinuous
Positive
I
am studying
to be an engineer.
You/We /They
are studying
to be an engineer.
He/She/It
is studying
to be an engineer.
= subject + am / are / Ís+ -ing form
Negative
'm not starting
I
the course until
September.
You/We/They
aren't
starting
the course until
September.
He/She/It
isn't
starting
the course until
SePtember.
= subject + am / are / Ís+ not+ -ingform
Short answers
O_uestions
Am I
working on
this project?
Are you/we/they workingon
this project?
Is
he / she / it
working on
this project?
With the Present Simple,we can use expressionsthat
refer to a specific point in time, such as on Tuesday,at
nine o'clock
or adverbsand expressionsoffrequency such as
usually,always,onWednesdays,threedays a week.
3 Questiontypes
There are two main types of questions.Those which
require aYes/ No answer,and information or l4lhquestions,whích ask for specific information.
YesI No questions
These begin with an auxiliary verb, such as do,am / is I
are,have/ has,can,could,will,must,etc.
Short answers
Positive
finishedthe
prototype?
Yes,I am.
Have
you
Yes,you/we/
theyare.
Does
the prototype
Will
the designs
Yes,he / she / it
is.
No,I'mnot.
No,you / we /
they aren't.
No, he / she / it
isn't.
= A m / a r e / í s +s u b j e c t + . i n g f o r m
Note: In short answers we use the full forms am / is /
'm
not I
are in positive responses,and the short forms
aren't / isn't in negatlve responses.
We use the Present Continuous to talk about
things that are happening now
things that are happening for a límited period of
time around now.
She'sworking at the Telford office today.
I'mstudying to be a surveyor.
Remember that we can use most verbs in both the
Present Simple and the Present Continuous, except the
verbs of thinking and feeling such as know,want,Jeel,
think.Iike.
work?
be ready in
time?
Yes,I have.
Yes,Ítdoes.
Yes,they will.
= auxiliary verb + subject + main verb (+object)
Negative
Haven't
you
finishedthe
prototype?
No.Ihaven't.
Doesn't the prototype
work?
No, it doesn't.
Won't
be ready
Íntime?
No,theywon't.
the designs
= auxiliary verb + not + subject + main verb (+object)
lnformationquestions
These begin with question words, such as what, who,
and how.We can use how in
when,where,why,which,
other combinations, such as how much,how many,how
long,howfar, how safe, etc.
The que stion w or ds what, whi ch, h ow mu ch, and h ow
many canbefollowed by a noun.
Grammarreferencell7
What
do
you
thinkofthis solution?
Howmany machines has thecompany bought?
=questionword (+object)+auxiliary +subject+maÍn
verb
In the two sentencesabove,the questionword is the
objectof the main verb.Notethat what who,whÍch,
howmuch,howmany canalsobethe subjectof a
question.Inthis case,the wordorderis the sameasin a
positÍve
sentence.
madeof simplylists the materialsthat a product
consistsof.However,in practice,theseexpressionsare
oftenusedto havethe samemeanÍng'
Somebottlesare madeof / madefrom plastÍc.
SteelismadeoJ/ madefromironandcarbon
5 Time clauses
Whích
solution
worksbest?
We use when, as, before,afrer to show clearly the order
in which different events happened. The part of the
sentencethat begins with the time expression is called
the'time clause'.
Howmany
machines
areinhere?
when
prototype?
desÍgnedthe
We use whento refer to actions that happen at almost
the same time. One action is an immediate
consequence of another. Note that when the time
clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma.
Whenyou turn the handle,the wheel startsto move.
Who
=questionword (+subject)+main verb
4 usedto,usedfor, made of,
made Írom
We use usedtoandusedfortodescribehow materials
areused.We use madeof andmadefrom to talk about
the materialsthat a productconsistsof.
usedto
We can change the two parts of the sentence around,
butwhen must always come before the first action in
the sequenceofevents.
The wh eeI starts to m ove whe n y ou turn the handle.
\Alhenthe time clause comes later in the sentence,we
do not use a comma to separatethe two clauses.
Rubberis usedto makethe pedals.
as
=subject+is / are usedto+infrnitive
We use as to talk about two actions that happen at the
same time. The position of the time clause can change,
in the same way asfor when.
As the wheeI turns, it g enerates electricity.
The wheelgenerateselectricityas it turns.
u'edÍor
Leatheris usedfor making footballs.
=is / are usedfor +-ing form
We can use usedto andusedfor ina similar way.
Nylon is usedto make/ usedfor makÍnga lot of
dffirent products.
Note:Don'tconfusetheseexpressions
withbe usedto +
-ingform,which means'beaccustomed
to'.
madeol
Somebottlesare made of plastic.
=subject+is/aremadeof+noun
madelrom
Steelis made fromiron and carbon.
=subject+is / are madeÍrom+noun
while
Madefrom emphasizesthe resultof a process,
Note that in the second as sentence,we need to use a
subject the wheel,becauseby changing the order ofthe
clauses, it is no longer clear what it refers to.
belore andalter
Beforeandafreralsoindicatethe sequenceof events,
but thereis not necessarilysucha closetime
relationshipas with when andas.Beforeandafter
simply indicatethat one actionhappenedat an
unspecifiedtime beforeanother.
Again,the positionof the time clausecan change.
you mustreadthe
Beforeyou operatethemachine,
manual
Youmustreadthemanualbeforeyou operatethe
machine.
l l 8 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e
Trevor BaylÍsdeveloped his clockwork radÍoafter he
visÍtedAfrica.
After he visitedAfrica,TrevorBaylis developedhÍs
clockwork radÍo'
7 PresentPassive
One way to describe processesis to use the Present
Simple.
Before and after canbefollowed by the -ing form
instead of subject + verb.
Theplastic travels through the barrel.
The mould is now cool.
Before operatÍngthe machine,you must read the
manual.
After visitÍngAfrica,Trevor Baylis developedhis
clockwork radio.
However,it is more common to use the Passive.This is
because,when talking about a process,it is often not
important or relevant to mention who performs an
action.
6 Describingfunction
We use used to,(used)for,usedas to describethe
function of an object in positive and negative
sentences,and in questions.
usedto + infinitive
Atorch Ísusedto provide light.
Tasersaren't used to protect computers.
Is a baton usedto monitor criminals?
(used)for+-ingÍolm
This expression has the same meanin g as be usedto +
Ínfinitive.
Handcuffs are (used)for restrainingsomeone.
The baton Ísn,t(used)for monitoring criminals.
Is a PIN (used)for protecting cards?
Note that although we can leave out used inbe usedfor,
we cannot leave out used in the expression be used to.
Note: Don't confuse these expressionswith be usedto +
-íngform, which means.be accustomedto,.
usedas + noun
This expression also describesthe purpose of an object,
to show that it is similar to the function of another
object.
The belt is used as a weapon.
The handcuffs aren't used as a weapon.
Is the torch used as a signal?
We cannot use this expression if the two objectshave
exactly the same function.
wor@.
Some verbs,such as verbs which do not take an object,
e.g.travel,orverbsof thinking and feeling,e.g.be,
cannot usually be used in the Passive.
wor Theplastic ist+aaelW through the barrel.
PresentPassive
Positive
Thedough
iscut
into loaves.
Theloaves
areleft
to cool.
= subject + am / is / are + past participle
Negative
The plastic
isn't melted
The screws
aren't pushed back bythe ram.
by the hydraulic fluid.
= subject + am / is / are not + past participle
Short answers
Questions
Is
thehopper filled withplastic? Yes,itis.
No, it isn't.
Are the loaves
sent totheshops? Yes,theyare.
No, thev aren't.
=Am / Is / Are + subject + past participle
Howis the plastic melted?
= O_uestionword + am / is / are + subject + past
nerfirinlp
Although in general contexts the Passive can have 1/
you / we asthe subject,when talking about processes
the subjectis generally the pronoun it or they,or a
singular or plural noun.
Note:The Passivecan be followed with by ífwe need to
clarify who or what has causedthe action.
C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e1 1 9
8 Prediction:wÍII,mdf, mÍght
wÍll
We can use the short form mightn,tínspoken English,
but there is no short formfor may not.
Trffic congestionmÍghtn,tbe an easyproblem to solve.
We use wi//to talk about future developmentsthat we
are certain about.
loor Trafficcongestiontreya+tbean easyproblem to
solve.
Positive
May is not used when We aÍeaskÍngpeople for their
opinions, in order to avoid confusion with may ín
reouesls.
One sensor will
stop
the driverfalling
asleep.
=subject+ will + infinitive
9 Safety signsand safety advice
Negative
Traffic congestion
will not be
an easy problem to
solve.
= subject + wiII not (won'tl + infinitive
Questions
Howwill
thecarofthefuture
bepowered?
Will
thecarofthefuture
beverydifferent?
= (questionword + ) will + subject + infinitive
mayandmÍght
We use may and mÍghtwhen we are less certain about
future developments,i.e.when we think that
something is possÍblerather than definÍte.May is more
formal than might,butthere is little difference in the
Ievelof possibilitythey contain.
Positive
No +.Íngor noun
ThÍsis a direct command to the public, and is found on
signs in a range ofgeneral and industrial contexts.
No smoking
No admittance
!mperative
ThÍstype of command is not as strict as no + -Íng,and
can be found in more Ínformalsigns,or in safety
handbooks.
Positive
Wear
a safety helmet.
= infinitive
Negative
A hybrid car
may / might
be the best choÍce'
= subject + may / mighf + infinitive
Negative
AnoÍse-freebike maynot/mightnot
bepopular
with bikers.
= subject + may / might + not + infinitive
Questions
Might
There are severalways of giving instructions and
advice Ínsafety signs and notices.
hydrogen fuel cells
get cheaper?
Do not smoke here.
=Do not + infrnitive
The short form of Do notis Don,t'ThÍsis used
commonly in spoken English and in more informal
advice or commands.
Don't keepyour mobilephone switchedon.
We can use always andneverto make a command
stronger.In a positive command, aiways comes just
before the verb.
=Might + subject + infinitive
Always check thefilters.
Howmight
In a negative sentence,never replacesdo not / don't.
thecarofthefuture bepowered?
= question word + might + subject + infinitive
Never operatethe chainsaw without ear protection.
1 2 O C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e
must
Must expressesa strong obligation,and authority,and
is used in both the Active and Passive.Remember that
must does not change in the he /sh e / Ítforms,
Active form
You
must
wear a safety
helmet.
There are two types of relative clause: defining and
non-defining.
Defining relativeclause
This tells us information about an object or person that
identifies them.
ThÍsis a scannerwhich readsbooks.(=there are several
types of scanner,and this is one that reads books)
= subject + must (not) +infinitive
There,sthe lab technicÍanwho works Ínthe laboratory
with me. (=there are severallab technlcians, and he /
she is the one that works with me)
Passive form
Non-defining relativeclause
Unauthorizedpersons mustnot
usethismachine.
Eye protection
must
beworn.
Fireextinguishers
mustnot
beusedinthisarea.
= subject + must (not)+be +pastparticiple
We can also use always and never with must. In both
the Active and Passive,always andneverfollow must.
You must always wear a hard hat when work Ísgoing on
overhead.
Personnel must never leave this equipment swítchedon.
High visibility clothÍngmust always be worn tn thís
area.
Chemicals must never be stored near openJlames.
10Relativeclauses
We use a relative clause as a means of joining two
pieces of informationtogetherwithin one sentence.
The Ultracane is a device.
This devicehelps blind people.
Relative clause:The Ultracane is a devicewhichhelps
blind people.
A cardiacpatÍentis a person.
Theperson is being treatedfor a heartproblem.
Relative clause:Á cardiacpatient is a person who Ís
beÍngtreatedfor a heartproblem,
In relative clauses,we use the relative pronouns who
when the subject is a person,or which when the subject
is an object.
Note that the subject of who andwhich can be singular
or plural.
Ultracanesare deviceswhichhelp blind people.
Cardiacpatients are people who are being treatedfor
heart problems.
This tells us supplementary information about an
object or person.The relative pronoun who or which rs
always precededby a comma.
This is a scanner,whichreads books.(=there is only one
type of scanner,and it happens to read books)
There'sthe lab technician,whoworks in the laboratory
with me. (=there is only one lab technician, and he /
she works with me)
11 should / shouldn't
We use should andshould not (shouldn't)togive advice
and to offer an opinion.
Positive
You
should
keepyour passwordsafe.
= subiect + should + infinitive
Negative
People
shouldn't
downloadillegally.
= subject + should + not (shouldn'tl + infinitive
Questions
I
Should
update
my virus protection
software every monthT
Short answers
Yes,I/you /he / she /it/
they should.
No,I / you / he / she / it /
theyshouldn't.
= Should + subject + Ínfinitive
tÁIhatshouldI do?
\AIhoshould I complain to?
= questionword+should+ subject + infinitÍve
C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c el 2 l
We do not use the auxiliary do / doestoformthe
negativeand questions.
wor They den*+he+rlddownload illegally ...
Nor De{+'he+rld...
?
13PastSimplev PresentPerfect
PastSlmple
Positive
When we use should to give an opinion, we use I think /
I don't think + subject+ shou/d.
I /You /He / She / It / We / They
I thÍnkyou should buy the camera with 4 megapixels.
I don,t think chíIdrenshould play violent video games.
= subject + Past Simple
In the second sentenceabove,it is also possibleto say I
think + subject + shouldn't:
I/ You / He / She / It / We / They
We use the Past Passiveto talk about systems and
plocesSesÍnthe past.As with the Present Passive
(Unit 7),we use the Past Passivewhen the action is
more important than the agent,or where the agent is
not known.
Positive
Welding
was done
Short answers
Did you work
mainlyindoors?
Y e s I, / h e / s h e / i t / w e /
they did.
No,l/he/she/it/we/
they didn't.
=Did + subject + infinitive
We use the Past Simple to talk about an action that
happened at a particular point in the past.
onrrinmani\
Negative
were not (weren't)inspected
in
Signals.
I operated dÍfferenttypesof equÍpment.(=it is clear that
this person no longer operatesdifferent types of
byhand.
= subject + was / were + past participle
Cars
didn't
work
= subject+ did not (didn'tl + inflnitive
Questions
12PastPassive
her an
invitation.
Negative
I think children shouldn,t play vÍolentvideogames.
but this form is not as common as the first sentence.
texted
by robots.
= subject + was / were not (wasn't / weren't)+ past
nr rti rinl e
With the Past Simple we can use expressions such as
in + year,month, season,before,andafter.
PresentPerfect
Positive
Questions
Short answers
Were designs produced
on computer?
Yes,theywere.
No,theyweren't.
= Was / Were + subject + past partÍciple
How were desÍgnsproduced7
I
have seen
many changes in
telecommunications.
= subject+ have / has + past participle
Negative
She
hasn't emailed
me today.
= question word + was / were + subject+ past participle
We can use by after a Passiveform to say who or what
causedthe action in a process.
= subject+ have / has not (haven't / hasn't) + past
partÍcÍpIe
SupplÍeswereorderedby rtaff' not by computer.
Questions
Have you spent time
inthe army?
Yes,I/you/we/they
have.
Yes,he / she / it has.
No,I/you/we/they
haven't.
No, he / she / it hasn't.
1 2 2 C r a m m a rr e f e r e n c e
=Have / Has + subject + past participle
We use the Present Perfectto talk about actions or
experiencesthat happened during a period of time
from the past to the present.It is not important when
they occurred.
I've operated different typesof equipment.(=at some
point in this person'slife, they have operateddifferent
types of equipment, and possibly still do)
Here,mustn't = it is a requirement of the job that
candidates do not have less than three years'
experience.Do not confuse this with don't have to +
inf,nitive,which means that something lsn't
necessarv.
Short answers
Questions
Must candidates be
British nationals?
No,I/you/we/they
don't have to.
We can begin talking about a topic in the Present
Perfect,then use the Past Simple to add details about
when something happened.
I've worked in Si.gnalssince 2003.Beforethat,I was a
Mechanic.
for / since
We can use both the Past Simple and the Present
Perfectwith/or, and the Present Perfectwith s inceto
answer the question How /ong7
Yes,I/ you / he I she / it /
theymust.
No, he / she / it doesn't
have to.
=Must + subject+ infinitive
Note that in negative short answers,we say don't have
to rather than mustn't,becausewe want to say that
somethÍngisn't necessary.
should
for + períodof time, to say how long a period of time
Iasted:foreight months,for two hours
sÍnce+ point in time to say when a period of time
started:since 2 o' clock,since 1.993,
sinceyesterday
Positive
Present Perfect: I've been herefor a few months.
Past Simple:
Iwas inthe armyforfouryears.
Present Perfect I've worked here sinceI was eiahteen.
= subject +should+ infinitive
You
should
have experience of working with
this system.
Negative
Applicants should not (shouldn't)
14|ob ÍequiÍement'
In addition to the functions of giving instructÍons
(Unit 9) and advice (Unit 11),we can use must and
shouldto describeessentíaI
characteristicsthat are
necessaryfor a job or role.
must
= subject + should not (shouldn'tJ+ infinitive
Questions
Should applÍcants
have a knowledge of public
health issues?
Positive
Candidates must
have a hearing
disability.
speak French and German.
Short answers
Yes,I/you / he / she /
it / they should.
No,I / you / we / they
don't have to.
No, he / she / it
doesn't have to.
= subject + musf + infinitive
=Must + subject+ infinitive
Negative
Note that the negatÍveshort answer is the same as for
must.Must is generally stronger than should, and
means that a requirement is essential rather than
merelv desirable.
Applicants
mustn't
have less than three years'
experrence.
= subject + must not (mustn'tl + infinitive
Grammarreference123
15Phrasalverbs
Phrasalverbsconsistof a verb +adverbor preposition,
suchas in,out,up,down,off on,which combineto form
a singlemeaning.Phrasalverbsareusedvery
frequentlyin both spokenand written English.
Themeaning of thetwowordstogether is not always
clear,for example putoff =to postponeor to delay.
Somephrasalverbshavemorethan one meaning:
carryout =to performan action
carryout =totakeawayortotakeoutside
Oneverb can be combinedwith differentadverbsor
prepositionsto make differentphrasalverbs,e.g.set
ofiset out,setup.
When phrasalverbshavean object,thepositionof the
objectchanges,ifit is a pronoun.
Tryto workout theanswer.
oR Trytoworktheanswetout.
svt Tt1ttoworkítout,
nor Tryto+rerftetÉ#.
Otherverbsinthis groupinclude:
carryout,closedown,cutdown,fiIlin,findout,giveup,
look up,plug in,print out,put on,set up, shutoff, switch
on / off,takeofitum dourn/ off,workout
Howeversomephrasalverbsmust putthe object
immediatelyafterthe phrasalverb,e.g.
Lookf or the ínformatÍon,
Lookforít,
NoT l€efriÜbr'
11s1 W
1 2 4 L i s t e n i n gs c r i p t s
Listeningscripts
Unit t
Listening- Technology
and
work
I
I can get patients'lab results - blood and
biochemistry - through the Health Service
intranet.No delays,no need to wait for
paper copies.It'smuch faster.
2
My students can use the Internetto
practisetheir German. They exchange
emails with German students - half the
time in English,half in German.It'smore
realistic.And I can use the Web to get upto-date material in German. I have a
satellite receiverat home so I can watch
German TV and record programmes for
use in class.
3
People pay with plastic.Now it's more
cards than cash.it's safer becausethere's
less money in the shop but I have to pay
the card companies each time. And l don't
get my money if someone uses a stolen
card.
4
It'snot good.My sales are much worse.
Insteadof buying CDs,people download
individual tracks from the Internet.
- Wordstress
Pronunciation
1
2
3
4
5
6
machine
machinery
mechanics
mechanic
mechanical
technical
7 technician
8 technology
9 electron
10 electronics
11 electrical
12 electrician
Unit 2
-The course- paÍtI
Listening
I=Interviewer.A=Alec
I You're doing an HND inCivil
engineering.How long does that last?
A It'sa two-year course.
I And what stage are you at now?
A I'm in the second semesterof the first
year.
I Howmany students are inthe group?
A There are eight, all men.
I Why did you decideto do this course?
A I left school at seventeenand started off
as an Architectural Technician and . ..
I What didthatinvolve'beÍngan
Architectural Technician?
A Doing all the technÍcaldrawings for the
architects,things like that. We used a
programcalledAutocad.
I Andwhattookyouintothatline of
business?
A We11,
I was interestedin architecture.
My best subjectat school,the one I
enjoyedmost,was Graphic
communÍcation.I decidedto try to get a
careerusÍngthat. So,I went into an
architect'soffice and was there for four
years before I decidedto start my HND.
a lot ofpublic opposition.
I DoweneedanewbridgeT
A Yes,the researchI've done shows the
present bridge is carrying ten times the
amount of trafflc it was designed for.
I What's Fluid mechanics on Fridav
morning?
A Er,it's how fluids behave,water
pressureon pipes,and that sort of
thing. It'sone ofthe hardest subjects.
I Doyoufindyou have a lot ofworkto do
outside the courseT
A Yes,it's not particularly hard but it's
constant.
I Andhowisitassessed?
A It'smodular,continuous assessment.
You have to pass all the modules.
The course- part 2
Thecourse- part3
I Tellme aboutyourtimetable.
A I have classesthree days aweekMonday, Wednesday,and Friday,and
Self-studyon the other days.
I Which subjectappeals to you most?
A Erm,the Theory of structures.I really
enjoy it. That'stwice on a Monday Monday morning first thing and on
Monday afternoon.
I What do you like about it?
A I like the maths and physics side of it,
how the structureactually works.
I Is any of the work inthe labi
A We've got Materials this semester.
We're in the lab every week - testing
concreteand that sort ofthing. On
Fridays,there'sProjectwork from 11.i5
for most of the day.I'vebeen at a
structural engineering company
learning how a civil engineering
I What do you hope to do at the end of
your course?
A Well, I want to go on to do the degree.
I What kind of degreewillyou take?
A I d like to do Structural engineering,a
BEng.I've got acceptancefrom two
unÍversities.I can start once I,ve
finished one year of my HND.
I Howlongwillittake?
A lt's four years for a BEng.
I When you start work as a CivÍl
Engineer,what do you want to build houses or big structureslike bridges
and roads?
A I'm more interested inthe bie
structureslÍkebridges.
I You may have to go overseasfor that.
A That'sone reason why I chosethis
career.That you can travel.There'sa lot
ofopportunitíesto go overseas.
nÍ^ip.+ ic Íl]n
I What'sthecompanyworkingon?
A They're turning an old officebuilding
into a nightclub, restaurant,and fivestar hotel.It'sinteresting to get on site
and to speak to the engineers.
I What,s Complex communÍcationson
Wednesday?
A Before and after lunch? It'sabout
Ianguage.You have to pick something
to do wÍthengineering and write a
report about it. Then present it to the
other students.
I Whathaveyouchosen?
A I'm doing a projecton a new brÍdgeover
the Forth,right here in Scotland.There's
- Strontand
Pronunciation
weakformsof auxiliaryverbs
1
Does Alec like Maths?
Is he in his first year?
Yes,he does.
Yes,he is.
3
1 Is he studyingto be an engineer?
Yes,he is.
2 Arethere anywomen in his class?
No,there aren't.
3 Doeshis coursetaketwovears?
Yes,it does.
4 Can he start a degreeafter six months?
No,he can't.
Listening
scripts125
5 Hashe got acceptancefromtwo
universities?
Yes,he has.
6 Doeshe have to pass all the modules?
Yes,he does.
7 Will it take him four years to complete
the BEng?
Yes,it wil/.
8 Has he got any lab work on his course?
Yes,he has.
Unit3
-The designprocess
Llstening
I startwith a design brief- a description
ofthe problem I'm going to solve.ln this
case,it's to design a backpack for crosscountry skiers.Then I investigate,and do
someresearchabout cross-countryskiers,
the things they need to carry and the
weight they find comfortable.I also think
aboutthe best choice of material waterproo{hard-wearing,easy to work
with. Next, ] sketch dÍfferentshapesfor
the backpack and choosewhat I think is
the best solution.I transfer my sketchto a
computerto make a proper drawing with
a1lthe dimensions in place.Then,I ask a
companyto realize it and make up some
prototypesto test how well it works.
Finally,I compare the product with the
brief.I evaluate it by asking questions like:
Does it meet all the requirements?Can I
make it any better,or improve it somehow?
- Working
Listening
withdesign
A KarI
I design practical products for use in the
home, especiallythe kitchen.When I'm
designing,I think about the function of
the object and how people will use it.
Then I sketch my ideas on papeÍ,starting
with the shape.I make lots of these rough
drawings until I get the shape that I want.
B Martin
I'm an industrial designer.Idesign massproduced products.I always have to
balance what people need and what it's
possible to make. I start with a sketch and
when I'm happy with the result,I plan the
basic layout on a computer.Then I print
out technical drawings to make
templates.i use the templates to cut out a
model in foam plastic.This gives me an
idea ofthe shape and look ofthe object.
C Hilary
I'm a product developer. I have to work
with the desÍgnerson the one hand and
the manufacturers on the other. And I
have to keep both ofthem happyto get
good designs which can be produced at
prices people can afford.I get the
drawings and models from the designers,
talk to the manufacturers about the
production,and work out the costings.
Unit 4
- lntonationfor
Pronunciation
questions
I
Whereareyoufrom?
Whatdoyou studyT
2
Are you ItalianT
Do you speak EnglishT
3
A What materials do we use for ski poles?
B Aluminium or carbon-fibre,lthink.
What are footballs made of?
A I'm not sure.Is it leather?
B Yes,l'm certain.What's used to make
bobsleighs?
Listening- Exchanging
information
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
OK, so tell me about the skateboard.
Right.The bodypart is the deck.
What's it made of?
Plywood.This means it's light and
strong.
OK. What's the differencebetween the
front and back?
The front Íscal]edthe nose.And the
back is the tail.
Nose and tail. Right.
There'san angle oftwenty degrees.
WhatforT
It helps the skateboarderperform
tricks.
Cool.So,what about under the board?
Thesethings are the trucks.
What aretheymade of? Metal?
Yes- sometimes it's titaniumfor
strength.The top is called the baseplate.
The bottom is the hanger.
A Got it. And the wheels - thev're plastic,
right?
B Right.They're made of polyurethane.
The hardness varies.Very hard wheels
are good for performance.Is that it?
A What about these?Are they springs,
like a car suspension?
B Oh yes,they're called bushings. They
help you to turn the board . ..
B ... I think I know a bit about the
snowboard.ls it made of fibre-glassT
A Yeah, partly. But wood is used for the
core.
B Really? How come?
A It gives the board strength but keeps it
light. And it makes it flexible.
B OK. Is itthe same on both sidesT
A The base,the bottom, is coveredwith a
kind oftough plastic.
B What's it ca11ed7
A P-tex.Ithelps the board slide but it's
wear-resistant.
B RÍght.Importanton snow. What about
the edge?Is it made ofp-tex as wellT
A No, that's steel.It helps the board grip
the snow.
B When it turns and does tricks?
A Yeah,lsupposeso.
B OK.Oh,andthese straps- are they
made of nylonT
A Yeah.They're called bindings. That'sit.
Unit 5
Switch on
This is a wind pump. It'sused for pumping
water from under the ground.As you can
see,it's a very simpIe mechanÍsm.The
wind turns the blades.This rotary
movement is convertedinto an up-anddown movement by the crankshaft - just
like the crankshaft in a car engine.The
piston of the pump is connectedto the
crankshaft.As the blades rotate.water is
pumped from the well.
It'sused in the developing world, for
example in AfrÍcaand in parts of India.
This particular wind pump is in Kenya. It
can be used to provide drinking water or
rnraiar
fnr
nrnn<
This is an example of appropriate
technology.It'slow cost.Itdoesn't use
126 Listening
scripts
expensive fuel. it's made from inexpensive
materials and it can be repaÍredeasily.It,s
the righttechnologyforthe situation.
Pairwork
This is a solar water distiller.It'sactually
quite easy to make. It's for producing
clean, drinkable water from dirty water. It
uses the heat ofthe sun. The stili is filled
with dirty water via the inlet at the base.
The black bottom absorbsheat fromthe
sun and warms the water. The reflector
increasesthe amount of heat reaching the
water. The heat helps to kill anything
harmful in the water. The hot water
evaporatesand condenseson the inside of
the glass cover.This condensedwater is
clean and safe to drink. The cover is tilted
to the south so the condensedwateÍluns
down and collects in the fresh water
trough. With a glass cover of about a
square metre,the still can produce almost
four litres of clean water every five hours.
You have to clean out the stili regularly to
remove any sediment, but you can also
use the cleaning water to irrigate piants.
Pronunciation- Numbers
and quantities
I
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
I
three point one fourtwo
elevenhundred andfiftymillimetres
twohundred andfiftymegabytes
sixtygigabytes
sixteenkiiohertz
thirtymÍiliamps
zero degreesCelsius
seventy-threeper cent
twelve volts DC
tentothepowersix
tento the power minus twelve
aratiooffortytoone
2
a minus two hundred and seventy-three
point one five degreesCelsius
b ninety-five point eight megahertz
c one hundred andtenvolts AC
d twotothepowertwenty
e one million, forty-eight thousand, f,ve
hundred and seventy-six
f aratioofonetoeight
g sixteen millimetres
h zero point zero one
i thirteenpointfivepercent
j two hundred and fifty-six gigabytes
Unit6
responsibilityto get the plant going
again.
- Crime-fi
ghting
Listening
equipment
The entire processis computer-controlled.
These are the main stages.First,225
kilogrammes of flour, water, yeast, fat, and
other ingredients are mixed in a steel
mixer for three minutes to make dough.
Then the dough is cut into loaves, put into
tins and ]eft for 54 mÍnutes in a prover for
the yeast to work. After that, the loaves are
baked in giant gas ovens for precisely 21
minutes. Next, they're left to cool for 110
minutes, and then taken out of theÍrtins
using suction.Then they're sprayedwith a
chemical to keep them fresh longer.Next,
the loaves are sliced in a high-speed slicer
with giant saw blades. Finally, they're
wrapped by the wrapping machine and
sent to the supermarkets.
As a police offrcer,technology helps me
work safely and more effrciently. Every
police ofícer who,s out on duty carries, or
wears,plenty of equÍpment_both ]owtech and high-tech.For example,we all
carry a torch. It's lightweight and metal, so
not easily broken. It's very useful. A lot of
incidents happen in dark places,and you
can use it to signal to traffrcif there'sa
traff,c accident at night.
We all have handcuffs - still the simplest
way to restrain someone. You can cuff
theÍrhands together,or cuff themto
something solid like a gate or even to
another person. The type we have are
called'quickcuffs'becauseyou can use
them very easily.
In the UK, not all police officersare
licensed to carry firearms - guns and so on
- but all of us have batons.They're made
from polycarbonate so they're strong but
not heavy to carry. They extend to keep
people at a safe distance. We also have CS
gas canisters.lf someone gets violent,CS
will incapacÍtatethem for a short time.
And we wear knife-proof vests, a kind of
body armour made of Kevlar.
Some police forces are experimenting
with stun guns,tasers,for use against
suspectsarmed with a dangerous
weapon,Iike a knife. They give a powerful
electricshock.
We all carry radios so we can contact each
other and polÍceheadquarters at any
time. We can get help quickly or
information about a suspect. And of
course, we all have a notebook. The
function ofthat is obvious!
Unit7
It'smyjob
I work in a iarge plant bakery. We make
bread for supermarkets.Most of the bread
people eat in the UK comes from plants
Iike this. My job is to keep the plant
running, to maintain all the machinery. If
anything goes wrong, it's my
The processnever stops.Our bakery
produces10,000loaves per hour-that's
240,000per day!
Unit8
!t'smyjob
I work for a Po]ish company whÍch
convertsdiesel engines to run on natural
gas.They're used in forklifts and tractors,
but mostly in buses.Diesel-enginebuses
can produce a lot ofpollution. The air
quality in city centres is often quíte poor.
Natural gas-fuelied engÍnesare much
cleanerthan diesel.The work that we do is
helpÍngto improve the air quality in our
cities.
In the past few years, we've started to
build gas-poweredgenerators.They
produce up to 100 kilowatts. They run on
bio-gas from sewage treatment plants.
They produce all the power the plant
needs,and more.When there'sa power
cut, people find it a bit strange that the
sewage plant has all its lights on.
I travel quite a lot in my job.l help to
install new generators all over the country
and to provÍdesupport for bus companies
who use our engines.We're planning to
export to other EU countries so I might
have more opportunity to travel outside
Poland and maybe use my English.
s c r i p t s1 2 7
Listening
Pronunciation
stress
Corrective
I
A Electricmotors aren't very efficient.
B No,electricmotors are very efficient.
2
I
A Hybrid cars have a diesel engine and an
electricmotor.
B No,hybrid carshave a petrol engine and
an electric motor.
2
A Hydrogenfuelcells are cheap.
B No,hydrogen fuel cells aren't cheap.
3
A Most car drivers are happy to use public
transport.
B No, most car drivers aren't happy to use
nr rhlin
ivancnnrt
A
A LPG cuts down pollution a lot.
B No, LPG cuts down pollution a lÍttle.
5
A ASVs are more dangerous for
naipctrienc
B No,ASVs aresafer for pedestrians.
6
A Solar-poweris the answerto our
transport problems.
B No, solar-powerisn't the answer to our
transport problems.
7
A Air travel is good for the environment.
B No,airtravel isn'tgoodforthe
envrÍonment.
8
A Trains and cars are examples of public
transport.
B No, trains and busesare examples of
nrrhlin
tran<nnrt
Unit9
It'smyjob
I'm self-employedbut I work with three
other guys as a gang - that's like a team.
We get contracts from construction
companies,maybe a few weeks,maÉe a
year.It depends onthe size ofthe
building. You have to be preparedto travel
wherever the work is but the monev is
good.There are bonuses too,for finishing
ahead ofschedule.
Unit 1O
What we do is we build the steel frames of
all sorts of buildings.l've worked on
supermarkets,warehouses,and multi
storey bulldings, including one that was
It'smyjob
?O cfnrcrrc
hioh
Everything is pre-fabricated.The steel is
cut to the right size and drilled before it
comes to the site.We have to bolt or weld
the piecestogether.It sounds easy but try
lining up a one-tonne girder swinging
from a crane on a winter's day when
you're a hundred metres up! We like to
work fast,and to do that you need ground
people who make sure everything reaches
you in the right order,and a crane
operatorwho can deliver on the spot right where you need it.
On atypical day,l could be working a
twelve-hour shift. If you're high up, you
don't come down for tea-breaks.
Everything you need is up there - canteen,
toilets.
Is it dangerous?Well, yes,but there are a
lot of safety precautions.We have to wear
a safety harness with a lÍfeline.There are
safety cables slung round whichever floor
you're working on, and you clip on to one
as soon as you start.There'sa safety net
underneath the floor untii the deck is
down. For me, the most dangeroustime is
moving the girdersinto the right position.
You could be crushed.
I d like to set up my own construction
company eventually,and employ others
to do thÍskind of work.
Pronunciation- Stressin long
words (1)
I
a
b
c
d
e
f
aluminium
component
construction
defective
installed
powered
o
h
i
j
k
I
precaution
prefabricated
reinforced
skyscraper
temperatures
visibility
3
1 appÍopIiate
developing
automatic
exploration
designated
geneÍatoÍ
e' "m e' r' _
ocnripq
b__'"-
-
kilometre
horizontal regulation
polystyrene unfamiliar
helicopter supermarket
operator
My special area is electronic assistive
technology, or EAT for short. I work for a
company which makes equipment to help
severelydisabled people.I mean people
who can't walk, people who have very
limited movement - perhaps they can
move only their head.
We make equÍpmentwhich helps these
peopie to live as independently as
possible.By moving their chin, by blowing
down a tube, or simply by speaking,they
can send an email, adjust the temperature
in the room, or operatea TV
In this kind of work, you need a
knowledge of mechatronics.That'swhere
mechanics,electronics,and software
engineering meet. Take a page-turner,for
example. It'sa device which turns the
pages of a book or magazine.The input
can be a pneumatic switch - that's a
switch worked by air pressure.You
operateit by sucking or blowing down a
tube.These signals are Ínterpretedby a
microprocessorwhich controls the
mechanism which turns the pages.That
mechanism uses electrical and
All three branches of
mechanica] devÍces.
engineering combine to make it work.
It'san exciting job. Each development in
technology means new possibÍlitiesfor
disabled people.
Pronunciation- Linkingwords
t a door opener
3
1 a curtain opener
2 a window opener
3 apersonalalarm
4 a remote control
5 a light switch
6 a domestic appliance
7 agearbox
8 adieselengÍne
9 a digital radío
10 anMP3 plaver
128 Listening
scripts
Unitlt
Unit 12
Listening- Opinions
- Describing
Listening
changes
I=Interviewer,M=Max, S=Sam
I Max,howdoyoulistento music?
M Live.of course.but I also listen to music
online. I go to Napster and searchfor
music I like.
I Can you listen first and decide Ífyou
want to pay for a trackT
M Yes,if you don't like it you can skip it. If
you do like it, you can download it to
your hard drive or burn it to a CD.
I Sam,howdoyou listento music?
S CDs,albums, MP3 player,minidisks
sometimes,and online. You can have
music now anytime and anywhere you
want it.
I What's so special aboutthis wayof
listeningT
You can make your own music library
on your hard drive or MP3 player. You
can have a playlist oftracks you listen to
when you get up, or a playlist for when
you travel to work, or when you want to
relax in the evening.Some MP3 players
will decide what you like listening to
and arrange the tracks for you. You can
exchangetracks with friends - it's illegal
but everybody does it.
I read that more than seven miIIÍon
people here in BrÍtainregularly
download their music from illegal sites.
M That'sjust theft on a huge scale.It's
damaging music - musÍcfor the future'
It cheatsthe musicians and the
recording companÍes.People who
download illegally are buying fewer
albums and far fewer singles.It's
hurting the music industry.
I Is itjustteenagerswho're doingthis?
M No, it's all sorts of people.
I What shou]dthe musÍcindustrydo?
M Set up their own sites for selling music
online. Go after anyone who downloads
illegally.
I Whatdoyouthink,Sam?
S CDs are over-priced.I don't seewhy we
shouldn't share tracks with friends.
L=Laura,J=Journalist
L Well, we're much more effrcientnow.ln
the past,cans were made from three
pieces of metal: sides,top, and bottom.
Now, it's just two. The sides and bottom
are made from one piece.lt'sa much
faster processand less metal is used.We
used to get 50 cans from every kilo of
aluminlum, now we get 75- and half
the aluminium is from recycledcans.
I OK. What about other changes?Is there
anything the averagecustomer would
notice?
L Well, we've introduced pull tabs on all
our range,so can openersaÍealmost a
thing ofthe past.in the past,paper
labels were applied at the canning
plants. Now we can print dÍrectlyonto
the can whatevel our customeÍswant.
J What about yourworkforce? Any
changesthere?
L our workforce Íssmaller.About half
the number who were emploved ten
years a8o.
Customercare-Working on a
help desk
J=John, A=Alex
J Hello.Help desk,John speaking.How
can I help?
A Hi, it's Alex from Accounts.We've got a
problem with our prÍnter.
J Whatmakeisit?
A lt's a Hewlett Packard.
J OK,it'sanHP.What model is it7
A lt's a Laserjet2400.
J Thanks.What exactly is the problem?
A I had a papeI jam. I've clearedÍtbut it
won't print and the orange light is on.
J Mm-hm. Is there paper in the printerT
A Yes,I,verefÍlledit.
J All right. Inthe bottomleft of your
screenyou'll seethe'Start'button. Click
.Settings]
on it. Choose
then,PIÍnters,'
OK?
A Yes.
J You should see your printer listed.
Double click on it. What does it sav
under'Status'?
A Er,'Printing paused'.
J Ah, click on'Printer'and choose'Purge
print document'.That should clear it. It
may take a few seconds.Then try to
nYin+
^^^iá
Pr rr rL a6arr r.
A ... OK,ah,that'sclearedit.Thanksa1ot.
Bye
J Noproblem.Bye.
- .edÍormof
Pronunciation
verbsandwordswith silent
letters
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
constructed
controlled
customized
damaged
disabled
flnished
integrated
invented
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
mixed
operated
planned
produced
reflected
searched
worked
2
/t/
flnished mixed produced searched
worked
/dt
controlled customized damaged
disabled planned
/i/
constructed integrated invented
operated reflected
5
1 lÍstening
2 might
3 modeliing
4 pneumatic
5 should
6 vehicle
7 would
Unit 13
It'smyjob
I'm a TelecommunicationsTechnician.I
work for a company which provides
phone systems for business use,
especÍallybanks.I,vebeen wÍththe
company for eight years.Beforethat, I was
in the army for four years.I joined when I
Ieft school.l was in Signals.Theytrained
me to set up and maÍntainmobÍle
communications equÍpment- satellite
dishes,antennas,VHF radios,that sort of
thing. I enjoyedmy time in the army mostly becauseI travelled quite a lot. I've
been to Norway, Kenya, and Belize.
I've seen quite a few changes in phone
systems.We've replaced copper cables
Listening
scripts129
with fibre-opticnetworks.The most
impoftant one now is the change to VolP
That'sVolce over Internet Protocol.
Basically,it's a system that allows voice
signalsto be sent via the Internet.You can
make long distance calls cheaply.
In general,telecommunications
equipmenthas become more complex,
more powerful in the data it can handle and lighter.My job used to be 70%brain
and30%muscle.Now it's 90%brain and
10%muscle!
Most of my work is lndoors though. It's
not just installing and testing equipment
- I have to explain to clients how to use
the new systems.Being able to explain
quite compllcatedtechnology in simple
terms is an important part of my work.
That'sone of the things I enjoy most.
Sometimes I have to work outdoorsto
bring a line into a building or fix a dish on
the roof.It'sgreat in summer but it's not
much fun if it's pouring with rain!
Pronunciation- Past Simplev
PresentPerfect
1
2
3
4
5
They've spent time in the army.
I'vetexted him an invitation.
He's faxed me a reply.
Toddphonedtheoffice.
She emailed me twice.
CustomerGare- Explainingin
simpleterms
The CD and the DVD are both types of
media for storing information. Erm,they
look exactly the same.They'rethe same
size and shape but they have different
storagespace.The DVD can store a lot
more than the CD.Erm, so you would tend
to use CDs for storing text and sound
whereas if you want video,which takes a
lot more space,you would tend to use
DVD.The way that the information is
stored on CDs and DVDs,written to them
and read from them, is different so you
need different drives for reading and
writing to them. Both of them are optical
devices.They use laser light. A DVD drive
can read and write to CDs but a CD drive
can't read or write to a DVD.
Unit 14
Unit t5
- Stressin long
Pronunciation
(2)
words
g - Predictions
Listenin
I=Interviewer,L=Lianne,S=Stefan
I This week onThe monitor,we have
Lianne Bradley and Stefan Werner with
prototype
computer
I
us. They're both futurologists.They
h simulator
co-operative
advise companies on the most lÍkely
i supercomputer
download
future trends.Our topic is the future of
hrrdrerrlie
i telF.ommunications
technology.Lianne,what's your view
microprocessor k ultrasound
about the way things will go?
netrnleum
I vihrate
L On the plus side,good things will
2
happen in health. Computers willf,nd
enviÍonment
animatol
out what's wrong with us by asking
indicator
anticlockwise
questions and carrying out tests.Robots
^^-^^i+.,
,-{^-natiOn
LdPdLr
Ly
will operateon us with better precision
motivated
dependable
than humans. However,as always with
peripheral
development
technology,we'll find new military
simulation
energetic
uses.We'll get better at killing each
ventilated
enterprising
other from a distance with unmanned
enteftainment
aircraft and smart weapons
programmed to recognizetheir targets.
In telecommunications,we'll make our
Speaking- f ob interview
phone calls through the Internet.
I=Interviewer, A=Applicant
Everybodywill be able to be a reporter.
I What experiencedo youhave inthis
If you see anything important, you'll be
kind of work?
able to transmit it to the rest of the
A I,m a skÍ]ledcarpenter and l,ve done a
In computing, the keyboard will
world.
lot of work making displays for
Everything will be voicedisappear.
exhibitions and conferences.It'squite
In our homes,we might also
operated.
work.
to
stage
similar
have voice-operateddomestic
I Doyou have anyexperienceworking
appliances.We'11tell the oven how we
with lighting or sound systems?
like
our pizza and it will remember the
A I was a roadie with a rock band for six
next time we ask it to bake one.I'm not
months. The band didn't last very long
optimistic about the developing world.
- they weren't very good - but I got a lot
Poorer countries will fall further behind
of experÍencewith sound systems.
unless they can invest heavily in
I We're looking for someone who's
education.
preparedto travel for at least four
I Mm-hm. Stefan,where doyouthink
months each year.Would that be a
there'11be big changes?
nrnhlpm
fnrrrnrt)
S
The greatestchanges will take place in
A No,l'm single at the moment, and I like
iT.I'll name just a few. Computers will
travelling.
be faster and more powerful, and
I Why do you think you're the right
be everwvhere including in the
they'll
nprcnn
fnr ihc inhT
we wear. Wearable computers
clothes
A I've got relevant experience.I lÍke
will give us directions,act as phones,
vaÍietyin my work. I,m good at
and searchthe Internet for information
nrnhl pm -<nlrri
- - ' ' ' _n' oo'
want. They'llfind real answers,not
we
I Are there any questionsyou would like
just a list of web pages to try. On the
to ask us?
downside,l expect digital crime will
A Yes,how many technicians do you
increase.For example, stealing
employ?And, of course...
someone'sidentityto get into their
internet bank account or creatinga
virus to close down a business.In
1
a
b
c
d
e
f
130 Listening
scripts
tÍansport,I think we'll seethe
development of cheaper fuel cells so
that cars and motorbikes can run on
hydrogen.I don't agree with Lianne
about the developing world though.
Developing countries wÍll go straight to
the new technologies without working
through the old. We've seen this already
with mobile phones ÍnAfrica. Instead
of developing lots of expensive land
lines first, African countrÍeshave gone
straight to mobile phones.New
technologieswill help to produce better
crops and will require little expensive
energy.
I Thanks, and speaking of energy, how do
you both suppose energy requirements
will be met in the future?
- Linkingin
Pronunciation
phrasalverbs
1
Setit up.
Cut them off.
2
1LÍnethemup.
2 Give it up.
3 Work it out.
4 Switch it off.
5 Find it out.
6
7
8
9
10
Shut it down.
Startitup.
Printthemout.
Plug it in.
Turn it on.
Clossaryl3l
Glossary
Vowels
function
al
hybrid
accuracy
cool
ilo
download
chip
evaluate
coil
network
buckle
exDenence
alloy
convert
bearings
security
hardware
g r in d e r
bonding
delay
former
oonuS
Consonants
pulley
barrel
fuel
hopper
model
tagging
virus
thrust
dish
leather
bonding
code
support
laminate
8np
supervise
antenna
rJ
charge
dish
yeasr
d3
joystick
corrosion
wear
accelerator/ek'selarertc(r)/
n the foot
pedalof a car that controlsthe
sDeed
accuracy/'lckjarosi/n precision,
exactness,
or correctness
adaptor/a diepta(r)/n a devicewhich
a l l o w se l e c t r i c ael q u i p m e n t o b e
u s e di n c o n d i t i o n os t h e r t h a nt h o s e
it was designedfor
aerodynamic/,ecradar'niemrk/odj
d e s i g n e dt o r e d u c ew i n d r e s i s t a n c e
affect /e fekt/yto influence
s o m e t h i n go r c a u s ea c h a n g ei n
something
alloy l'teltl n a metalthat consistsof
two or moredifferentmetalsmixed
together
a n i m a t o r/ ' a n r m e l t e ( rn) /a n a r t i s t
w h o m a k e sd r a w i n g so r m o d e l s
appearto moveas if they were alive
antenna lzen'tenal
n an aerialfor
s e n d i n go r r e c e i v i n g
signals
architecture/'o:krtektJs(r)l n the
s c i e n c eo f d e s i g n i n gb u i l d i n g s
artificial I ,a:tr'frllladj madeas a copy
o f s o m e t h i n gn a t u r a lm
; an-made
a s s e m b l y l i n e/ e ' s e m b l li u r n / na n
a r r a n g e m e notf m a c h i n e sa n d
workersto createa oroduct
automatic/,o:tc'mtetrk/adj ableto
work by itself
automaticalfyI,c:Ia'ncltklil adv
w o r k i n gb y i t s e l fw i t h o u th u m a n
intervention
b a r r e l/ ' b r r e l /n a h o l l o wu, s u a l l y
c y l i n d r i cla,m a c h i n ep a r t
bearings l'beartlezl n machineparts
that aredesignedto reducefriction
betweenmovingparts
blade /blerd/n the cuttingpart of a
m a c h i n eo r t o o l
'vr3nl
b fu r r e dv i s i o n/ , b l s : d
n inability
t o s e et h i n g sc l e a r l y
bodyarmour /'o;ma(r)/n protective
covering
b o n d i n g/ 'b o n d r l / n s t i c k i n gt h in g s
t o g e t h e ru s i n ga d h e s i v e
b o n u s/ ' b o o n e sn/ a n a d d i t i o n a l
amountof moneyaddedto wages
as a reward
brieÍ lbril.l n instructionsand
informationgivento somebody
beforethey do a pieceof work
broadband/'bro:clbiend/
n a system
t h a t a l l o w sl a r g ea m o u n t so f
e l e c t r o n idc a t at o b e s e n ta t h i g h
soeed
buckle / b,rkl/yto be forcedout of
shapeby heat
'vi:/
CV /,si:
n (curriculum
v i t a e )a
written recordof your educationa nd
t h e j o b s y o uh a v ed o n et h a t y o u
sendwhen you a re a pplyingfor a job
CADCAM /'ktedkien/n Computera i d e dd e s i g na n d C o m p u t e r - a i d e d
manufacturing
calculate /'krclkjolert/
vto use
n u m b e r st o f i n d o u t a t o t a ln u m b e r ,
amountd
, i s t a n c ee, t c .
career/ko'ria(r)ln a jobor profession
for which you aretrained
c a r p e n t r y/ k o : p s n t r i / nm a k i n g
t h i n g sf r o mw o o d ; t h ew o r ko f a
carpenter
'b'detrvlv
charge(batteries)/ tJo:d3
132 Clossary
t o c a u s eb a t t e r i e tso t a k ei n a n d
storeelectricity
c h i p t 1 .11; ' n, ' 'a s m a l le l e c t r o n i c
c o m p o n e n ct o n t a i n i n ga n
i n t e g r a t e cdi r c u i ta; m i c r o c h i p
'clur'n
CIM r si:ilr
Comouterintegratedmanufacturing
c l a d d i n g k l i e r l r r ln t h e m a t e r i aul s e d
f o r t h e e x t e r n a l i n i n go f t h e
b u i l di n g
c l i p k l r p n a s h o r tp i e c eo f a l o n g e r
recordino
g f s o u n do r f i l m
'si:i
C N C , , s i :c r r
n Computer
n u m e r i c aI c o n t r o l
code kr,rrl n a set of programme
in s t r u c t i o n s
r w i r ef o r m e di n t oa
c o i l , ' k r r ln
c o n t i n u o u s e r i e so f c i r c l e st o c a r r y
a n e l e c t r i cIac ur r e n t
cofou r-bfind i' k r lo b lrrrrrrli adj unable
to seethe differencebetween
c e r t a i nc o l o u r s
1rblradj ableto
compatibfe k;rrn'pie
work together
t n the
competences"knu.rl.lrt:rnsr
a b i l i t i e so r s k i l l sn e e d e df o r a
p a r t i c u l a r t a sokr j o b
complex r'k rrrnplck si a dj complicated;
n o ts i m p l e
c o m p o s i t e s ' ' k o n r l ' r o s rnt sf i' b r e ; a t e r i al s m a d e
r e in f o r c e dp l a s t i c sm
u o o f d i f f e r e nm
t aterials
compresskrrn prcs yto make
c o m p u t e rd a t at a k eu p a s l i t t l e
s p a c ea s p o s s i b l e
.l nthe
c o m p r e s s i o nk o n r ' p r c n
proceso
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