DETAILED ANSWER KEY – ANCIENT & MEDIEVAL HISTORY
1.C
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Both the statements are correct
The Neolithic settlers were the earliest farming communities.
Since they came to be acquainted with cultivation of cereals and the domestication of animals,
they needed pots in which they could store their grains. They further needed pots for cooking,
eating and drinking.
2.C
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Bhimbetka rock paintings are located south of Bhopal in Vidhyan ranges of Madhya Pradesh.
Statements 2 and 3 >> Correct
It is a UNESCO heritage site. The paintings at Bhimbetka belong to Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic,
Chalcolithic, early historic and medieval period.
3.D
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Statement 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
Although the Harappans practiced agriculture, animals were kept on a large scale. Oxen,
buffaloes, goats, sheeps and pigs were domesticated. Elephants were well known to them.
The people of Indus valley were the earliest known people to cultivate cotton.
Recently, archaeologists from Pune, discovered a man and a woman buried in a grave together at
Rakhigarhi, a Harappa site in Haryana. It is the first anthropologically confirmed case of coupled
burial from a Harappan cemetery.
4.A
• Lapis lazuli is a deep-blue metamorphic rock used as a semi-precious stone that has been prized
since antiquity for its intense color.
• The Harappans carried on long distance trade in lapis lazuli, which may have contributed to the
social prestige of the ruling class.
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5.A
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From South to North- Lothal, Dholavira, Chanhudaro, Kot Diji.
6.C
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Statement 1 and 2 >> Correct
The Dancing Girl is the world’s oldest bronze sculpture. Found in Mohenjo-daro, this four-inch
figure depicts a naked girl wearing only ornaments, which include bangles in the left arm, and
amulet and bracelet on the right arm. She stands in a ‘tribhanga’ dancing posture with the right
hand on her hip.
Harappans used standardised weights and measures for trade. Numerous articles used for trade
have been found from these sites.
7.C
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Statement 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
Harappans were familiar with the art of writing.
The script was written from right to left.
Unlike Egyptians and Mesopotamians, the Harappans did not write long inscriptions. Most
inscriptions are short, the longest containing about 26 signs.
The script is not alphabetical but mainly pictographic.
8.C
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Statement 2 and 3 >>Correct
From the seals, terracotta figurines and copper tablets we get an idea on the religious life of the
Harappans. The chief male deity was Pasupati, (proto-Siva) represented in seals as sitting in a
yogic posture with three faces and two horns. The chief female deity was the Mother Goddess
represented in terracotta figurines.
Sufficient evidence was found indicating the phallic worship.
Peepal tree was considered sacred.
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Statement 1 >>Incorrect
In sharp contrast to Egypt and Mesopotamia, no temples have been found at any Harappan site.
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9.A
• Druring Vedic period, the chief of the tribes received from the people voluntary offerings called
Bali.
• It became a compulsory payment to be made by the peasants in the age of the Buddha, and officers
called balisadhakas were appointed to collect it.
10.D
Statement 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
Harappans were great experts in the use of potter’s wheel.
We come across numerous pots painted in various designs. The pots were generally decorated
with designs of trees and circles.
Little pots of faience (a material made of ground sand or silica mixed with colour and a gum and
then fired) were probably considered precious because they were difficult to make.
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11.C
Statement 1 and 2 >>Correct
During Rig Vedic period women could attend assemblies. They could offer sacrifices along with
their husbands.
The Rig vedic society was patriarchal. However, women were given equal opportunities as men
for their spiritual and intellectual development.
There were women poets like Apala, Viswara, Ghosa and Lopamudra during the period.
We also notice the practice of levirate and widow remarriage in the Rig Vedic period.
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12.D
All the pairs are correctly matched
Larger kingdoms were formed during the later Vedic period. Hence the royal power had
increased along with the increase in the size of kingdom.
The king performed various rituals and sacrifices to strengthen his position. They included :
i.
Rajasuya (consecration ceremony),
ii.
Asvamedha (horse sacrifice) and
iii.
Vajpeya (chariot race).
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13. D
Statements 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
• During the Rig Vedic period the heads the families were called Kulapas. The heads of the fighting
hordes were called gramanis.
• The officer who enjoyed authority over a large land or pasture ground is called vrajapati. He led
the Kulapas to battle.
14.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Distincion between Sruti and Smriti:
Both sruti and smriti represent categories of texts that are used to establish the rule of law
within the Hindu tradition.
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Sruti is solely of divine origin and contains no specific concepts of law. Because of the divine
origin, it is preserved as a whole instead of verse by verse. They are canonical texts and are
eternal.
Sruti includes the four Vedas including its four types of embedded texts—the Samhitas, the
Upanishads, the Brahmanas and the Aranyakas.
With Sruti, the desire is more towards recitation and preservation of its divine attributes and
not necessarily towards understanding and interpreting the oral tradition like that found in
Smriti.
Smriti literally "that which is remembered" are a body of Hindu texts usually attributed to an
author, traditionally written down. It includes Puranas, Dharmasastras etc.
15.C
Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
During the period of Mahajanapads, the improvement in agriculture led to the growth of urban
economy. It was an economy which provided subsistence not only to direct producers but also to
other men. This made possible collection of taxes and maintenance of armies on a long-term
basis.
The peasants had to pay one-sixth of their produce as tax. Taxes were collected directly by royal
agents.
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16.C
Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
While most Mahajanapadas were ruled by kings, some, known as ganas or sanghas, were
oligarchies, where power was shared by a number of men, often collectively called rajas.
Both Mahavira and the Buddha belonged to such ganas.
In some instances, as in the case of the Vajji sangha, the rajas probably controlled resources
such as land collectively.
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17.B
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East to West – Anga, Magadha, Vatsa, Matsya.
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18.D
• The Buddhist literature can be divided into Canonical and Noncanonical works. The Canonical
literature consists of ‘Triptikas’ or baskets (of knowledge). The three Tripitakas are:
• Vinaya Pitaka, which covers the rules and regulations, which should be followed by the
Buddhist monks.
• The Sutta Pitaka contains dialogues and speeches of the Buddha that deal with morality and
righteous dharma.
• The Abhidhamma Pitaka that concentrates on the philosophy and metaphysics.
• The Jatakas are the best example of Buddhist non-canonical literature. These are compilation of
the stories from the previous births of Buddha.
• Agamas are the sacred texts and are said to be the teachings of the Jain tirthankars.
19.C
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Pairs 2 and 4 >> Correct
Four Buddhist Councils were held under different kings.
First Buddhist Council:
i.
Conducted under the patronage of King Ajatasatru of Haryanka dynasty.
ii.
It was held in 483 BC at Sattapani caves (Sattaparnaguha) in Rajagriha.
iii.
The monk who presided over the first council was Mahakassapa.
iv.
At this council, Ananda composed the Suttapitaka (Buddha’s Teachings) and
Mahakassapa composed the Vinaypitaka (monastic code).
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Second
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iii.
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Third Buddhist Council
i.
Conducted under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka of Maurya dynasty.
ii.
It was held in 250 BC at Pataliputra.
iii.
The council was presided over by Mogaliputta Tissa.
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Fourth
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ii.
iii.
Buddhist Council:
Conducted under the patronage of King Kalasoka of Sisunaga dynasty.
It was held in 383 BC at Vaishali.
Sabakami presided over the council.
The first major split happened here – two groups that would later evolve into Theravada
and Mahayana.
Buddhist Council
Conducted under the patronage of King Kanishka of Kushan Dynasty.
It was held in the 1st century AD at Kundalavana in Kashmir.
Vasumitra and Ashvagosha presided over this council.
20.A
• Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted
of about 30000-40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars.
• They were given fixed salaries. There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry
• Bagirs-equipped and paid by the state.
• Silahdars-maintained by the nobles.
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21.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
The first Jain council was convened at Patliputra by Sthulabahu, the leader of the Digambaras.
The second Jain council was held at Valabhi. The final compilation of Jain literature called Twelve
Angas was completed in this council.
22.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
Buddha rejected varna system. People were taken into Buddhist order without any consideration
of caste.
Gautama Buddha recommended an eightfold path (ashtangika marga) for the elimination of
human misery.
Statement 3 >> Incorrect
Buddha taught that a person should avoid excess of both luxury and austerity. He prescribed
the middle path.
23.B
• Many early sculptors did not show the Buddha in human form – instead, they showed his
presence through symbols.
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The empty seat was meant to indicate the meditation of the Buddha.
The stupa was meant to represent the mahaparinibbana.
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Statement 2 >> Correct
The Wheel stood for the first sermon of the Buddha, delivered at Sarnath.
24.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
Mahayana Buddhism: It means the greater vehicle.
The school is more liberal and believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and Bodhisattvas
embodying Buddha Nature.
The Mahayana followers believe in idol or image worship of Buddha.
Prominent Mahayana texts include Lotus Sutra, Mahavamsa, Lalita vistara sutra etc.
25.D
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All the statements are correct.
Mahavira did not condemn varna system. According to him a person is born in a higher varna or
lower varna in consequence of the sins or virtues acquired by him in the previous birth.
He recognized the existence of the gods but placed them lower than the Jina.
He taught the doctrine of Anekantavada.
Anekantavada, the fundamental doctrine of Jainism emphasizes that the ultimate truth and
reality is complex and has multiple aspects. Hence, there exists non-absolutism, which means
no single, specific statement can describe the nature of existence and the absolute truth.
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26.C
Pairs 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
The Gomateswara statute is of Lord Bahubali, the son of the first Jain Tirthankar. It is located at
Shravanabelagola in Karnataka. It was built in 10th century AD by a minister in Ganga dynasty
empire, Chamundaraya.
Dilwara temples, Mount Abu in Rajasthan has five marvelous temples built of marble with
intricate carvings. The oldest of which Vimal Vasahi temple was built by Vimal Shah in 11th
century AD.
Ellora caves are located in Maharashtra. It is a group of 34 caves – 17 Brahmanical, 12
Buddhist and 5 Jain.
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27.A
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Pairs 1 and 4 >> Correct
Samharta, the Chief of the Revenue department, was in charge of the collection of all revenues
of the empire. The revenues came from land, irrigation, customs, shop tax, ferry tax, forests,
mines and pastures, License fee from craftsman and fines collected in the law courts.
Adyakshas- They were the head of Department of commerce and industries.
Pairs 2 and 3 >> Incorrect
Dhamma Mahamatras, was appointed by Asoka to supervise the spread of Dhamma. The
Dhamma mahamatras were asked by Asoka to take steps against unjust imprisonment.
Rajukas- They were the district administrators of Mauryan age whose position and functions
were similar to that of modern district collectors.
28.D
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All the statements are incorrect.
In 305 BC, Chandragupta Maurya defeated Selecus Nikator, who was one of the generals of
Alexander the Great. He is also well-known in the Greek texts as – Sandro Kottus, Androcottus,
Sandokyptos. Chandragupta Maurya was called as Androcottus by Romans.
Bindusara was the son Chandragupta Maurya and was the second Mauryan emperor of India.
In Ancient Greek and Latin accounts, he is referred as Amitragatha meaning slayer of enemies.
He is said to have conquered the Deccan upto Mysore.
Bindusara supported Ajivika as a religious sect.
29.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct.
Ashoka expanded friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe. The Mauryans had a
dedicated department for Greeks and Romans to maintain relations between states.
A poem in Akananur by sangam poet Mamulanar briefs the conquest of Chandragupta in South.
Mauryans had military alliance in the south with Koshar and with Parvatka in the Himalyas
The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta as well as the Jain work Parisishtaparvan talk of
Chandragupta's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka, sometimes identified with Porus.
These poems mentioning Mokur and Koshar kingdoms of Vadugars (northerners) in Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh, with one interpretation being that the Maurya empire had an alliance with
these at some point of time.
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30.B
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Statement 2 >> Correct
Asoka convened third Buddhist council at Pataliputra in 240 B.C. in order to strengthen the
Sangha. It was presided by Moggaliputta Tissa.
According to some scholars, Asoka’s conversion to Buddhism was a gradual process and not
immediate.
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
After the Kalinga war, Asoka embraced Buddhism under the influence of Buddhist monk
Upagupta.
31.D
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Both the statements are incorrect.
The Mudrarakshasa written by Visakadatta is a drama in Sanskrit. Although written during
the Gupta Period, it describes how Chandragupta Maurya with the assistance of Kautilya
overthrew Nandas. It aso gives a picture on the socio-economic condition under the Mauryas.
Visakadutta adorned the court of Chandragupta II.
The XIII Rock edict of Asoka gives details about his war with Kalinga.
The III rock edict details the Generosity to Brahmans. Issued after 12 years of Asoka’s
coronation. It says that the Yuktas (subordinate officers) and Pradesikas (district Heads) along
with Rajukas (Rural officers) shall go to all areas of kingdom every five years and spread the
Dhamma Policy of Asoka.
32.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
Taking census was regular during the period of Mauryas. The village officials were to number
the people along with other details like their caste and occupation. The also counted the animals
in each house.
Kautilya mentions the existence of both civil and criminal courts. The Chief Justice of Supreme
Court at the capital was called Dharmathikarin.
Statement 3 >> Incorrect
The Mauryan Empire was divided into four provinces with their capitals at Taxila, Ujjain,
Suvarnagiri and Kalinga. Provinces of Maurya empire was administered by Governors who were
appointed by the emperor himself. The governors were apponted from the members of royal
family.
The district administration was under the charge of the Rajukas. He was assisted by Yuktas or
subordinate officials.
Village administration was in the hands of Gramini and his official supervisor was called Gopa
who was in charge of 10-15 villages.
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33.C
Statement 1 >> Correct
Domingo Paes was at the Vijayanagara Empire in about 1520-22, during the reign of
Krishnadevaraya.
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Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Ibn Battuta entered in India in 1334 (up to 1341), through the high mountains of Afghanistan,
following the footsteps of Turkish warriors who, a century earlier, had established the Sultanate
of Delhi. This was much before the reign of Krishnadevaraya.
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Statement 3 >> Incorrect
Abdul Razzaq Samarqandi, an envoy of Shah Rukh, the Timurid Sultan of Herat visited
Vijayanagara around 1441-1443 during the reign of Devaraya II.
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34.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
The pillars of Ashoka are a series of columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent,
erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka during his reign from
268 to 232 BC.
The pillars were usually made of chunar sandstone and comprised of four parts.
The pillars have four component parts in two pieces: the three sections of the capitals are made
in a single piece, often of a different stone to that of the monolithic shaft to which they are
attached by a large metal dowel.
Statement 2, 3, 4 >> Incorrect
The pillars are not monolithic. The two types of stones used in column construction were red
and white sandstone from Mathura and buff-colored fine grain sandstone from Chunar,
Varanasi. The pillars have four component parts in two pieces.
There has been much discussion of the extent of influence from Achaemenid Persia, where the
column capitals supporting the roofs at Persepolis have similarities, and the "rather cold, hieratic
style" of the Sarnath Lion Capital of Ashoka especially shows "obvious Achaemenid and Sargonid
influence". India and the Achaemenid Empire had been in close contact since the Achaemenid
conquest of the Indus Valley, from circa 500 BCE to 330 BCE.
Hellenistic influence has also been suggested. In particular the abaci of some of the pillars
(especially the Rampurva bull, the Sankissa elephant and the Allahabad pillar capital) use bands
of motifs, like the bead and reel pattern, the ovolo, the flame palmettes, lotuses, which likely
originated from Greek and Near-Eastern arts. Such examples can also be seen in the remains of
the Mauryan capital city of Pataliputra.
Saranath pillar was built in the commemoration of Dhammachakraparivartana.
35.B
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Statements 2 and 3 >> Correct
Ashoka’s Policy of Dharma:
Ashoka’s policy of dharma has often been equated with his conversion to Buddhism. He is
credited with the propagation of the tenets of the Buddhist sect. It appears that diverse religious
ideas and practices existed in the vast empire of the Mauryas. But the followers of such sects as
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Buddhism, Jainism and Ajivikism were held in contempt by the brahmanas, whose position they
must have undermined.
It appears, Asoka aimed at creating an attitude of mind among his subjects in which social
behavior was accorded the highest place. The ideology of dhamma can be viewed as a focus of
loyalty and as a point of convergence for the then bewildering diversities of the Empire. In a way,
Asoka's dhamma was akin to the preamble in the constitution of India.
It was against this background that he expounded his policy of dhamma to eliminate social
tension and sectarian conflicts, and to promote a harmonious relationship between the diverse
elements of the vast empire. Ashoka’s dhamma was neither a new religion nor a new political
philosophy. Rather, it was a way of life, a code of conduct and a set of principles to be adopted
and practiced by the people at large. (Dhamma is Prakrit form of the Sanskrit word Dharma).
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The Barabar Hill Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India, dating from the Maurya
Empire (322–185 BCE), some with Ashokan inscriptions. The caves were used by ascetics from
the Ajivika sect, founded by Makkhali Gosala, a contemporary of Gautama Buddha and of
Mahavira. The Ajivikas had many similarities with Buddhism as well as Jainism. Also present
at the site are several rock-cut Buddhist and Hindu sculptures and inscriptions from later
periods.
36.B
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Pairs 1 and 2 >> Correct
The Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled areas of the
central and eastern Indian subcontinent from around 185 to 75 BCE. The dynasty was
established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was
Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also held court at Besnagar (modern
Vidisha) in eastern Malwa.
The Satavahanas also referred to as the Andhras in the Puranas, were an ancient Indian dynasty
based in the Deccan region. The dynasty's founder is Simuka.
Pair 3 >> Incorrect
Kushanas are considered to be one of the five branches of the Yuezhi tribe who lived in the
Chinese frontier or central Asia. They are known as Guishuang in Chinese sources. They
eventually acquired dominance over the other Yuezhi tribes. They moved eastward towards India
defeating the Parthians and the Sakas in the 1st century AD. Kushan Empire – Ruler Kujula
Kadphises or Kadphises I [AD 30-AD 80). Kujula Kadphises was the first Yuezhi chief to lay the
foundation of the Kushana Empire in India. He established his supremacy over Kabul, Kandahar
and Afghanistan. He was succeeded by his son Vima Taktu or Sadashkana (AD 80 -AD 95) who
expanded the empire into northwest India.
37.C
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In the end of 10th century AD, a volatile situation arises in middle east. The Samanid was
attacked by central Asian tribe men. The first ghazi of Samanid dynasty, Mahmud of Gazni
tried to stop this. In all his endeavors Gazni was supported by an old poet Firdousi. Who wrote
‘Shahnama’. This work created indelible impact on the minds of central Asian tribe men and
they started to accept Islam. Later these people became strongest crusader and defender of
Islam.
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Add on:
Khamsah and Khaza in al-futuh are work of famous poet Amir Khusrau.
Humayun nama which consist of the account of the life of emperor Humayun. It is written by
Mughal princess Gul Badan Begam, Humayun’s sister.
38.B
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Correct chronological order: Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas.
Indo- Greeks - The Indo-Greek Kingdom historically known as Yavanarajya was a Hellenistic
kingdom spanning modern-day Afghanistan and the classical circumscriptions of the Punjab
region of the Indian subcontinent which existed during the last two centuries BC and was ruled
by more than thirty kings, often conflicting with one another.
Sakas - a group of nomadic Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern
Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin. The Sakas (also written Shakas), alternatively known as
Indo-Scythians, invaded northwest India in the first century BC onwards.
Parthians - The Shaka rule in north-western part of India was followed by the Parthians. It is
said that Parthians had their roots in Iran and from there they migrated to India. However as
compared with the Shakas and Greeks, they ruled over only a small portion of north-western
India in first century AD.
Kushanas- Kushanas are considered to be one of the five branches of the Yuezhi tribe who lived
in the Chinese frontier or central Asia. They are known as Guishuang in Chinese sources.They
eventually acquired dominance over the other Yuezhi tribes.They moved eastward towards India
defeating the Parthians and the Sakas in the 1st century AD.
39.C
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Statements 1 and 3 >> Correct
Kalyani, Gandakasela and Ganjam were important seaports of Satavahana period.
The material culture of Satavahanas was a fusion of both northern ingredients as well as local
Deccan elements. The people of Deccan learned the use of coins, burnt bricks, ring wells, the
art of writing, etc. from northern people. There was a regular use of fire-baked bricks and the
use of flat, perforated roof tiles which resulted in the longevity of the construction.
Statements 2 and 4 >> Incorrect
Satavahana Coin- There was silver, copper lead and potin coins in the Satavahana empire. Gold
coins were not issued.
Satavahanas patronized Mahayana Buddhism, and Brahmanism. They also made grants of
villages and lands to Buddhist monks. Vashishtaputra Pulamayi repaired the Amaravati Stupa.
Their architecture at Ngarjunakonda is also notable. Satavahanas revved Brahmanism along
with the performance of Asvamedha nad rajasuya sacrifice. Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda
evolved as the main centers of Buddhism.
40.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
Kushans introduced gold coins in the subcontinent and they were pioneer in making good
quality gold coins. The first two Kushana kings, Kujula and Vima issued gold coins.
Archaeologists and Numismatists have also found their copper coins. The Kushana coins are
excellent examples of artistic excellence and sophistication. The coins were die-struck and
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produced in large numbers to facilitate growing trade and commerce.
The establishment of learning centers along NW areas along the route to china lead to
development of Gandhara language.
Kanishka the Great, an emperor of the Kushan dynasty in the second century is famous for his
military, political, and spiritual achievements. His conquests and patronage of Buddhism played
an important role in the development of the Silk Road, and in the transmission of Mahayana
Buddhism from Gandhara across the Karakoram range to China. Around 127 CE, he replaced
Greek by Bactrian as the official language of administration in the empire.
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41.B
Pairs 1 and 2 >> Correct
Tolkappiyam also refers to four castes namely Arasar (Ruling Class), Anthanar- Played a
significant role in the Sangam polity and religion, Vanigar (carried on trade and commerce) and
Vellalar (Agriculturists).
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Pair 3 >> Incorrect
Kadambars: people who thrive in forests.
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42.D
Statement 3 >> Correct
The Heliodorus pillar is a stone column that was erected around 113 BCE in central India in
Besnagar (near Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh). The pillar is commonly named after Heliodorus, who
was an ambassador of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas from Taxila and was sent to the Indian
ruler Bhagabhadra. This pillar is the perfect example of diplomatic relations between Sungas
and the Greeks.
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Statement 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
The inscription is written in Pali in Brahmic script. Junagadh inscription of Rudradaman King
of Saka dynasty is the first inscription written in pure Sanskrit. In this inscription he mentions
that he repired the Sudarsan Lake of Kathiawar which was created by Chandragupta Maurya.
He further adds that he defeated the Satavahana ruler Satakarni twice.
The Greek ambassador Heliodoros set up a pillar in honour of Vishnu (Vasudev) at Vidisha. He
was sent to the court of Sunga King, Bhagbhadra by the Greek King of Taxila, Antialkidas.
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43.D
Pair 1, 2 and 3 >> Incorrect
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Lakhudiyar caves are located on the banks of river Suyal in Uttarakhand. Prehistoric rock
paintings are found at the rock shelters at Lakhudiyar.
Tekkalkota is a prehistoric site in Karnataka. Prehistoric paintings of humans in stick-like forms,
a long-snouted animal, a fox, a multiple-legged lizard, wavy lines, groups of dots and rectanglefilled geometric designs, hand-linked dancing humans are found in Kupgallu (Telangana),
Piklihal and Tekkalkota (both in Karnataka).
The Burzahom archaeological site is located in the Kashmir Valley of the Indian union territory
of Jammu and Kashmir. The remains in Burzahom comprise structures, bone tools, stone tools
and pottery from the Neolithic period and Megalithic period. There are also several dwellings and
burial pits from the Neolithic period.
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44.D
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
The period roughly between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D. in South India (the area
lying to the south of river Krishna and Tungabhadra) is known as Sangam Period.
It has been named after the Sangam academies held during that period that flourished under
the royal patronage of the Pandya kings of Madurai.
These literary works were the earliest specimens of Dravidian literature.
According to the Tamil legends, there were three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) held in the
ancient South India popularly called Muchchangam.
Add on:
The First Sangam, is believed to be held at Madurai, attended by gods and legendary sages. No
literary work of this Sangam is available.
The Second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, only Tolkappiyam survives from this.
The Third Sangam was also held at Madurai. A few of these Tamil literary works have survived
and are a useful source to reconstruct the history of the Sangam period.
45.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
The Pugalur inscriptions and Padirrupattu provides information about Chera Kings. The Pugalur
inscription of the 1st century AD has reference to three generations of Chera rulers. The
Padirruppattu is a collection of poems in praise of Chera rulers.
Pattini cult was associated with. Tamil epic Silappatikaram.
Cheran Senguttuvan famous Chera king introduced Pattini cult worship in Tamilakam. The
worship of Kannagi or Pattini (‘the chaste lady’) was perhaps a very early institution and was but
an extension of the worship of the goddess of chastity’.
This became popular with Senaguttuvan’s worship of Kannagi and spread to distant places like
Sri Lanka in the South and Malva in the north.
Bow was the royal emblem of Chera kings.
46.D
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Statements 1, 2, 3 and 4 >> Incorrect
The most important traded items include were cotton fabrics, spices like pepper etc, ivory
products, pearls and precious stones. Gold, horses and sweet wine were chief imports.
There is a plenty of information in the Sangam literature to trace the position of women during
the Sangam age. Women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyar flourished in
this period and contributed to Tamil literature. The courage of women was also appreciated in
many poems. Karpu or Chaste life was considered the highest virtue of women. Love marriage
was a common practice. Women were allowed to choose their life partners. However, the life of
widows was miserable. The practice of Sati was also prevalent in the higher strata of society.
The class of dancers was patronized by the kings and nobles.
Tolkāppiyam is the most ancient extant Tamil grammar text and the oldest extant long work of
Tamil literature. Tolkappiyam was the outcome of Second Sangam assembly held at
Kapadapuram.
The primary deity of the Sangam period was Seyon or Murugan, who is hailed as Tamil God. The
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worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God Murugan was
mentioned in the Sangam literature.
47.C
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Statements 1, 2, 3 >> Correct
The Chola kingdom which came to be called Cholamandalam (Coromandel) in early medieval
times was situated to the north-east of the Pandyan territory, between the Pennar and the Velar
Rivers.
A firmer history of the Cholas begins in the second century A. D. with their famous king Karikala
which means, ‘The man with the charred leg.’ He was a contemporary of the Chera king
Nedunjeral Adan. Karikala was a very competent ruler and a great warrior.
He founded Puhar and constructed embankment dam along the Kaveri River. This was built
with the labor of 12,000 slaves who were brought as captives from Sri Lanka. Puhar was a great
center of trade and commerce, and excavations show that it had a large dock. The Cholas
maintained an efficient navy.
48.D
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
Paṭṭiṉappalai is a Tamil poem in the ancient Sangam literature. The poem was composed by
Katiyalur Uruttirankannanar, sometime around 1st century and 2nd century CE. The
Pattinappalai describes the Kaveripumpattinam and Chola kingdom. The title Pattinappalai is
combination of two words, pattinam (city) and palai (desert, metonymically "separation, love
division").
The poem is an important and rich source of historical information about the ancient Chola
kingdom and its capital city.
The Hatigumpha Inscription of Kharavela is one of the few notable inscriptions which throw
much light on ancient Indian history. It mentions about the Tamil Kingdoms of the south.
49.C
A study of the epigraphical records of the Gupta empire shows that there was a hierarchy of
administrative divisions from top to bottom.
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Pairs 2 and 4 >> Correct
Bhuktis (provinces) were subdivided into Vishayas or districts. They are governed by
Vishyapatis.
The villages in the district were under the control of Gramikas.
Pairs 1 and 3 >> Incorrect
The provinces in the Gupta Empire were known as Bhuktis and provincial governers as
Uparikas.
A part of the Vishaya was called Vithi. Nagara Sethis were officers looking after the City
administration.
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50.D
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
The Allahabad Pillar inscription, composed by his courtier Harishena, credits him with extensive
conquests. The inscription asserts that Samudragupta uprooted 8 kings of Aryavarta, the
northern region, including the Nagas. It further claims that he subjugated all the kings of the
forest region, which was most probably located in central India. It also credits him with defeating
12 rulers of Dakshinapatha, the southern region: the exact identification of several of these kings
is debated among modern scholars, but it is clear that these kings ruled areas located on the
eastern coast of India. The inscription suggests that Samudragupta advanced as far as the
Pallava kingdom in the south, and defeated Vishnugopa, the Pallava regent of Kanchi. During
this southern campaign, Samudragupta most probably passed through the forest tract of central
India, reached the eastern coast in present-day Odisha, and then marched south along the coast
of Bay of Bengal.
Samudragupta appears to have been Vaishnavite, as attested by his Eran inscription,and
performed several Brahmanical ceremonies. The Gupta records credit him with making generous
donations of cows and gold. He performed the Ashvamedha ritual (horse sacrifice), which was
used by the ancient Indian kings to prove their imperial sovereignty and issued gold coins to
mark this performance.
He is hailed as Indian napoleon due to his extensive military campaigns.
51.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire existing from the 3rd century CE to 543 CE.
At its zenith, from approximately 319 to 467 CE, it covered much of the Indian subcontinent.
This period is considered as the Golden Age of India by some historians.
Statement 2 and 3 >> Incorrect
The most prevalent theory about the era's origin credits Chandragupta I with its establishment.
He was the first Gupta king to assume the imperial title Maharajadhiraja, several modern
scholars theorize that he founded the era around 319 CE, and that the epoch of this era marks
his coronation.
52.C
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Incorrect
The Allahabad pillar is a Stambha, containing one of the Pillars edicts of Ashoka, possibly erected
by Ashoka, Emperor of the Maurya dynasty, who reigned in the 3rd century BCE or it may have
prior origins. While it is one of the few extant pillars that carry Ashokan edicts, it is particularly
notable for containing later inscriptions attributed to the Gupta emperor Samudragupta (4th
century CE). Also engraved on the stone are inscriptions by the Mughal emperor Jahangir, from
the 17th century.
A later inscription, also known as the Prayag Prashasti, is attributed to the 4th century CE
Gupta emperor Samudragupta, and follows immediately below the edicts of Ashoka. It is
considered "the most important historical document of the classical Gupta age". It is in excellent
Sanskrit, written in the more refined Gupta script (a later version of Brahmi) by the poet and
minister, Harishena. The inscription is a panegyric praising Samudragupta and lists the political
and military achievements of his reign including his expeditions to the south. It provides a
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unique snapshot of the Gupta empire and its neighbors and is the source of much of what is
known of the geopolitical landscape of that era. It mentions him as kaviraja for his poetic and
other literary works.
53.A
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In the first Battle of Waihind of 1001-02 AD was fought between Mahmud of Ghazni and Hindu
shahi ruler Jaiapala. It was a battle of cavalry and skillful military tactics. Jayapal was severely
routed by Mahmud’s forces and his capital of Waihind/Peshawar was devastated. And second
Battle of Waihind in 1008-09 AD was fought between Mahmud of Ghazni and Hindu shahi ruler
Anandapala. In this battle, Anandpala had organized a confederacy of rulers of Ujjain,
Gwalior,Kalinjar, Kannauj, Delhi and Ajmer, but the alliance was defeated by Ghazni.
54.C
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
Varāhamihira's most notable work was the Brihat Samhita, an encyclopedia work on
architecture, temples, planetary motions, eclipses, timekeeping, astrology, seasons, cloud
formation, rainfall, agriculture, mathematics, gemology, perfumes and many other topics. The
agrarian society was well developed during Gupta period and scientific procedure for growing
crops, usage of manure etc are detailed in Brihat Samhita and Amarkosa
The Mandasor inscription ascribed to Vattasbhatta gives details about the guilds of
weaver, and corporate activities of the period. There was detailed rules and regulations for
governing trade activities in gupta era which was detailed in Narada Smrithi and Brihaspati
Smriti.
Naradasmṛti is a part of the Dharmasastras, an Indian literary tradition that serves as a
collection of legal maxims relating to the topic of dharma. This text is purely juridical in character
in that it focuses solely on procedural and substantive law.
55.D
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56.C
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Officials of Gupta administration:
Nagar sethis- Chief of guilds of traders and bankers.
Sarthavaha – Head of guild of traders.
Prathamakulika – Chief of artisans.
Prathamakayastha – Chief of scribe.
Adhisthanadhikarana – Office of chief secretary.
Diwani-i-insha is department for correspondence, which is introduced by Qutub Ud din Aibak.
Diwan-i-risalat is department for religious affairs and introduced by Qutub ud din Aibak.
Diwan-i-muniha is department for intelligence and spy, introduced by Alauddin Khilji.
Diwan-i-wizarat is department of finance. Which is introduced by Mahmud of Ghori.
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57.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
The Governor of Iraq sent Muhammad-bin-Qasim to India, and He Conquered Sind with the
permission of Caliph Walid. Dahir the ruler of Sind was defeated by Qasim and, Sind and Multan
were captured. This paved the way for Islam into India.
The art of administration, astronomy, music, painting, medicine and architecture were learnt by
Arabs from our land and they spread astronomy, Indian Philosophy, and numerals to Europe.
58.D
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All the statements are incorrect.
The appearance of the Rajputras identified from Bakshali manuscript of North West Frontier
Province (NWFP).
The chief weakness of the Rajput military was their backwardness in the field of military
technology. At the same time Turks who were fully conversant with the mounted archery and
its strategic use in warfare. This was one main reason for victory of Turks over Rajputs.
However, Rajputs used mechanical devices like Munjaniqs and Arradas a machine which used
to hurl heavy stone over enemies.
The ministerial council acted as a consultative body on all the important matters of policy. The
office of the ministers was generally hereditary. These hereditary positions made society feudal.
The powerful feudatories tried to declare themselves as independent in the hour of weak
position of king.
Rajput kept inter-clan relationships which governing the distribution of power consolidated
the structure of Rajput polity.
59.D
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Mohammed of Ghori started his campaign in india from 1175 AD. Initially he annexed Multan
and Ucch. Bhima I (reign: 1022–1064 CE) was a Chaulukya king who ruled parts of presentday Gujarat, India. He was involved with the invasion from Mahmud of Ghazni.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Both first and second battle of Tarain was fought between Mohammed of Ghori and Prithviraj
Chauhan. While Prithviraj won in first battle, Mohammed of Ghori thoroughly defeated and
killed Prithviraj in second battle.
60.B
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
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Muhammad bin Qasim of Ummayid dynasty of Saudi Arabia, captured Sindh from the Hindu
ruler Dahir. Qasim ruled India for four years. As a matter of principle and policy, even after
getting a series of victories in Sindh, Qasim did not blindly lead to en-masse conversion of
Hindus to Islam.
Statement 2 >> Correct
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Though the Arab conquest in Debal and Multan of Sindh were followed by massacre, he had
given socio-cultural and religious freedom to the defeated population.
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61.A
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Rajendra Chola I succeeded his father Rajaraja Chola I. The powerful standing army and a great
navy organized under Rajaraja Chola I achieved even greater successes under Rajendra Chola.
He led a campaign on Illam(Sri Lanka). The Powerful navy of Rajendra Chola I overran the Sri
Lanka. Victory over the Chalukyas, Kalinga, Gangas and Palas etc. led him to assume the title
“Gangaikonda“. Gangaikonda Cholapuram was constructed by him to commemorate this victory
in northern plains.
Cholas had good relations with the contemporary Chinese Kingdoms and the commercial trade
was extensive between them. The Naval forces of Rajendra Cola I crossed the ocean into south
eastern side and attacked the Srivijaya Kingdom (Sumatra) present day Indonasia and Kedah in
today’s Malaysia was also attacked and occupied.
62.D
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
The Pallava society was based on Aryan culture. The Pallava kings had considered themselves
as representative of god.
The caste system became rigid in society during pallavas.
Brahmins were greatly patronised by the kings, and they received land and villages. This was
called Brahmadeya. The Brahmin status greatly enhanced during this reign.
63.D
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
There were two types of villages at the local level in the Chola empire. One type of village
consisted of people from different caste and the assembly which ran this type of village was
called ‘ur’.
The second type of village was ‘agrahara’ types of village which were settled by Brahmins in
which most of the land was rent-free. The assembly of this agrahara type of village was a
gathering of the adult men in brahmana villages called ‘Sabha’ or ‘mahasabha’.
These villages enjoyed a large measure of autonomy. The affairs of the village were managed by
an executive committee, to which educated person owning property were elected by drawing lots
or by rotation. These members had to retire every three years. These members had to retire every
three years. There were other committees for helping in the assessment and collection of land
revenue for the maintenance of law and order, justice etc.
64.D
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
The first battle of Tarain was fought in 1191 between Muhammad Ghori, and Rajput king
Prithviraj Chauhan. Mahmud of Ghazni not involved in the battle of Tarain.
Rajputs led by Prithviraj won the first battle.
In the 2nd Battle of Tarain in 1192, Muhammad Ghori thoroughly routed the army of Phritviraj,
who was captured and killed.
65.B
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Pair 1 >> Correct
In Sufism there are many terms for the teacher and guide like Pir or Sheikh whose main task was
to transmit the teachings to the student, i.e. the Murid.
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Pair 2 >> Incorrect
Tazkiras refers to the biographical accounts of saints. The authors of the tazkiras often sought to
establish the precedence of their own orders and glorify their spiritual genealogies. They are of
great value for historians and help them to understand more fully the nature of the tradition. The
most famous tazkira is the Akhbar-ul-Akhyar of Abdul Haqq Muhaddis Dehlavi
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Maktubat refers to a collections of letters. They were written by Sufi masters to their disciples and
associates. They tell us about the Sheikh’s experience of religious truth that he wanted to share
with others. They also reflect the life conditions of the recipients. For example Maktubat-i Imam
Rabbani of the Naqshbandi Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi.
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66.D
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Statements 1 and 2 >>Incorrect
Mahendravarman had an on-going rivalry and battles with of Chalukya dynasty. However, he
could not defeat the Pulakeshin-II of Chalukya and he died in a battle with them.
Narasimhavarman-I was the son and successor of Mahendravarman considered as the greatest
ruler of Pallava dynasty. He defeated and killed Pulakesin II in 642 AD. He took control of Vatapi,
the Chalukya capital and assumed the title ‘Vatapikonda’.
67.B
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Statements 1 and 3 >> Incorrect
Rashtrakuta’s administration was decentralized and divided rashtras (provinces) which is
controlled by rashtrapatis. And this Rashtras divided into vishayas or districts governed
by vishayapatis. The decisions are not taken directly by king but, it is decentralized. village
assemblies Played a significant role in village administration.
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Amoghavarsha considered as the greatest Rashtrakuta ruler. However, Kailashnath temple of
Ellora, is built by Rashtrakuta ruler Krishna-I.
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Statement 2 >> Correct
The mother tongue of Rashtrakutas was Kannada. During the period of the Rashtrakutas, the
Kannada literature saw its beginning. Kavirajamarga composed by Amogavarsha’s was the first
poetic work in the Kannada language. However, they widely patronized the Sanskrit literature
too.
Approach: Indeed, the word ‘ALL’ in the statement is an extreme word, which can be eliminated.
68.B
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Dagh and Chehara were two reforms in the army which were introduced by Alauddin Khilji.
Dagh was a system whereby horses were branded according to their quality which will prevent
substitution of good horses to the inferior one. Chehra was the system of noting down of physical
appearances of soldiers.
69.B
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The Hoysalas paved the way for the rise of Mysore into a big kingdom. This empire ruled almost
all the present-day Karnataka between the 11th to mid of the 14th century. Their capital was
Belur which was later shifted to Halebidu.
Statement 2 >> Correct
This period was a very important era for the development of the art, architecture and religion in
the Southern countries. The Hoyasala Empire contributed in the growth of both the Kannada
and Sanskrit literature.
70.B
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Statemens 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
Chalukyas had a well-organized and strong army and they were great maritime power too.
This period witnessed great developments in Kannada and Telugu literature. At the same time
Sanskrit along with the local languages thrived. An inscription dated 7th century mentions
Sanskrit as the language of the elite whereas Kannada was the language of the masses.
Statement 3 >> Correct
Though the Chalukya kings were Hindus, they were tolerant of Buddhism and Jainism.
71.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
The officers appointed to various administrative departments collectively known as Iqta holders.
Iqta holders were supposed to provide horses, soldiers to the central army whenever it was
required.
72.D
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73.B
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Statement 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
Administration during the Delhi Sultanate was completely dependent on Shariat or the laws of
Islam. The Central administration of the Delhi Sultanate followed a very systematic and wellplanned administration procedure which was run by different ministers who had specific work
assigned to them.
Local administration was vague and undefined and basically traditional system. Village was the
smallest unit of administration. Village administration carried out by local hereditary officers.
Central government provided autonomy for the officers in the administration of villages.
Gias ud din Balbun, is considered as the strongest ruler of slave dynasty. He was an autocratic
ruler with iron and blood policy. To attain respect to sultan he propagated the divine origin
theory of kingship. He depicted himself as the shadow of god. He introduced Iranian etiquettes
in his court.
Sijda: Prostration (bowing down in front of sultan).
Paibos: Kissing the feet of sultan.
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74.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
Iltutmish considered as the real founder of Delhi sultanate. He took many initiatives to
consolidate the sultanate. Transfer of capital from Lahore to Delhi is one of them.
He released the official currency of Delhi sultanate on the lines of Arabian currency. Which were
Tanka (silver) and Gittal (Copper).
75.D
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Incorrect
Muhammed-bin-Tughlaq’s initiatives in taxation failed due to various reason. He increased tax
rate by 50% in Ganga Yamuna doab, but later it withdrawed due to a revolt of farmers followed
by drought.
He led many military expeditions. Some of them were disastrous. Especially the one to Tibet.
Dar-ul-Shafa (Hospitals), and Diwan-i-khairat (department for charity) were established by Firoz
shah Thuglaq.
76.B
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77.B
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Diwan-i-amir-kohi was introduced by Mohammed Bin Tughlaq for the betterment of farmers and
agriculture.
Statement 2 >> Correct
Firoz Sha Tughlaq made Iqta system hereditary in nature in order to attain support of officials.
Many historians considered as this was a reason for decline of sultanate and strengthening of
feudatory society.
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The First battle of Panipat (1526) was fought between Zahiruddin Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi.
Despite having a strongest army during that time of the world, Babur managed to win over Lodhi.
Statement 2 >> Correct
For the first in India, gun powder was operated from Canons, this with intelligent war strategy
like Tulugma, helped babur to defeat Lodhi.
78.D
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Incorrect
Sikandar Lodhi, not (Ibrahim) founded the city of Agra and transferred the capital from Delhi to
Agra.
Gaj-i-sikandari was a unit of measurement introduced during the reign of Sikandar Lodhi.
Which was roughly equal to 32 inches.
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79.B
• Sufism is a form of Islamic mysticism that emphasizes introspection and spiritual closeness with
God. In the early centuries of Islam, a group of religious-minded people called Sufis turned to
asceticism and mysticism in protest against the growing materialism of the Caliphate as a religious
and political institution.
Statement 3 >> Incorrect
Sufis were Muslim mystics. They rejected outward religiosity and emphasized love and devotion
to God and compassion towards all fellow human beings.
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Statement 2 >> Correct
They were critical of the dogmatic definitions and scholastic methods of interpreting the Qur‘an
and Sunna (traditions of the Prophet) adopted by theologians. Instead, they laid emphasis on
seeking salvation through intense devotion and love for God by following His commands, and by
following the example of the Prophet Muhammad whom they regarded as a perfect human being.
The Sufis thus sought an interpretation of the Qur’an on the basis of their personal experience.
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Statement 1>> Incorrect
A major feature of the Sufi tradition was austerity, including maintaining a distance from worldly
power. However, this was by no means a situation of absolute isolation from political power. The
Sufis accepted unsolicited grants and donations from the political elites. The Sultans, in turn, set
up charitable trusts as endowments for hospices and granted tax-free land (inam).
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80.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
Nayanars are devotees of Shiva and Alvars are devotees of Vishnu. The Nayanars were a group
of 63 saints living in Tamil Nadu during the 6th to 8th centuries CE who were devoted to the
Hindu god Shiva. Along with the Alwars, their contemporaries who were devoted to Vishnu,
they influenced the Bhakti movement in early medieval South India.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
These saints composed their works in Tamil and other languages of the area.
The writings of these saints were collected into 11 volumes under the name Tirumurais in the
early part of 12th century. They are considered sacred and are looked upon as fifth Veda.
81.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
Guru Granth Sahib is the religious scripture of Sikhism, regarded by the Sikhs as the final,
sovereign, and eternal living Guru following the lineage of the ten human Gurus of the Sikh
religion. It has excerpts from various other bhakti and sufi saints like Baba Farid, Surdas, and
Kabir etc.
Statement 2>> Incorrect
Pushti marg (“the path of Grace”) is a Vaishnav set of the Hinduism, founded by Vallabhacharya
(also known as Mahaprabhuji) around 1500 AD. Vallabhacharya is one of the six main Acharyas
of the Bhakti tradition of Hinduism. He propagated the philosophy of Shuddhadvaita which forms
the basis of Pushtimarg devotional practice.
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Madhavacharya from Kannada region propagated Dvaita or Dualism of Jivatma and Paramatma.
He was the proponent of Tattavada Philosophy of reality. According to him, world is not an illusion
but a reality.
82.D
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Baba Guru Nanak (1469-1539)
He was born in a Hindu family in a village called Talwandi Rai Bhoe, near Lahore (later renamed
as Nankana Sahib) near the river Ravi in the predominantly Muslim Punjab. He was the founder
of Sikhism and the first of the ten Sikh Gurus. The message of Baba Guru Nanak is spelt out in
his hymns and teachings which suggest that he advocated a form of Nirguna (formless) bhakti.
Baba Guru Nanak did not wish to establish a new religion, but after his death his followers
consolidated their own religious practices and distinguished themselves from both Hindus and
Muslims.
Statement 3 >> Incorrect
His written compositions were included in Adi Granth compiled by Guru Arjan (1563-1606), the
fifth Sikh guru. The Gurudwara Kartarpur Sahib, near Lahore in Pakistan, was the first
Gurudwara setup by Guru Nanak. It is here where the guru lived the last 18 years of his life and
also his final resting place.
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The words “Guru-Mukhi” literally mean “from the mouth of the guru”. It was created in the 16 th
century by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad, to write the Punjabi language.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Guru Nanak was the contemporary of Mughal Emperor Babur.
83.A
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Statements 1 >> Correct
Bhajan is a popular form of devotional singing prevalent in North India. It is usually sung in
temples in praise of god or is addresses as a plea to him. Bhajans are usually sung in groups.
There is a lead singer who sings the first line or stanza and is followed by chorus. The saints of
the Bhakti movement are credited with pioneering many forms of bhajans, starting with the south
Indian bhakti pioneers, but bhajans have been widely composed anonymously and shared as a
musical and arts tradition.
Statement 2>> Incorrect
Gandhiji’s favorite Bhajan “Vaishnava Jana To” which inspired his ideals of non-violence and
social cause was written by Narsi Mehta, who was a bhakti poet of 15th century.
Statement 3>> Incorrect
Bhajans aren’t exclusive to Hinduism. The Sikh tradition places major emphasis on devotional
worship to formless God, and Bhajans are a part of this worship – known as Shabad Kirtan.
Similarly, Jainism also has Bhajans. Meera, Kabir, Surdas, Tulsidas, Guru Nanak and Narsi
Mehta are some of the most significant names in bhajan singing.
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84.C
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Statement 3 >> Incorrect
Nimbarka, a Telugu Brahmin, is believed to have been a younger contemporary of Ramanuja (11th
century). He spent most of his time in Vrindavan near Mathura in North India. He believed in total
devotion to Krishna and Rama. The Mughal Emperor Akbar lived from 1542-1605.
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Bhedabheda or difference- nondifference philosophy is one of the five schools of Vedanta
propounded by Nimbarka.
Another form of Bhedabheda is Achintya Bhedabheda propounded by Chaitanya Mahapurush.
Chaitanya Mahapurush was a Bhakti saint from West Bengal. His bhakti movement was founded
on the Bhedabheda philosophy of Nimbarka. He said that as the relation of Brahman with the
world was both different and non-different, this relation could not be known or imagined by the
mind hence ‘Achintya’ (Unthinkable).
Statement 2 >> Correct
Nimbarka wrote Vedanta-Parijatasourabha, a commentary on the Brahma Sutra, in simple
language. Nimbarka also wrote Dasa Sloki, which deals with three realities (tri-tattava) –Brahma
(Krishna), Soul (Chit) and matter (Achit).
85.D
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Statements 1, 2 and 3 >> Correct
The Mughals paid attention to roads and sarais, which made communication easier. A uniform
tax was levied on goods at the point of their entry into the empire. Rahdari (a transit duty, a toll)
or Road cesses was declared illegal, though it continued to be collected by some of the local rajas
(Kings).
The Mughals introduced silver rupees of high purity, which became a standard coin in India and
abroad that helped in the growth of India’s trade as well.
The ‘Sarrafs’ (Shroff) specialized in changing money, keeping money in deposit or lending it, or
transmitting it from one part of the country to the other by means of ‘hundi’. The ‘hundi’ was a
letter of credit payable after a certain period. The use of hundis made it easier to move goods or
to transmit money from one part of the country to another.
86.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
The right of ownership of Zamindars regarding the land depended mainly on succession.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
The people who settle in a new village or who brought wastelands under cultivation, belong to the
respective villages. These villagers became the owners of these lands.
The considerable section of the zamindars had the hereditary right of collecting land revenue from
their respective villages. This was called his ‘Talluqa’ or his ‘Zamnidari’.
For collecting the land revenue, the zamindars received a share of land revenue which could go
up to 25%. Zamindars had enormous tracts of land and control over their peasants, from whom
they reserved the right to collect tax on behalf of imperial courts or for military purposes.
The zamindars were not necessarily “owner” of all the lands over which he collected the land
revenue. The peasants who actually cultivated the land could not be dispossessed as long as they
paid the land revenue. Thus the zamindars and the peasants, both had their own hereditary rights
in land.
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87.B
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Statement 2 >> Correct
About 15% of Indian population lived in urban areas during the Mughal rule. It was higher than
both during the Sultanate period as well as British India till Independence.
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Main feature of the rural society was its highly stratified nature. People were divided and grouped
on the basis of various factors such as residential status, caste, position as an office holder etc.
While there were considerable differences in their material status, the material situation was not
the primary factor in fixing their position in society.
Statement 3 >> Correct
The city was divided into wards or Mohallas in which people of one caste or profession generally
lived, though we have Mohallas at Delhi consisting of both Hindus and Muslims.
88.C
Correct Chronological order: 1-2-4-3.
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Battle of Chausa, 1539 was fought between the Mughal Emperor, Humanyun and the Afghan,
Sher Shah Sur. Sher Shah defeated Humayun in the Battle of Chausa and became the ruler of
Delhi.
The second Battle of Panipat was fought in 1556, between the forces of Hemu Chandra
Vikramaditya, the king at Delhi and the forces of Emperor Akbar. Hemu was captured and
subsequently beheaded for going against the caliphate. The battle ended in a decisive victory for
Akbar.
Battle of Samugarh was a decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of
succession (1657-1658) between the sons of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. This battle was
fought between Shah Jahan’s sons Dara Shikoh and his two younger brothers Aurangzeb and
Murud Baksh.
Battle of Haldighati was a battle fought in 1576 between cavalry and archers supporting the Rana
of Mewar, Maharana Pratap and the Mughal emperor Akbar’s forces, led by Man Singh I of Amber.
The Mughals were the victors and inflicted significant causalities among the Mewaris but failed to
capture Pratap, who escaped.
89.B
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Statement 1 >> Correct
Abul Fazl wrote in a language that was ornate and which attached importance to diction and
rhythm, as texts were often read aloud. This Indo- Persian style was patronised at court, and there
were large number of writers who wanted to write like Abul Fazl.
Statement 2>> Incorrect
The Akbar Nama is divided into three books of which the first two are chronicles. The third book
is the Ain-i-Akbari.
Statement 3>> Correct
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In the Ain-i-Akbari the Mughal Empire is presented as having a diverse population consisting of
Hindus, Jains, Buddhists and Muslims and a composite culture.
Statement 4>> Correct
Ain-i-Akbari embodies Ains or rules and regulations framed and put into effect for proper
administration by Akbar. It is regarded as an administrative manual and is like a modern
gazetteer. The regulations embodied in the Ain-i-Akbari provide information about Akbar's
government, and several departments, its different ranks etc.
90.A
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Statements 1 and 3 >> Correct
Akbar’s Rajput policy was combined with a broad religious toleration. He abolished the pilgrim tax
and later Jiziya.
One by one, all Rajput states submitted to Akbar. But the Ranas of Mewar continued to defy
despite several defeats. In the Battle of Haldighati, Rana Pratap Singh was severely defeated by
the Akbar’s Mughal army led by Man Singh in 1576.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Akbar made some experiments in the land revue administration with the help of Raja Todar Mal.
The land revenue system of Akbar was called Zabti or Bandobast system. It was further improved
by Raja Todar Mal. It was known as Dahsala system which was completed in 1580. By this system,
Todar Mal introduced a uniform system of land measurement. The revenue was fixed on the
average yield of the land assessed on the basis of past ten years.
91.A
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Statement 1 >> Correct
In 1580 Akbar with the help of Raja Todar Mal his chief revenue officer instituted the Dahsala
system. Under this system, the average produce of different crops as well as the average prices
prevailing over the last ten years were calculated. One third was the state share.
Statement 2 >> Correct
Under the Dahsala system, each province was divided into revenue circles called dasturs with own
schedule of revenue rates for individual crops. Thus the price rate calculated for a crop varied with
region.
Statement 3 >> Incorrect
Dahsala was not a ten year settlement nor was it a permanent one. The statement retained the
rights to modify the rates. This prevented flexibility for the state and provinces to collect revenue.
92.B
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Statement 1 >> Correct
Francois Bernier was closely associated with the Mughal court, as a physician to Prince Dara
Shukoh, the eldest son of Emperor Shah Jahan, and later as an intellectual and scientist, with
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Danishmand Khan, an Armenian noble at the Mughal court. He was witness to the fierce war of
succession among the sons of Shah Jahan.
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Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Jats and Satnamis raised the banner of rebellion during the reign of Aurangzeb.
Statement 3 >> Correct
In 1639, Shah Jahan shifted his capital from Agra to Delhi and called the new capital as
Shahjahanabad. It was a planned city. At the centre of this settlement was Qila-i-Mubarak, the
palace-fortress. The city was encircled with a wall with 14 gates, from where Shahjahanabad
gets its sobriquet of Walled City.
Statement 4 >> Correct
Monthly scale (Month-ratio or Month-scale system) was introduced in Mansabdari system by
Shahjahan. It was a new scaling device under which the salaries of mansabdars were put on a
month scale, ten months, eight months, six months or even less. The monthly scale system was
applied to both jagirs and those who were paid in cash.
93.B
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
Sulh-i-kul is an Arabic term literally meaning “peace with all”, “universal peace”, or “absolute
peace”, drawn from a Sufi mystic principle. Sulh-i-kul was originally used during Akbar’s reign
and sometimes after him in the Mughal court and among some Sufi movements in India.
Statement 2 >> Correct
The concept implies not just tolerance, but also the sorts of balance, civility, respect, and
compromise required to maintain harmony among a diverse population. It focused on the system
of ethics that was universally acceptable; like honesty, justice and peace.
94.C
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Statements 1 and 2 >> Correct
The Svetambaras list the following eight auspicious symbols under Jainsim:
Swastika signifies peace and well-being of the humans.
Nandyavartya is a large swastika with nine end points.
Bhadrasana is a throne said to be sanctified by Jaina's feet.
Shrivasta rerfers to a mark manifested on Jaina's chest and signified his pure soul.
Darpana refers to a mirror which reflects inner self.
Minayugala: a couple of fish which signifies the conuest over sexual urges.
Vardhamanaka: a shallow dish used as lamp ehich shows the increase in wealth, due and merit.
Kalasha: a pot filled with pure water.
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95.B
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
In 1679, Aurangzeb re-imposed the Jizya and the pilgrim tax.
Statement 2 >> Incorrect
Aurangzeb forbade the celebration of festival of Nauroj, practices of Jaharokha Darshan and Tuladan and put an end to music in the royal court. He banned the cultivation of bhang, drinking
alcohol and gambling.
Statement 3 >> Correct
He appointed Muhtasibs for the regulation of moral conduct.
96.C
Various factors contributed to the rise of Marathas in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
The physical environment of the Maratha country shaped certain peculiar qualities among the
Marathas.
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All the statements are correct
The mountainous region and dense forests made it possible for the Marathas to adopt guerilla
warfare very successfully.
The broken ranges of the hills in the Maratha countryside provided natural forts hence they built
a number of forts on the mountains. The invaders were prone to sudden attacks from the forts
located on the top of the hills.
The spread of Bhakti movement in Maharashtra inculcated a spirit of religious unity among them.
The spiritual leaders like Tukaram, Ramdas, Vaman Pandit and Eknath fostered social unity. For
example, Eknath taught the Marathas to take pride in their mother tongue which helped in
bringing a sense of commonness and unity among the Marathas.
97.B
Shivaji was a great administrator. He laid the foundations of a sound system of administration.
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Statements 1 and 3 >> Correct
He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan.
Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted
of about 30000 to 40000 cavalries supervised by Havaildars. They were given fixed salaries.
Statement 2>> Incorrect
Shivaji (1674–1680) was the contemporary of Aurangzeb.
98.A
Correct Chronological order:1-3-2-4 (Sangama-Saluva-Tuluva-Aravidu)
• The Vijayanagara Empire was based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. The empire is
named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a
World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother
Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty.
• The first dynasty, the Sangama, lasted until about 1485, when at a time of pressure from the
Bahmanī sultan and the raja of Orissa, Narasimha of the Saluva dynasty usurped power.
• By 1503 the Saluva dynasty had been supplanted by the Tuluva dynasty. The outstanding Tuluva
king was Krishna Deva Raya. During his reign (1509–29) the land between the Tungabhadra and
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Krishna rivers (the Raichur doab) was acquired (1512), the Orissa Hindus were subdued by the
capture of Udayagiri (1514) and other towns, and severe defeats were inflicted on the Bijapur
sultan(1520).
Krishna Deva’s successors, however, allowed their enemies to unite against them. In 1565 Rama
Raya, the chief minister of Vijayanagar, led the empire into the fatal battle at Talikota, in which
its army was routed by the combined forces of the Muslim states of Bijapur, Ahmadnagar, and
Golconda and the city of Vijayanagar was destroyed.
Tirumala, , brother of Rama Raya, then seized control of the empire and founded the Aravidu
dynasty, which established a new capital at Penukonda and kept the empire intact for a time
99.A
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Statement 1 >> Incorrect
The Vijayanagara Kings claimed to rule on behalf of the god Virupaksha. All royal orders were
signed as Shri Virupaksha usually in the Kannada script. Ruler’s also indicated their close links
with the Gods by using the title-Hindu Suratranal. This was a sanskritisation of the Arabic term
Sultan, meaning king. So, it literally meant Hindu Sultan.
Statements 2 and 3 >> Correct
Land revenue was the main source of income. The land was carefully surveyed and taxes were
collected based on the fertility of the soil. Great attention was paid to agriculture and the
construction of dams and canals. Besides land revenue, tributes and gifts from vassals and feudal
chiefs, customs collected at the ports, taxes on various professions were other sources of income
to the government.
Foreign traveler Niccolo Conti refers to the prevalence of Slavery in Vijayanagara Empire.
100.B
Statement 1 >> Incorrect
• The Bahmani kingdom reached its peak under the guidance of Mahmud Gawan.
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Statement 2>> Correct
The administrative reforms of Mahmud Gawan were important. They were aimed to increase the
control of Sultan over the nobles and provinces. Royal officers were appointed in each province for
this purpose. Most of the forts were under the control of these officers. Allowances were reduced
to the nobles who shirked their responsibility.
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