Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Conceptions of Vertical,
Horizontal, and Projectile
Motions
CO_Q2_Physical Science SHS
Module 4
Physical Science
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: The Aristotelian and Galilean Conceptions of Vertical Motion,
Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
First Edition 2021
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Physical Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4
The Aristotelian and Galilean
Conceptions of Vertical Motion,
Horizontal Motion, and
Projectile Motion
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.
Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-bystep as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.
In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.
Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.
If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
Thank you.
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of motion: vertical motion, horizontal
motion, and projectile motion. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with
the textbook you are now using.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. describe the Aristotelian concepts of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and
projectile motion;
2. describe the concepts of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile
motion according to Galileo; and
3. compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical
motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.
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What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. Who was the Italian physicist who played a major role in the scientific
revolution, studied natural forces and conducted theoretical and
experimental work on motions of bodies?
A. Galileo Galilei
B. Isaac Newton
C. Johannes Kepler
D. Tycho Brahe
2. Who claimed that heavy and light objects drop in the same way?
A. Aristotle
B. Copernicus
C. Galileo
D. Ptolemy
3. What are the two classes of motion according to Aristotle?
A. Natural motion and dynamic motion
B. Natural motion and sliding motion
C. Natural motion and violent motion
D. Natural motion and weak motion
4. Which of the following is an example of natural motion according to
Aristotle?
A. A smoke rises.
B. A kicked soccer ball.
C. A pulled bag.
D. A pushed trolley.
5. Which of the following is an example of a violent motion?
A. An air moving upward.
B. A laptop pushed along the table
C. A vase dropped from the window
D. A water falling
6. Sacks of rice are donated during this pandemic. A sack of rice is pulled by a
volunteer to be given to Ezekiel’s family. According to Aristotle, which of the
following is true about this scenario?
A. The sack of rice experiences momentum.
B. The sack of rice experiences a violent motion.
C. The sack of rice experiences projectile motion.
D. The sack of rice experiences a natural motion.
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7. Which of the following agrees with Galileo’s view of motion?
A. The air rises because the sky is its natural state.
B. The cotton ball will be as fast as the metal ball if dropped in a
vacuum.
C. The natural tendency of a mobile phone dropped from a certain
height is to go back to Earth, its natural state.
D. The 5.0kg boulder will stop midway when dropped to the sea.
8. What is true about Aristotle’s theory of motion?
A. Objects fall faster in air than water.
B. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.
C. The increase in the rate of motion is inversely proportional to the weight
of the object.
D. The object will continue to move even without an external force applied.
9. What is the belief of Galileo on an object in uniform motion?
A. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that
to acceleration.
B. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that
to motion.
C. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that
to speed.
D. An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that
to time.
is proportional
is proportional
is proportional
is proportional
10. Based on Galileo’s experiments, when do you say that motion is uniformly
accelerated?
A. When speed is proportional to time of travel.
B. When speed is proportional to distance.
C. When speed is proportional to acceleration.
D. When speed is proportional to distance velocity.
10. What is the concept of Galileo of a projectile?
A. A projectile is a moving object that will continue to move if it is impeded,
and external force is needed to move it continuously.
B. A projectile is an object in motion, if unimpeded, will cease to move.
C. A projectile is composed of uniform motion in the horizontal direction
and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
D. A projectile is composed of uniform motion in the vertical direction and
uniformly accelerated motion in the horizontal direction.
11. What is the relationship between the vertical and horizontal motions based
on Galileo’s concept of projectile motion?
A. The two motions are dependent on each other.
B. The two motions are independent of each other.
C. Vertical motion does affect the horizontal motion.
D. When vertical motion is fast, the same is true with the horizontal
motion.
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13. Which of the following objects A, B, or C with masses 3 kg, 6 kg, and 9 kg
respectively will reach the ground first neglecting air resistance?
A. Object A will reach the ground first.
B. Object B will reach the ground first.
C. Object C will reach the ground first.
D. The three objects will reach the ground at the same time.
14. Which of the following is true about the projectile of an arrow when shot?
A. It rises because its particles are mostly air.
B. It has continued applied force from the person who shot the arrow.
C. It has both uniform motion and uniformly accelerating motion.
D. It creates a vacuum that sucks air in, and the air pushes the arrow.
15. Jamir and Jake are flying their kites. While running fast, Jamir accidentally
released his kite. He watched it as it slowly rises in the air. According to
Aristotle, which of the following statements is true about the situation?
A. The kite experienced a free fall motion.
B. The kite experienced a violent motion.
C. The kite experienced a projectile motion.
D. The kite experienced a natural motion
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The Aristotelian and
Galilean Conceptions of
Vertical, Horizontal and
Projectile Motions
Lesson
1
Motion is the action of changing location or position. Life is motion. From the
coordination of the muscles of our body which enables us to walk, run, and dance to
the pumping of our hearts to deliver blood to the different parts of our bodies are
motion.
The first evidence of the study of the motion of heavenly bodies can be traced back
to the people of Sumeria and Egypt. While the Greeks were the first ones to study
systematically and in detail the heavenly bodies. They regarded the Earth as the
center of the universe, geocentric. This idea of geocentric earth was replaced by the
heliocentric model of Nicolaus Copernicus, where earth and other planets revolve in
circular orbits around the Sun.
These early studies were the foundations of Galileo Galilei, an Italian physicist to
revolutionized Science.
What’s In
To get started, you have to choose the terms or names of persons related to
motion from the WORD POOL below. List down these words/names on the table
and write what you know about it.
Heliocentric
cannonball
Aristotle
Kepler
feather
hammer
Galileo
Copernicus
geocentric
Ptolemy
leaning tower of Pisa
distance
inertia
acceleration
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Term/Name of Person
What I know about it?
Notes to the Teacher
Ask learners to name other examples of motion and list them on
the board. Add on the list examples that are not mentioned by
the learners.
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What’s New
Activity 1.1
The timeline below shows the different personalities involved in the Ancient Greek
Astronomy and during the time of Galileo and Isaac Newton.
Activity 1.1 Guide Questions:
1. Who were the Ancient Greek Astronomers who studied the motion of heavenly
bodies from Aristotle to the year 200 AD?
2. Who were those Astronomers who made contributions to the study of heavenly
bodies from 1400 to the time of Galileo Galilei?
3. Do you think that our current understanding on the physics of motion happened
overnight? Support your answer.
4. What do think were the bases of the different astronomers or natural philosophers
in their explanations of motion?
Our current understanding on the physics of motion did not happen overnight.
Instead, it gradually developed as philosophers took up previously held philosophies
and improved on it or gave critique identifying possible weakness or inconsistencies
with observations.
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One such philosophical concept held is the philosophy behind motion in two
particular points, namely, the existence of one unifying explanation for the horizontal
and vertical motions and how projectile motions can be derived from the two and the
quantification of the “rate of fall” or “acceleration”.
Aristotle held that the Universe was divided into two regions, the terrestrial region
and the celestial region. He also divided motion into two main classes which are
natural motion and violent motion. On the other hand, Galileo Galilei believed that
a projectile motion is a combination of uniform motion in the horizontal direction
and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
What is It
I. Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and
Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the object will
move and will return to its natural state based on the object's material or composition
- earth, water, air, and fire.
• For example, Aristotle believed that because a ball fell when
thrown upward, its element was earth.
• Smoke goes up the air because it seeks its natural place in
the atmosphere.
• Aristotelian concept of natural motion is largely vertical
motion which is falling or rising.
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2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain horizontal
motion. Motion continues only so long as there is an applied force to an object. When
the force is removed, motion stops.
•
The example at the right shows piled
boxes of food donations. The boxes will
remain on the floor unless a push or a
pull force is applied.
•
Violent motion is imposed motion
caused by pushing or pulling.
•
Aristotle classified any motion
that required a force as a "violent
motion". (He did not mean violent in the sense that it is marked by the use of
harmful or destructive physical force.)
3. Projectile Motion
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the ground
until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be kept by
the object until such time that the initial force is forgotten, and the object returns to
its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said that heavy objects
fall faster than light ones.
The illustration shows an example of cannon fired
which gives the cannonball an impetus.
•
A notorious problem for the Aristotelian view was why arrows shot from a bow
continued to fly through the air after they had left the bow and the string was no
longer applying force to them.
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Aristotle's Explanation:
•
Initial motive force transfers to the medium initially surrounding the
object a "power" to act as a motive force.
Air flow
•
Medium then forces object into new region, which is then imparted with
the "power" to act.
Power transfer
II. Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and
Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight, but
in the time of fall. Also, if the object encountered a resistive force from a fluid equal
or greater than its weight, it will slow down and reaches a uniform motion until it
reaches the bottom and stops.
10
•
For
example,
without
any
resistance, a 1-kg object will be as
fast as a 10-kg object when falling
because they fall with the same
amount of time, given that they are
released from the same height.
•
Also, a stone dropped in the ocean
will sooner or later travel at
constant speed.
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2. Horizontal Motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and an external
force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s surface is very flat and
extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the objects
will continue to move. This kind of motion, however, is not evident in nature.
For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will continue to
roll if unimpeded.
3. Projectile Motion
Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using an
inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
•
Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement of
distance and time and plotting it graphically. He was able to slow down the
“fall” using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to
significantly different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.
•
He correctly measured motion in two independent directions (horizontal and
vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms of
downward acceleration.
•
He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile
motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed
horizontally) and content vertical acceleration.
•
By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo was able to
determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
•
He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
If it is not impeded, it will continue to move even without an applied force.
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•
For example, when you shoot a ball in a basketball ring, the ball does not
need a force to keep it moving.
What’s More
Activity 1.2 Mini Lab: Aristotle or Galileo?
Test the following activities below. Take note that in every activity, both objects
should be dropped at the same time and at the same height. (In choosing the height,
be sure that you are safe).
1. Drop a book and a flat sheet of paper.
2. Drop a book and a sheet of paper crumpled to a ball.
3. Drop a book with a small flat sheet of paper on top of it.
Activity 1.2 Guide Questions
1. In all three cases, which object reaches the ground first?
2. In activity 1, what causes the flat sheet of paper to move sideways?
3. In activities 2 and 3, why did the objects fall at the same rate regardless of
their masses?
4. Whose view is more acceptable? Why?
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What I Have Learned
Activity 1.3 Table Summary
Summarize your understanding about the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of
motion by filling out the table below. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
ARISTOTELIAN
Description
Examples
Description
Examples
Horizontal Motion
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
GALILEAN
Horizontal Motion
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
What I Can Do
Activity 1.4 Create your own five-minute Experiment video of a ball rolling on
a table.
Rubric for Grading
The video will be scored from 1 to 5, with 5 being the highest. The criteria for grading
are as follows:
Criteria
Visuals
Audio
Content
Timeliness
Expectations
The video is clear and engaging. Camera shots tell the
story visually and no lighting problems.
Loudness and dialogue are balanced. Spoken words show
confidence and are convincing.
Delivery of content is precise and complete. Emphasis
given should be based on the discussion.
The video should consume the required 5 minutes. For
every less or added minute/s, points will be deducted.
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Assessment
Modified True or False. Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement
is correct and if FALSE, change the italicized word or group of words to make the
statement correct. Use a separate paper for your answer.
_______________1. Aristotle claimed that violent motion is an imposed motion.
______________2. In natural motion, an object will move and will eventually return to
its natural state depending on the composition that the object is
made of.
_______________3. According to Galileo, heavy objects will fall faster than light ones.
_______________4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal motion,
a constant amount of force is needed.
_______________5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the same
time regardless of their masses and air resistance.
_______________6. Galileo concluded that the path taken by a projectile is parabolic.
_______________7. Galileo used an inclined plane to perform his experiments both on
uniformly accelerated motion and to study projectile motion.
______________8. Aristotle believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform
motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated
motion in the vertical direction.
_______________9. A kicked ball is an example of a natural motion.
_______________10. Vertical motion does affect the horizontal motion of a projectile.
_______________11. The “rate of fall” of an object is better measured in terms of
upward acceleration.
_______________12. According to Galileo, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or
later travel at constant speed.
_______________13. In Galileo’s view of vertical motion, the fall of the object is
dependent on its weight.
_______________14. To Galileo, natural motion is largely vertical motion.
_______________15. The fall of heavy object toward the center of the earth is a violent
motion.
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Additional Activities
Activity 1.5 Mini Lab
Given two one-peso coins, released at the same time, Coin A is dropped while Coin
B is thrown horizontally coming from the same height. Which one do you think would
reach the ground first? Use a sheet of paper for your observations.
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Answer Key
What’s More
Case 1- the book reached the ground first; Case 2 – both objects
reached the ground at same time; and Case 3- both objects reached
the ground at the same time
Air resistance or air friction causes the paper to move sideways. The
force of the air on the paper is significant in its motion downward.
2.
In activities 2 and 3, all the objects fell at the same rate because air
friction or air resistance is insignificant. The significant force causing
the acceleration downward is the force of gravity.
3.
Galileo’s view is more acceptable. According to Galileo, bodies that
are dropped simultaneously regardless of their masses will reach the
ground at the same time when there is little or no air friction or air
resistance. For Aristotle, his view of freefall states that heavier objects
fall faster than lighter ones. In the activity, we can infer that the
increase in speed of each object is equal since both the book and the
paper reached the ground at the same time. Thus, falling objects have
the same acceleration, and would fall not depending on their weight
but in the time of fall when there is no air resistance.
a
c
c
a
b
b
b
a
d
a
c
b
d
d
c
What I Know
Copernicus,
Brahe, Kepler
2.
Aristarchus,
Hipparchus,
Ptolemy
1.
Answers may vary
What’s In
What’s New
16
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
1.
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What I Have Learned
ARISTOTELIAN
Horizontal Motion
Description
It is known as a violent motion.
It is an imposed motion.
Example
A horse is pulling a
carriage.
A push or a pull force is required to allow
bodies to move horizontally.
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
Fired cannonball
It is falling or rising motion.
It is natural and violent.
Air rises to the
atmosphere.
Vertical motion is also called natural
motion.
Heavy objects fall faster than lighter ones.
The acceleration of a heavy object during
free fall is larger than the acceleration of
light object.
The motion of an object upon which the
only force acting is gravity.
GALILEAN
Horizontal Motion
A bowling ball thrown
horizontally on the
floor will continue to
move unimpeded.
A body or object in motion will continue in
motion unimpeded.
Example
Description
An external force is not necessary to
maintain motion.
Vertical Motion
Projectile Motion
A ball kicked at a
certain angle.
It is a combination of uniform motion in
the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical
direction.
A book and a
crumpled paper
dropped together at a
certain height
neglecting air
resistance.
Objects of different masses thrown at the
same height will reach the ground at the
same time in the absence of air
resistance.
The horizontal motion and vertical motion
of the projectile is independent of each
other.
All objects regardless of their masses will
fall at the same acceleration when
dropped at the same height.
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What I Can Do
What I can do
Answers may vary.
18
Assessment
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
True
True
Aristotle
True
True
True
True
Galileo
Violent motion
Does not
Downward
True
Time
Aristotle
natural
Additional
Activities
Answers may vary.
References
Internet Source:
Commission on Higher Education. Teaching Guide for Senior High School: Physical
Science. Book.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B869YF0KEHr7SHFGVG5mVFFhcXc/view.
https://www.slideserve.com (accessed June 15, 2020).
htps://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/files/FSMA%20Galileo’s%2
0projectile%2model%20student.pdf
http://galileo.rice.edu/lib/student_work/experiment95/paraintr.html#:~:text=In%
20Aristotle's%20theory%20of%20motion,was%20transmitted%20through%20the%
20air.&text=By%20varying%20the%20ball's%20horizontal,of%20a%20projectile%2
0is%20parabolic.
https://kayejhanani.wordpress.com/2017/11/19/aristotelian-conceptionsvertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-motion/
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/71-aristotelian-conceptionsvertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-mot/3251318518217684/
https://www.facebook.com/notes/physical-science/72-galilean-conceptionsvertical-motion-horizontal-motion-and-projectile-motion/3098402366842634/
https://www.merriam-webster.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fb5rWuCF3As&t=181s
2020).
(accessed
June
15,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z_sJ15feNGw (accessed June 15, 2020).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyk-swWmC (accessed June 15, 2020).
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