BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE
DESTROYERS
DEVESH MUKHERJEE
1.EVOLUTION OF DESTROYERS [1]
1.1Introduction
A destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels
in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against powerful short range attackers.
1.2History of Evolution
They were originally developed in the late 19th century as a defense against torpedo boats, and
by 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBDs) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed
torpedo boats Although the term "destroyer" had been used interchangeably with "TBD" and
"torpedo boat destroyer" by navies since 1892, the term "torpedo boat destroyer" had been
generally shortened to simply "destroyer" by nearly all navies by the First World War[2]
Before World War II, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean
operations; typically a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together.
After the war, the advent of the guided missile allowed destroyers to take on the surface
combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers. This resulted in larger and more
powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation.
At the start of the 21st century, destroyers are the global standard for surface
combatant ships. Modern guided missile destroyers are equivalent in tonnage but vastly
superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, and are capable of carrying nucleartipped cruise missiles. In fact, guided missile destroyers such as the Arleigh Burke-class are
actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile
cruisers.
Torpedo boat
2. BMD DESTROYERS [3]
Currently the only ship based BMD is the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (Aegis
BMD or ABMD) which is a United States Department of Defense Missile Defense
Agency program developed to provide missile defense against short to intermediaterange ballistic missiles. Aegis BMD (also known as Sea-Based Midcourse) is designed to
intercept ballistic missiles post-boost phase and prior to reentry. It enables warships to shoot
down enemy ballistic missiles by expanding the Aegis Combat System with the addition of
the AN/SPY-1 radar and Standard missile technologies. Aegis BMD-equipped vessels can
transmit their target detection information to the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense system
and, if needed, engage potential threats using the RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 (SM-3) midcourse interceptors and the RIM-156 Standard Missile 2 Extended Range Block IV (SM-2 Block
IV)or RIM-174 Standard Extended Range Active Missile (SM-6) terminal-phase interceptors.
3. ARMAMENT SUPPORTING A BMD [3]
3.1Missile technology
RIM-161 Standard Missile 3 is mid-course interceptors and the RIM-156 Standard Extended
Range Block IV (SM-2ER Block IV) terminal-phase interceptors developed by Raytheon.
The Standard Missile 3 is a development of the SM2-ER Block IV, capable of intercepting
ballistic missiles above the atmosphere (i.e., exo-atmospheric intercept) during the midcourse
phase of a hostile ballistic missile's flight. The missile is launched from the MK 41 vertical
launching system (VLS) of the warships. It receives in-flight target updates from the ship. The
kinetic warhead (KW) is designed to destroy a ballistic missile's warhead with more than 130
megajoules of kinetic energy by colliding with it. The existing SM-3 Block IA version will be
upgraded to SM-3 Block IB, SM-3 Block IIA and SM-3 Block IIB to counter future ballistic missile
threats.
The SM-2 Block IV can engage the ballistic missiles within the atmosphere
(i.e., endoatmospheric intercept) in the terminal phase of a missile's trajectory. The missile
carries a blast fragmentation warhead.
The SM-2ER Block IV was further developed in a new extended range RIM-174 Standard
ERAM (Standard Missile 6), which adds an active radar homing seeker. The RIM-174 Standard
ERAM SM-6 is a dual-capability missile that can be used for either air defense (i.e., countering
aircraft and anti-ship cruise missiles) or ballistic missile defense.
3.1Radar technology
Radar technology is vital in any BMD as it assists the ship to track and detect any incoming
threat and then deploys the needful counter measure. Ships installed with Aegis BMD use the
following variants of radar systems across various classes of ships:



AN/SPY -1[4] is a United States Navy 3D radar system manufactured
by Lockheed Martin. The array is a passive electronically scanned system and is a key
component of the Aegis Combat System. The system is computer controlled, using four
complementary antennas to provide 360-degree coverage. The system was first
installed in 1973 on USS Norton Sound and entered active service in 1983 as the SPY-1A
on USS Ticonderoga.
AN/SPY-6(V)1[5]AMDR (Air and Missile Defense Radar)an active electronically scanned
array[5] air and missile defense active electronically scanned array 3D radar under
development for the United States Navy (USN).4-sided phased array radar with 37
RMAs. It is capable of detecting targets half the size at twice the distance. It is capable
of simultaneous defence against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, air and surface threats,
as well as performing electronic warfare.AN/SPY-6(V)1 is planned for the Flight III
[[Arleigh Burke-class destroyers]].
AN/SPY-6(V) 4[5]: A 4-sided phased array radar with 24 RMAs. Similarly, to AN/SPY-6(V)
1, it is capable of simultaneous defense against ballistic missiles, cruise missiles, air and
surface threats, as well as performing electronic warfare planned to be retrofitted on
Flight IIA Arleigh Burke-class destroyers.
BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENCE ACROSS THE WORLD
SL COUNTRY TYPE
No.
SYSTEM
SHIP
NO. OF
SHIPS
OPS
CG 47
DDG 51
DDG 100
-
22
34
3
1
USA
SEA
BASED
AEGIS
2
USA
PATRIOT,THAAD
3
RUSSIA
LAND
BASED
LAND
BASED
4
CHINA
5
INDIA
6
TURKEY
7
UK
9
ISRAEL
10
TAIWAN
11
JAPAN
12
JAPAN
13
SPAIN
14
NORWAY
S-300, S-400,
S-500(DEVELOPMENT)
LAND
S-300, S-400(RUSSIA)
BASED
LAND AAD (ASHWINI ADVANCED
BASED AIR DEFENCE),PAD (PRITHVI ADVANCE
AIR DEFENCE),SPYDER(ISRAEL),BARAK
S-400 (RUSSIA),NASAMS-2(US)
LAND
S-400 (RUSSIA)
BASED
LAND
RAPIER FSC
BASED
LAND
IRON DOME, PAC-2, ARROW-2,3
BASED
LAND
BASED
LAND
BASED
SEA
BASED
LAND
BASED
LAND
BASED
-
-
PAC-3
-
PAC-3
-
AEGIS
ATAGO
KONGO
PAC-2
NASAMS
2
4
4. SHIPS USING BMD ACROSS THE GLOBE
Although there are quite a few countries with land based BMDs but only one ship based BMD in
the world currently there are a hand few ships operating with it , most of them are with US
Navy and some have been installed in Japan Maritime Self Defense Force warships as well. Here
are the ships using BMDs currently in all parts of the world.
4.1Ticonderoga class (USA) [6]
The Ticonderoga class of guided-missile cruisers is a class of warships in the United States Navy.
The class uses passive phased-array radar and was originally planned as a class of destroyers.
However, the increased combat capability offered by the Aegis Combat System and
the AN/SPY-1 radar system changed the classification from DDG (guided missile destroyer) to
CG (guided-missile cruiser) shortly before the keels were laid down for Ticonderoga.
USS Bunker Hill - Ticonderoga class
General characteristics
Name:
Active:
Type:
Displacement:
Length:
Beam:
Draft:
Propulsion:
Ticonderoga class
22
Guided missile cruiser
Approx. 9,600 long tons (9,800 t) full load
173 m
16.8 meters
10.2 meters
 4 × General Electric LM2500 gas
turbine engines
 2 × controllable-reversible pitch
propellers
Speed:
Range:
Complement:
Sensors and
processing systems:
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
Armament:
 2 × rudders
32.5 knots (60 km/h; 37.4 mph)
6,000 nmi (11,000 km) at 20 kn (37 km/h);
3,300 nmi (6,100 km) at 30 kn (56 km/h).
30 officers and 300 enlisted
 AN/SPY-1A/B multifunction radar
 AN/SPS-49 air search radar
 AN/SPG-62 fire control radar
 AN/SPS-73 surface search radar
 AN/SPQ-9 gun fire control radar
 AN/SLQ-32 Electronic Warfare
Suite
 AN/SQQ-89(V)1/3 - A(V)15 Sonar
suite, consisting of:
o AN/SQS-53B/C/D active
sonar
o AN/SQR-19 TACTAS,
AN/SQR-19B ITASS, &
MFTA passive sonar
o AN/SQQ-28 light
airborne multi-purpose
system
 Mark 36 SRBOC
 AN/SLQ-25 Nixie
 CG-47—51
 2 × Mk 26 missile launchers
 68 × RIM-66 SM-2
 20 × RUR-5 ASROC
 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon missiles
 2 × 5 in (127 mm)/54 caliber
Mark 45 lightweight gun
 2–4 × .50 in (12.7 mm) cal.
machine gun
 2 × Phalanx CIWS
 2 × Mk 32 12.75 in (324
mm) triple torpedo tubes
 CG-52—73
 2 × 61 cell Mk 41 vertical launch
systems containing
o 122 × mix of:
 RIM-66M-5
Standard SM-2MR
Block IIIB
 RIM-156A SM2ER Block IV
 RIM-161 SM-3
 RIM-162A ESSM
 RIM-174A
Standard ERAM
 BGM-109
Tomahawk
 RUM-139A VLASROC
 8 × RGM-84 Harpoon missiles
 2 × 5 in (127 mm)/62 caliber
Mark 45 Mod 4 lightweight gun
 2 × 25 mm (0.98 in) Mk 38 gun
 2–4 × .50 in (12.7 mm) cal.
machine gun
 2 × Phalanx CIWS Block 1B
 2 × Mk 32 12.75 in (324
mm) triple torpedo tubes
4.2Arleigh Burke class (USA) [7]
The Arleigh Burke class of guided missile destroyers (DDGs) is a United States Navy class of
destroyer built around the Aegis Combat System and the SPY-1D multifunction passive
electronically scanned array radar.
These warships were designed as multimission destroyers,able to fulfill the strategic land strike
role with Tomahawk missiles; antiaircraft warfare (AAW) role with powerful Aegis
radar and surface-to-air missiles; antisubmarine warfare (ASW) with towed sonar array, antisubmarine rockets, and ASW helicopter; and antisurface warfare (ASuW) with Harpoon
missile launcher. With upgrades to their AN/SPY-1 phased radar systems and their associated
missile payloads as part of the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, the ships of this class also
demonstrate some promise as mobile antiballistic missile and anti-satellite weaponry
platforms, operating on 15 ships . Some versions of the class no longer have the towed sonar,
or Harpoon missile launcher. Their hull and superstructure were designed to have a
reduced radar cross-section.
Besides the 62 vessels of this class (comprising 21 of Flight I, 7 of Flight II and 34 of Flight IIA) in
service by 2016, up to a further 42 (of Flight III) have been envisioned. The Arleigh Burke class
are larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile
cruisers.
USS Arleigh Burke
General characteristics
Name:
Active:
Type:
Displacement:
Length:
Beam:
Draft:
Installed power:
Propulsion:
Speed:
Range:
Boats & landing
craft carried:
Complement:
Sensors and
Arleigh Burke class
34
Guided missile destroyer
 Fully loaded:
 Flight I: 8,184 long tons (8,315 t)
 Flight II: 8,300 long tons (8,400 t)
 Flight IIA: 9,300 long tons (9,500 t)
 Flight III: 9,500 long tons (9,700 t)
 Flights I and II: 154 m
 Flight IIA: 155 m
20 m
9.3 m
3 × Allison AG9140 Generators (2,500 kW (3,400 hp)
each, 440 V)
 4 × General Electric LM2500 gas turbines
each generating 26,250 bhp (19,570 kW);
 coupled to two shafts, each driving a
five-bladed reversible controllable-pitch
propeller;
 Total output: 105,000 bhp (78,000 kW)
In excess of 30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)
4,400 nmi (8,100 km) at 20 kn (37 km/h; 23 mph)
2 × rigid hull inflatable boats



Flight I: 303 totals
Flight IIA: 23 officers, 300 enlisted[5]
AN/SPY-1D 3D radar (Flight I, II,IIa)
processing systems:
Electronic warfare
& decoys:
Armament:







AN/SPY-6 AESA 3D radar (Flight III)
AN/SPS-67(V)2 surface-search radar
AN/SPS-73(V)12 surface-search radar
AN/SPG-62 fire-control radar
AN/SQS-53C sonar array
AN/SQR-19 tactical towed array sonar
AN/SQQ-28 LAMPS III shipboard system
 AN/SLQ-32(V)2 Electronic Warfare
System
 AN/SLQ-25 Nixie Torpedo
Countermeasures
 MK 36 MOD 12 Decoy Launching System
 MK 53 Nulka Decoy Launching System
 AN/SLQ-39 CHAFF Buoys
 Guns:
 DDG-51 to 80: 1 × 5-inch (127 mm)/54
Mk. 45 Mod 1/2 (lightweight gun Missiles:
 )
 DDG-81 onwards: 1 × 5-inch (127
mm)/62 Mk. 45 Mod 4 (lightweight gun)
 DDG-51 to 84: 2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
 DDG-85 onwards: 1 × 20 mm Phalanx
CIWS
 2 × 25 mm M242 Bushmaster chain gun
 2 × Mk 141 Harpoon Anti-Ship
Missile Launcher (Flight I & II only)[6]
 Flights I & II: 90-cell Mk 41 Vertical
Launching System (VLS)
 Flight IIA: 96-cell Mk. 41 Vertical
Launching System (VLS)
o BGM-109 Tomahawk Land Attack
Missile
o RIM-66M Surface-to-Air
Missile with an ASuW mode[7]
o RIM-161 Anti-Ballistic Missile
o RIM-162
ESSM quadpacked configuration
(DDG-79 onward)
o RUM-139 Vertical Launch ASROC
o RIM-174A Standard ERAM
 Torpedoes:
 2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes:
o Mark 46 torpedo
o Mark 50 torpedo
o
Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo
4.3Zumwalt-class (USA) [8]
Despite being 40% larger than an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer, the radar cross-section (RCS) is
more akin to that of a fishing boat. The tumblehome hull and composite deckhouse reduce
radar return. Overall, the destroyer's angular build makes it "50 times harder to spot on radar
than an ordinary destroyer.Water sleeting along the sides, along with passive cool air induction
in the mack, reduces infrared signature.
Tumblehome wave piercing hull
The Zumwalt-class destroyer reintroduces the tumblehome hull form, a hull.it was believed that
tumblehome, in which the beam of the vessel narrowed from the waterline to the upper deck,
would create better freeboard, greater seaworthiness, and were found out to be ideal for
navigating through narrow constraints .On the downside, the tumblehome battleships leaked –
partly due to their riveted construction – and could be unstable, especially when turning at high
speed.The tumblehome has been reintroduced in the 21st century to reduce the radar return of
the hull. The inverted bow is designed to cut through waves rather than ride over them.The
stability of this hull form in high sea states has caused debate among naval architects, with
some charging that "with the waves coming at you from behind, when a ship pitches down, it
can lose transverse stability as the stern comes out of the water—and basically roll over."
Zumwalt class
USS Zumwalt
General Characteristics
Completed:
3
Type:
Guided missile destroyer
Displacement:
15,656 long tons (15,907 t)
Length:
190 m
Beam:
80.7 ft (24.6 m)
Draft:
27.6 ft (8.4 m)
Propulsion:
2 × Rolls-Royce MT30 gas turbines (35.4 MW (47,500 hp)
each) driving Curtiss-Wright electric generators
2 × Rolls-Royce RR4500 turbine generators (3.8 MW
(5,100 hp) each)
2 × propellers driven by electric motors
Total: 78 MW (105,000 shp)
Speed:
30 kn (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Complement:
147 +28 in air detachment
Sensors and
processing systems:
AN/SPY-3 Multi-Function Radar (MFR) (X band active
electronically scanned array)
Armament:
20 × MK 57 VLS modules, 4 cells per module, 80 launch
cells total
each cell can contain:
4 × RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow
Missiles (ESSM),
o
o
1 × Tomahawk, or
1 × Vertical Launch Anti-Submarine Missile
(ASROC)
o
2 × 155 mm (6 in)/62 caliber Advanced Gun System; 920
round magazines. Only a nominal ammunition supply
exists.[9][10]
2 × 30 mm (1.2 in) Mk 46 Mod 2 Gun Weapon System[11]
.
4.4KONGO CLASS (JAPAN) [9]
The Kongō class of guided missile destroyers in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force are
equipped with the Aegis Combat System. Japan is upgrading their Kongo-class destroyers
with Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System. The upgrade involves a series of installations and
flight tests. JS Kongo was the first ship to have the BMD upgrade installed.
The class is equipped with the Aegis Weapon System (AWS). As surface-to-air missiles, The SM2MR Block IIIA was initially used, and later the Block IIIB came into use. Since the mid-2000s,
they have also been equipped with a missile defense capability and now have an Aegis BMD 3.6
system installed to launch SM-3 Block IA and IB missiles.
The Mark 41 Vertical Launching System arrangement, similar to the Arleigh Burke class,
consisted of 29 cells on the foredeck and 61 cells on the afterdeck. These cells contain not only
SM-2 and SM-3, but also VL-ASROCs. In addition, they are equipped with HOS-302, one of the
Japanese variant of the Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo Tubes, as anti-submarine
weapons and Harpoon as antiship missiles.[5] And as gunnery weapons, an Oto Melara 127 mm
(5 in)/54 caliber gun and two Mark 15 20 mm CIWS gun mounts are installed.
Myōkō
General characteristics
Name:
Completed:
Kongō class
4
Active:
4
Type:
Guided missile destroyer
7,500 tons standard
Displacement:
9,500 tons full load
Length:
161 m
Beam:
21 m
Draft:
6.2 m
4 Ishikawajima Harima/General
Propulsion:
Electric LM2500-30 gas
turbines;
two shafts,
100,000 shp (75,000 kW)
Speed:
30 knots (56 km/h; 35 mph)
Range:
4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km;
5,200 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h;
23 mph)
Complement:
Armament:
300
1 × 127 mm (5 in)/54 Caliber
Oto Melara Compact Gun
8 × RGM-84 Harpoon Anti-ship
Missile in quad canisters
2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
2 × HOS-302 triple torpedo
tubes:
o
Mark 46 torpedo
Type 73
torpedoes
o
90-cell Mk. 41 Vertical
Launching System:
SM-2MR
Surface-to-air
missile
o
SM-3 Antiballistic missile
o
RUM-139 AntiSubmarine Rocket
o
4.5ATAGO CLASS (JAPAN) [10]
The Atago class of guided missile destroyers in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a
modified version of the Kongō class equipped with the Aegis Combat System.
The class is equipped with the Aegis Weapon System (AWS).
As surface-to-air missiles, The SM-2MR Block IIIA/B has been used they have also been
equipped with a missile defense capability with an Aegis BMD 5.0CU system to launch SM-3
Block IA and IB anti-ballistic missiles.
The missile launcher is the same Mark 41 Vertical Launching System as the Kongo class, but the
missile reloading crane has been omitted, so the number of missile cells is increased by 3 cells
each on the bow and stern sides. The Kongo class had 29 cells on the foredeck and 61 cells on
the afterdeck, but the Atago class has a hangar, so 64 cells are placed on the foredeck and 32
cells on the afterdeck.
These cells contain not only SM-2 and SM-3, but also VL-ASROCs.Additionally, they are
equipped with HOS-302, one of the Japanese variant of the Mark 32 Surface Vessel Torpedo
Tubes, as anti-submarine weapons.While the Kongō class is equipped with domestic sonar and
ASW combat system, the Atago class is equipped with American-made AN/SQQ-89(V)15 with
AN/SQS-53C sonar. Only the towing sonar was a domestic OQR-2D-1, which was later replaced
with an American-made SQR-20 Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA).
The 127mm bore gun's barrel has been extended from the 54 caliber of the Kongō class to the
62 caliber with strengthened powder charge enabling a 38 km (24 mi) firing range. As with
other Japanese ships being refit, the American-made Harpoon missiles (such as in the initial
configuration of the Kongō class) can be replaced with the Japanese-made Type 90 (SSM1B) surface-to-surface missiles; those interfaces are compatible.
JS Atago
General characteristics
Name:
Atago class
Completed:
2
Active:
2
Type:
Guided missile destroyer
Displacement:
7,700 tons standard
10,000 tons full load
Length:
165.0 m (541 ft 4 in)
Beam:
21.0 m (68 ft 11 in)
Draft:
6.1 m (20 ft 0 in)
Propulsion:
4 IHI/GE LM2500-30 gas turbines
Two shafts 5-bladed CP props
100,000 shp (75,000 kW)
Speed:
30 knots (56 km/h)
Boats &
landing
craft carried:
2 × 11-meter work boats
1 × Rigid hull inflatable boat
Complement: 300
Sensors and
processing
systems:
AN/SPY-1D(V) multi-function radar
OPS-28E surface search radar
(later replaced by SPQ-9B)
3 × AN/SPG-62 illuminators
AN/SQQ-89 with SQS-53C and OQR-2
(later replaced by SQR-20)
Mk. 46 Optronic director
Electronic
warfare
& decoys:
NOLQ-2B intercept and jammer
Armament:
1 × 5-inch (127 mm)/62 Mk. 45 Mod
4 × Mk. 36 SRBOC Chaff and Decoy
Launching System
4 gun
8 × Type 90 (SSM-1B) anti-ship
missile in quad canisters
2 × 20 mm Phalanx CIWS
2 × HOS-302 triple torpedo tubes:
o
Mark 46 torpedo
o
Type 73 torpedoes
96-cell Mk. 41 Vertical Launching
System:
SM-2MR surface-toair missiles
o
SM-3 anti-ballistic
missiles
o
VLA anti-submarine
missiles
o
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND DIFFICULTIES
 Cost Factor: Cost of Construction & Operational Cost very high.
 Bigger the target Bigger the bounty: Huge investment on the BMD capable
ship/submarine will always make it a prime target for the enemy.
 Mission Centric: ‘Anti Air Defense Platform’ similar to land based.
 Operational Factor: Role of the Platform in the fleet and peace.
 Technological Advancement is required in India
REFERENCES
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer
2. Lyon pp. 8, 9
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegis_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_System
4. - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY- 1
5. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AN/SPY-3
6. Ticonderoga-class cruiser - Wikipedia
7. Arleigh Burke-class destroyer - Wikipedia
8. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zumwalt-class_destroyer
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongō-class_destroyer
10. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atago-class_destroyer