I
NSTI
TUTEOFBASI
CANDBI
OMEDI
CALSCI
ENCES
BI
O101:FOUNDATI
ONBI
OLOGY
TUTORI
ALSHEET
2019.
1
Tut
or
i
alsheet1:Wat
er
1.Expl
ai
nt
hest
r
uct
ur
eofawat
ermol
ecul
eandt
hechar
gesar
oundawat
er
mol
ecul
e.
2.What i
st
he r
el
at
i
onshi
p bet
ween hy
dr
ogen bondi
ng and t
he char
ge
di
st
r
i
but
i
onar
oundawat
ermol
ecul
e?
3.Expl
ai
nwhy
(
a)Al
otofener
gyi
sneededt
ot
ur
nl
i
qui
dwat
eri
nt
owat
erv
apour
(
b)Sugarandsal
tdi
ssol
v
ei
nwat
er
,
butoi
l
doesnot
.
(
c)Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ebet
weencohesi
onandadhesi
on,
andgi
v
eabr
i
efexpl
anat
i
on
ofhowi
tcanbedemonst
r
at
edi
nt
hel
abor
at
or
y
.
4.Di
scusst
hechemi
calandphy
si
calpr
oper
t
i
esofwat
erandt
hei
rbenef
i
tt
o
l
i
v
i
ngor
gani
sms.
5.Thebodycont
ai
ns60%ofwat
er
,
di
scussi
t
si
mpor
t
ancei
nt
her
mor
egul
at
i
on.
6.Di
scusst
hebondsi
nv
ol
v
edi
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onofwat
er
.
7.Wat
erexi
st
si
nt
hr
eest
at
es,di
scusst
hebenef
i
tofeachst
at
et
ot
hel
i
v
i
ng
or
gani
sms.
8.Whatpr
oper
t
yofwat
erpr
ev
ent
sdenat
ur
at
i
onofenzy
mesandexpl
ai
n,how
t
hi
shappens.
9.Whi
chbi
ol
ogi
cal
pr
ocessusest
hel
at
entheatofv
apor
i
sat
i
onofwat
er
?
10.
Di
scusst
hebenef
i
toft
hepol
ar
i
t
yofwat
ert
ol
i
f
e.
11.
Dr
awawat
ermol
ecul
eandexpl
ai
nwhati
smeantby‘
di
pol
ar
’
.
12.
Howar
et
hepr
oper
t
i
esofwat
erl
i
nkedt
oi
t
spol
ar
i
t
y
?
13.
Descr
i
bet
hephy
si
cal
andchemi
cal
pr
oper
t
i
esofwat
er
.
2
Tut
or
i
alsheet2:Bi
ol
ogi
calmol
ecul
es(
Car
bohy
dr
at
es)
1.Whati
smeantbybi
ol
ogi
cal
mol
ecul
e?
2.Def
i
net
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms:
monomer
,
pol
y
mer
,
gl
y
cosi
di
cbond.
3(
a)Namef
ourmonomer
s.
(
b)Gi
v
et
hr
eeexampl
esofapol
y
mer
.
4.Howdoesacondensat
i
onr
eact
i
ondi
f
f
erf
r
om ahy
dr
ol
y
si
sr
eact
i
on?
5.Expl
ai
nt
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenat
r
i
oseandahexosesugar
.
6.Howdoesar
i
bosesugardi
f
f
erf
r
om adeoxy
r
i
bosesugar
?
7.Descr
i
bet
her
eact
i
v
egr
oupsofal
l
sugarmol
ecul
es.
8.Di
scusst
hest
r
uct
ur
aldi
f
f
er
encebet
weenamonosacchar
i
deandadi
sacchar
i
de
sugar
.
3
9.Expl
ai
nt
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenanal
phagl
ucoseandabet
agl
ucose.
11.Whatbondsar
ef
or
medwhenSt
ar
chi
smade?
12.(
a)Def
i
net
hewor
di
somer
i
sm.
(
b)Nameandexpl
ai
nt
hr
eei
somer
s.
13.Whatmonomer
smakeupsucr
ose,
mal
t
oseandl
act
ose?
14.Ex
pl
ai
nhow y
ouwoul
dt
estf
ort
hepr
esenceofst
ar
ch,nonr
educi
ngsugarand
r
educi
ngsugari
naf
oodsampl
e.
15.Li
stdownf
ourdi
f
f
er
encesbet
weencel
l
ul
oseandgl
y
cogen.
16.Whatar
et
hef
unct
i
onsofcar
bohy
dr
at
es?
Tut
or
i
alsheet3:Li
pi
ds
1.Descr
i
bet
hedi
f
f
er
entt
y
pesofl
i
pi
dsandgi
v
eaf
unct
i
onofeacht
y
pe.
2.Expl
ai
nhowf
at
t
yaci
dsandgl
y
cer
olar
ej
oi
nedt
oget
hert
omakemol
ecul
esof
f
at
sandoi
l
s.
3.Wi
t
ht
heai
dofadi
agr
am,
descr
i
behowat
r
i
gl
y
cer
i
dei
sf
or
med.
4.Howdoesasat
ur
at
edf
at
t
yaci
ddi
f
f
erf
r
om anunsat
ur
at
edf
at
t
yaci
d?
5.St
at
et
woway
si
nwhi
chaphosphol
i
pi
ddi
f
f
er
sf
r
om at
r
i
gl
y
cer
i
de.
6.Woul
dy
ouexpectat
r
i
gl
y
cer
i
det
obesol
ubl
ei
nwat
er
?
7.Woul
dy
ouexpectaphosphol
i
pi
dt
obesol
ubl
ei
nwat
er
?Expl
ai
ny
ouranswer
.
8.Whydophosphol
i
pi
dsf
or
m abi
l
ay
eri
nt
hepr
esenceofwat
er
?
9.Descr
i
besomef
unct
i
onsofl
i
pi
dsi
nl
i
v
i
ngor
gani
sms.
4
10.
Expl
ai
nt
het
er
mshy
dr
ophi
l
i
c,
amphi
pat
hi
candhy
dr
ophobi
c.
11.
Descr
i
bet
hecommonchemi
cal
t
est
sf
ort
hei
dent
i
f
i
cat
i
onl
i
pi
ds.
Tut
or
i
alsheet4:pr
ot
ei
ns
1.Whati
sazwi
t
t
er
i
on?
2.Expl
ai
nhowapept
i
debond.
3.Expl
ai
nhowaf
unct
i
onal
pr
ot
ei
nmaycont
ai
noneormor
epol
y
pept
i
des.
4.Usi
ngexampl
es,
expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngconcept
s:
(
a)Pr
i
mar
ypr
ot
ei
n
(
b)Secondar
ypr
ot
ei
n
5
(
c)Ter
t
i
ar
ypr
ot
ei
n
(
d)Quat
er
nar
ypr
ot
ei
n
5.Expl
ai
nt
hef
unct
i
onofpr
ot
ei
nsi
nl
i
v
i
ngor
gani
sms.
6.St
at
et
hr
eedi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenf
i
br
ouspr
ot
ei
nsandgl
obul
arpr
ot
ei
ns.
7.Expl
ai
nt
hev
ar
i
oust
y
pesofbondst
hatar
ef
oundi
npr
ot
ei
ns.
8.Howwoul
dy
out
estf
ort
hepr
esenceofpr
ot
ei
nsi
nal
i
qui
df
oodsampl
e?
9.Whatar
et
her
eact
i
v
egr
oupsf
oundi
npr
ot
ei
ns?
10.
Whatdoest
hewor
damphot
er
i
cmean?
11.
Expl
ai
ni
somer
i
sm i
npr
ot
ei
ns.
12.
Howdoami
noaci
dsactasbuf
f
er
s?
Tut
or
i
alsheet5:cel
l
s
6
1.Nameandexpl
ai
nt
hef
unct
i
onsoft
hev
ar
i
ouspar
t
sofaneukar
y
ot
i
ccel
l
2.Usi
ngexampl
es,
expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms:
(
a)Ti
ssue
(
b)
Or
gan
(
c)Sy
st
em
3.(
a)Whatst
at
ement
sconst
i
t
ut
et
hecel
l
t
heor
y
?
(
b)Whatar
esomeoft
hel
i
mi
t
at
i
onsoft
hecel
l
t
heor
y
?
4.Expl
ai
nt
hest
r
uct
ur
eoft
hecel
l
membr
ane.
5.Expl
ai
nt
hef
l
ui
dmosai
ct
heor
yofcel
lmembr
anes.Whatt
heor
i
espr
ecededt
hi
s
model
?
Whatev
i
dencesuppor
t
st
het
heor
i
est
hatwer
epost
ul
at
edbef
or
et
hef
l
ui
dmosai
c
model
?
6.Howdopot
assi
um i
onsmov
eacr
osst
hepl
asmamembr
ane?
7.Thesur
f
acear
eat
ov
ol
umer
at
i
ol
i
mi
t
scel
l
si
ze.Expl
ai
nwhyt
hi
si
sso.
8.Whyar
ev
i
r
usessomet
i
mesdescr
i
bedasor
gani
smst
hatar
eont
hebor
der
l
i
neof
l
i
v
i
ngand
nonl
i
v
i
ngt
hi
ngs?
9.Howdoeukar
y
ot
i
ccel
l
sdi
f
f
erf
r
om pr
okar
y
ot
i
ccel
l
s?
10.Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms:
(
a)Mesosome
(
b)Pept
i
dogl
y
can
(
c)Pl
asmi
ds
11.Expl
ai
nt
hr
eedi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenapl
antcel
l
andanani
mal
cel
l
.
7
11.Expl
ai
nt
hedet
ai
l
edst
r
uct
ur
eofat
y
pi
cal
mi
t
ochondr
i
on
Tut
or
i
alsheet6:Enzy
mes
1.Whati
sanenzy
me?Expl
ai
nsomechar
act
er
i
st
i
csofenzy
mes.
2.Whatf
act
or
saf
f
ectenzy
meact
i
v
i
t
y
?
3.Whati
st
her
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weenr
eact
i
onr
at
e,
enzy
mesandact
i
v
at
i
onener
gy
?
4.Expl
ai
n,
wi
t
ht
heai
dofexampl
es:
(
a)Compet
i
t
i
v
ei
nhi
bi
t
or
s
(
b)Noncompet
i
t
i
v
ei
nhi
bi
t
or
s
5.Li
stt
hr
eeadv
ant
agesandt
wodi
sadv
ant
agesofusi
ngenzy
mesr
at
hert
han
i
nor
gani
ccat
al
y
st
si
ni
ndust
r
i
al
pr
ocesses.
6.Expl
ai
nhowenzy
mesar
eusedi
nmedi
ci
ne.
7.Expl
ai
n:
(
a)Subt
i
l
i
si
n.
(
b)I
nducedf
i
tmodel
(
c)Denat
ur
at
i
on
(
d)Deact
i
v
at
i
on
(
e)Opt
i
mum t
emper
at
ur
e
(
f
)Opt
i
mum pH
8.Why i
st
he r
at
e ofan enzy
mecont
r
ol
l
ed r
eact
i
on v
er
y sl
ow atbey
ond
opt
i
mum t
emper
at
ur
eandbel
owopt
i
mum t
emper
at
ur
e.
9.Wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
ot
hel
ockandkeyhy
pot
hesi
sandt
hei
nducedf
i
thy
pot
hesi
s,
(
a)Expl
ai
nt
hesi
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
esi
nt
heset
heor
i
es
8
(
b)Howdot
hesemodel
sdi
f
f
erf
r
om eachot
her
?
10.
Namet
wokeyr
ol
esofenzy
mesi
nl
i
v
i
ngor
gani
sms.
11.
Dr
awgr
aphst
odepi
ct
:
(
a)The r
el
at
i
onshi
p bet
ween an enzy
me cont
r
ol
l
ed r
eact
i
on r
at
e and
t
emper
at
ur
e
(
b)Ther
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weenanenzy
mecont
r
ol
l
edr
eact
i
onr
at
eandpH
12.
Gr
aphi
cal
l
yexpl
ai
nt
heef
f
ectof
:
(
a)Subst
r
at
econcent
r
at
i
onandenzy
mecont
r
ol
l
edr
eact
i
onr
at
e.
(
b)Enzy
meconcent
r
at
i
onandenzy
mecont
r
ol
l
edr
eact
i
onr
at
e.
13.
Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weenacof
act
orandacoenzy
me.
Tut
or
i
alsheet7:Nucl
ei
caci
ds
1.Dr
awandl
abel
t
hest
r
uct
ur
eofanucl
eot
i
de
2.Howdomonomer
sofDNAdi
f
f
erf
r
om t
hoseofRNA?
3.Expl
ai
nt
hebasepai
r
i
ngr
ul
es.
4.Whatar
et
hesi
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
esanddi
f
f
er
encesbet
weent
hest
r
uct
ur
eofDNAand
RNAMol
ecul
es?
5.Nameandexpl
ai
nt
hev
ar
i
oust
y
pesofRNA.
6.Descr
i
bet
hev
ar
i
ousf
or
msofDNAr
epl
i
cat
i
on.
7.Whatenzy
me
(
a)Separ
at
est
het
wost
r
andsofDNA?
(
b)Cl
osest
hegapsf
or
meddur
i
ngDNAr
epl
i
cat
i
on?
9
(
c)Addsnucl
eot
i
dest
of
or
m anewDNAst
r
and?
8.Whatar
et
hev
ar
i
ousbasest
hatf
or
m nucl
eot
i
des?
9.Whatr
ol
edonucl
eot
i
despl
ayi
nachr
omosome?
10.
Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
et
het
er
msnucl
eosi
deandnucl
eot
i
de.
11.
(
a)Whati
st
hedi
f
f
er
encebet
weenapur
i
neandapy
r
i
mi
di
ne?
(
b)
Namet
hebasest
hatar
ecl
assi
f
i
edaspur
i
nesandt
hoset
hatcl
assi
f
i
edas
py
r
i
mi
di
nes.
Tut
or
i
alsheet8:Pr
ot
ei
nsy
nt
hesi
s
1.Whati
st
henamegi
v
ent
ot
her
esul
tofaddi
ngoneort
wonucl
eot
i
debases
t
oaDNAsequence?
2.Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weent
r
anscr
i
pt
i
onandt
r
ansl
at
i
on.
3.A t
r
anscr
i
bi
ng DNA st
r
and cont
ai
nst
hebasesequenceCGGAATCGT.
Whatwi
l
l
bet
hebasesequencei
nt
hemRNAt
r
anscr
i
bedf
r
om i
t
?
10
4.Expl
ai
nt
her
ol
esoft
RNA,
r
RNAandmRNA?
5.Expl
ai
nt
her
ol
esoft
hepr
omot
erandt
r
anscr
i
pt
i
onf
act
ori
nt
r
anscr
i
pt
i
on.
6. (
a)Whatt
y
peofbondat
t
achesanewami
noaci
dt
oapol
y
pept
i
dechai
n?
(
b)
Bywhatpr
ocessdoesat
RNA mol
ecul
eat
t
achont
o mRNA dur
i
ng
t
r
ansl
at
i
on?
7.ThemRNAcodef
ort
heami
noaci
dser
i
nei
sUCA.
(
a)Gi
v
et
heDNAcodef
orser
i
ne
(
b)Gi
v
et
het
RNAcodef
orser
i
ne
8. The f
i
r
st codon bi
nds t
he ami
noacy
l
t
RNA mol
ecul
e hav
i
ng t
he
compl
ement
ar
yant
i
Codonwhi
chi
susual
l
ymet
hi
oni
ne.St
at
et
hebasesequenceoft
hi
sami
no
aci
d.
9.HowdoesDNAr
epl
i
cat
i
ondi
f
f
erf
r
om t
r
anscr
i
pt
i
on?
10.Wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
ot
hecodons:
UAA,
UAGandUGA
(
a)Expl
ai
nwhateachcodoncodesf
or
.
(
b)Expl
ai
nt
her
ol
epl
ay
edbyt
hesecodonsdur
i
ngpr
ot
ei
nsy
nt
hesi
s.
11.Def
i
net
het
er
msi
nt
r
onandex
on.I
nwhi
cht
y
peofRNAar
et
heyf
ound?
12.Dur
i
ngt
r
ansl
at
i
on,anmRNAmol
ecul
ehasacodonwi
t
ht
het
r
i
pl
etsequence5’
AUC3’
.
(
a)Wr
i
t
et
heant
i
codonsequencei
nat
RNAmol
ecul
et
hatwoul
dpai
rwi
t
ht
hi
s
codon.
(
b)Namet
heami
noaci
dcar
r
i
edbyt
hi
sRNA.
(
c)Wr
i
t
et
hecor
r
espondi
ngsequenceont
heDNA f
r
om whi
cht
hemRNA was
t
r
anscr
i
bed.
11
Tut
or
i
alsheet9:Gener
egul
at
i
on
1Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
egener
egul
at
i
oni
npr
okar
y
ot
esandeukar
y
ot
es.
2.Expl
ai
nhow pr
okar
y
ot
i
ccel
l
sswi
t
chof
fmRNAsy
nt
hesi
swhenenzy
mesar
enot
needed.
3.(
a)Def
i
net
het
er
m oper
on
(
b)Descr
i
bet
hest
r
uct
ur
eoft
hel
acoper
on
(
c)Descr
i
bet
hest
r
uct
ur
eoft
het
r
poper
on
4.Wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
ot
hel
acoper
on,
expl
ai
nt
hef
unct
i
onsoft
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
(
a)l
acA
(
b)l
acY
(
c)l
acZ
5.Whati
st
hef
unct
i
onoft
hepr
omot
erandr
egul
at
oront
hel
acoper
on?
6.Whyi
st
hel
acoper
ondescr
i
bedasani
nduci
bl
emodel
?
7.Wi
t
hr
ef
er
encet
ot
het
r
poper
on,
expl
ai
n:
(
a)t
r
y
pt
ophansy
nt
hesi
s
(
b)oper
at
orcont
r
ol
(
c)at
t
enuat
or
cont
r
ol
l
edt
r
poper
on
8.Expl
ai
ngener
egul
at
i
onatt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngl
ev
el
s:
(
a)t
r
anscr
i
pt
i
on
(
b)mRNApr
ocessi
ng
(
c)mRNAt
ur
nov
er
(
d)t
r
ansl
at
i
on
(
e)enzy
mef
unct
i
on
9.Di
scusst
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
mswi
t
hr
egar
dst
ogener
egul
at
i
on
(
a)Epi
genet
i
cl
ev
el
ofgener
egul
at
i
on
(
b)post
t
r
anscr
i
pt
i
onal
l
ev
el
ofgener
egul
at
i
on
12
(
c)post
t
r
ansl
at
i
onal
l
ev
el
ofgener
egul
at
i
on
Tut
or
i
alsheet10:Cel
ldi
v
i
si
on
1.(
a)Expl
ai
nt
hev
ar
i
ouspr
ocessest
hatar
ei
nv
ol
v
edi
nmi
t
osi
s.
(
b)Expl
ai
nt
hev
ar
i
ousst
agest
hatt
akepl
acei
nmei
osi
s.
2.Dr
aw a homol
ogous chr
omosome and expl
ai
n:sy
napsi
s,cent
r
omer
e,
chi
asmat
a,
si
st
erchr
omat
i
dandcr
ossi
ngov
er
.
3.Whyi
si
tt
hatmei
osi
sr
esul
t
si
nt
hef
or
mat
i
onoff
ourhapl
oi
ddaught
ercel
l
s
t
hatar
egenet
i
cal
l
ydi
f
f
er
entf
r
om eachot
her
?
4.Expl
ai
nt
hesi
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
esanddi
f
f
er
encesbet
weency
t
oki
nesi
si
npl
antcel
l
sand
ani
mal
cel
l
s.
5.Whatar
et
hesi
mi
l
ar
i
t
i
esanddi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenmi
t
osi
sandmei
osi
s?
6.Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
ms:
equat
or
,
chr
omat
i
dandspi
ndl
ef
i
br
e.
7.Howdov
i
r
usesandpr
okar
y
ot
esdi
v
i
de?
8.Suggestwhy mi
t
osi
si
n pl
ant
si
sr
est
r
i
ct
ed t
o speci
alr
egi
ons cal
l
ed
mer
i
st
ems,
wher
easi
nani
mal
st
her
ei
snosuchr
est
r
i
ct
i
on.
9.Bywhatt
wo pr
ocesses does mei
osi
s pr
omot
e genet
i
cv
ar
i
at
i
on among
or
gani
smsoft
hesamespeci
es?
10.
Nameoneev
entt
hatoccur
si
nmei
osi
sI
I
,
butnoti
nmei
osi
sI
.
11.
Expl
ai
nt
hei
mpor
t
anceof
:
(
a)Mei
osi
s
(
b)Mi
t
osi
s
12.
Cy
ani
de i
sa met
abol
i
cpoi
son t
hatpr
ev
ent
sATP pr
oduct
i
on i
n cel
l
s.I
f
cy
ani
dei
sappl
i
edt
ocel
l
sbef
or
ecel
ldi
v
i
si
onst
ar
t
s,t
henucl
eusdoesnot
di
v
i
de.Howev
er
,i
fcy
ani
de i
s appl
i
ed dur
i
ng oraf
t
erpr
ophase,t
he cel
l
13
cont
i
nuest
odi
v
i
de.Suggestanexpl
anat
i
onf
ort
hi
s.
Tut
or
i
alsheet11:Genet
i
cs(
I
nt
r
oduct
or
yconcept
s)
1.(
a)Gi
v
eanaccountoft
hegr
owt
hofgenet
i
csdur
i
ngt
heper
i
od1900t
o1944.
(
b)
Di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weenchr
omat
i
n,
chr
omat
i
dandchr
omosome.
2.Nameandexpl
ai
nt
het
hr
eemai
nbr
anchesofgenet
i
cs
3.I
ndi
cat
ewhi
choft
heal
l
el
esi
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngexampl
ear
edomi
nant
,
codomi
nantor
i
ncompl
et
el
ydomi
nant
:
(
a)A chi
ckenwi
t
ht
heal
l
el
ef
orbl
ackf
eat
her
sandt
heal
l
el
ef
orwhi
t
ef
eat
her
s
possessesbl
uef
eat
her
s.
(
b)Acatwi
t
ht
heal
l
el
ef
orbl
ackcoatandt
heal
l
el
ef
oer
edcoatshowsapat
ched
coatofbl
ackandr
ed.
(
c)A chi
ckenwi
t
ht
heal
l
el
ef
orst
r
ai
ghtf
eat
her
sandandt
heal
l
el
ef
orf
i
zzl
ed
f
eat
her
shasmi
l
dl
yf
r
i
zzl
edf
eat
her
s.
(
d)Aper
sonwi
t
ht
heal
l
el
ef
orbl
oodgr
oupM andt
heal
l
el
ef
orbl
oodgr
oupNshows
bl
oodgr
oupMN.
4.(
a)St
at
eMendel
’
sl
awofi
ndependentassor
t
menti
nman.Br
owney
ecol
our(
B)i
s
Domi
nantov
erbl
ueey
ecol
our(
b)
.Abr
owney
edman,
whosemot
herwasbl
ue
ey
ed,
Mar
r
i
edabr
owney
edwomanwhosef
at
herwasbl
ueey
ed.Whatar
et
he
genot
y
pes
14
Oft
hemanandwoman?
(
b)Descr
i
bet
hel
awofi
ndependentassor
t
mentandst
at
er
easonswhyt
hi
sl
aw
i
snot
Uni
v
er
sal
l
yappl
i
cabl
e.
5.Expl
ai
nt
hesi
gni
f
i
canceofat
estcr
ossandabackcr
oss.
6.Coi
nonewor
df
ort
hef
ol
l
owi
ng:
(
a)Agr
oupofi
ndi
v
i
dual
swhi
chpr
oduceof
f
spr
i
ngf
orsev
er
algener
at
i
onshav
i
ng
t
he
Samespeci
f
i
cchar
act
er
(
b)Ast
udyofr
esembl
ancesanddi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenpar
ent
sandt
hei
rof
f
spr
i
ng
(
c)Ani
ndi
v
i
dual
t
hatdoesnotbr
eedt
r
uef
ori
t
schar
act
er
(
d)Agr
oupofpl
ant
shav
i
ngt
hesamegenesf
orachar
act
er
(
e)Acr
ossofF1i
ndi
v
i
dual
wi
t
ht
hehomozy
gousr
ecessi
v
epar
ent
.
7.I
npeas,t
heal
l
el
ef
ori
nf
l
at
edpodi
sdomi
nantov
ert
heal
l
el
ef
orconst
r
i
ct
ed
f
l
ower
s.I
fapl
anthomozy
gousf
ori
nf
l
at
edi
scr
ossedwi
t
honehomozy
gousf
or
const
r
i
ct
ed,
st
at
et
heappear
anceoft
he(
a)F1,
(
b)F2,
(
c)cr
ossbet
weenoneoft
heF1
wi
t
hi
t
si
nf
l
at
edpar
ent
,and (
d)cr
ossbet
weenoneoft
heF1 wi
t
hi
t
sconst
r
i
ct
ed
par
ent
.
8.Whatgamet
eswi
l
lbef
or
medbyanor
gani
sm t
hathast
hef
ol
l
owi
nggenot
y
pes
bel
ow:
(
a)Tt
(
b)Tt
Rr
(
c)Dd
15
Tut
or
i
alsheet12:Post
Mendel
i
angenet
i
cs
1.I
ncat
s,oneoft
hegenesf
orcoatcol
ouri
spr
esentonl
yont
heXchr
omosomes.
B
Thi
sgenehast
woal
l
el
es.Theal
l
el
ef
orgi
nger
,X,i
sdomi
nantt
ot
hatf
orbl
ackf
ur
,
b
X
(
a)Al
lt
hecel
l
si
nt
hebodyofaf
emal
emammalcar
r
yt
woXchr
omosomes.Dur
i
ng
anear
l
yst
ageofdev
el
opmentoneoft
hesebecomesi
nact
i
v
eandi
snotexpr
essed.
Ther
ef
or
e,f
emal
e mammal
s hav
e pat
ches ofcel
l
s ofcel
l
s wi
t
ht
he ot
herX
chr
omosomeexpr
essed.Tor
t
oi
seshel
lcat
shav
ecoat
swi
t
hpat
chesofgi
ngerand
pat
chesofgi
ngerandpat
chesofbl
ackf
ur
.
(
i
)Whati
st
hegenot
y
peoft
or
t
oi
secat
?
(
i
i
)Expl
ai
nwhyt
her
ear
enomal
et
or
t
oi
seshel
l
cat
s.
(
b)
Acatbr
eederwhowi
shedt
opr
oducet
or
t
oi
seshel
lcat
scr
ossedabl
ackf
emal
e
catwi
t
hagi
ngermal
e.Copyandcompl
et
et
hegenet
i
cdi
agr
am andpr
edi
ctt
he
per
cent
ageoft
or
t
oi
seki
t
t
ensexpect
edf
r
om t
hi
scr
oss.
Par
ent
al
phenot
y
pe:
bl
ackf
emal
e
gi
ngermal
e
16
Par
ent
al
genot
y
pes:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Gamet
egenot
y
pes:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Of
f
spr
i
nggenot
y
pe:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
Per
cent
ageoft
or
t
oi
seshel
l
ki
t
t
ens:
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
2.(
a)Whyar
emal
eshet
er
ogamet
i
c?
(
b)Expl
ai
nwhyanembr
y
owi
t
hXYgenot
y
pemaydev
el
opf
emal
esexual
or
gans.
(
c)Usi
ngexampl
es,
di
st
i
ngui
shbet
weensexl
i
nkageandsexl
i
mi
t
at
i
on.
3.Somet
i
mes,t
hedomi
nantal
l
el
esofonegenel
ocus(
A)i
nhomozy
gous(
AA)and
het
er
ozy
gous(
Aa)condi
t
i
onandt
hehomozy
gousr
ecessi
v
eal
l
el
es(
bb)ofanot
her
genel
ocus(
B)pr
oducet
hesamephenot
y
pe,t
heF2 phenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
obecomes13:
3
duet
oepi
st
asi
sandhy
post
asi
s(
Tabl
e1)
.
Tabl
e1:Modeofi
nt
er
act
i
onbet
weendomi
nantandr
ecessi
v
eal
l
el
esi
sgi
v
eni
nt
he
t
abl
ebel
ow.
s/
n Epi
st
at
i
c
o
al
l
el
e
Hy
post
at
i
c
al
l
el
e
Phenot
y
pecexpr
essi
onofal
l
el
es
1
AA,
Aa
BB,
Bb,
bb
Ai
nhi
bi
t
sBorb(
Nophenot
y
peofBorb)
2
aa
BB,
Bb,
bb
Adoesnoti
nhi
bi
tBorb(
phenot
y
peofB
orb)
I
nLeghor
nt
y
peoff
owlt
hewhi
t
ecol
ouroff
eat
heri
scausedbyt
hedomi
nant
genot
y
peCC I
I
,si
mi
l
ar
l
yt
hewhi
t
ecol
ouroff
eat
her
sofPl
y
mout
hRockbr
eedi
s
causedbyt
her
ecessi
v
egenot
y
pecci
i(
Tabl
e2)
.Whenbot
hwhi
t
ev
ar
i
et
i
esoff
owl
s
ar
ecr
ossed,i
nF1 whi
t
ecol
our
edhy
br
i
dsappear
.TheF1 hy
br
i
dsi
nF2 pr
oducet
he
whi
t
ecol
our
edof
f
spr
i
ngsi
nt
her
at
i
oof13:
3.Per
f
or
m agenet
i
ccr
osst
opr
ov
et
hi
s.
Tabl
e2:
Modeofi
nt
er
act
i
onbet
weendomi
nantandr
ecessi
v
eal
l
el
es
Epi
st
at
i
c
al
l
el
es
Hy
post
at
i
c
al
l
el
es
Phenot
y
pi
c expr
essi
on of F2 phenot
y
pi
c
al
l
el
e
r
at
i
o
I
I
CC,
Cc,
cc
I(
domi
nanti
nhi
bi
t
or
)
I
i
CC,
Cc
C(
Duet
or
ecessi
v
ei
nhi
bi
t
or Col
our
ed=3
i
)
i
i
cc
C(
duet
ocandi
)
17
Whi
t
e=12
Whi
t
e=1
4.Whenapur
el
i
nev
ar
i
et
yofwhi
t
ef
l
ower
edsweetpea(
Lat
hyr
usodor
at
us)was
cr
ossedwi
t
hanot
herpur
el
i
nev
ar
i
et
yofwhi
t
ef
l
ower
edsweatpea,
i
nF1pur
pl
eorr
ed
f
l
ower
edpl
ant
swer
epr
oduced(
Tabl
e3)
.TheF1pl
ant
swhensel
f
pol
l
i
nat
edor
cr
ossedamongt
hemsel
v
es,pr
oducedt
heF2 gener
at
i
onwi
t
ht
hephenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oof
9col
our
edandwhi
t
ef
l
ower
edpl
ant
s.
Tabl
e3:Modeofact
i
onofcompl
ement
ar
yal
l
el
esi
nt
hepr
oduct
i
onofcol
our
ed
f
l
ower
si
nsweatpea.
Epi
st
at
i
c
al
l
el
es
Hy
post
at
i
c
al
l
el
es
Phenot
y
pi
c expr
essi
on of F2
phenot
y
pi
c
al
l
el
e
r
at
i
o
Cc
EE,
Ee,
ee
Nei
t
hercnorEore
CC,
Cc
Ee
Nei
t
herCorcnore
CC,
Cc
EE,
Ee
Bot
hC+E
Useagenet
i
cdi
agr
am t
oexpl
ai
nt
heser
esul
t
s.
Tut
or
i
alsheet13:Genei
nt
er
act
i
on
1.Descr
i
bet
hef
ol
l
owi
ngconcept
s
(
a)Epi
st
asi
s
18
Whi
t
e=7
Col
our
ed=9
(
b)I
nt
er
act
i
onofgenes
(
c)I
nt
r
aal
l
el
i
candi
nt
er
al
l
el
i
ci
nt
er
act
i
on
(
d)Compl
ement
ar
ygenes
2.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ecompl
ement
ar
ygenesf
r
om suppl
ement
ar
ygenes
3.Namet
het
y
peofgenet
i
ci
nt
er
act
i
oni
nwhi
chact
i
onofonenonal
l
el
i
cgenei
s
compl
ement
edbyt
heot
her
.
4.Whatphenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oi
sf
oundi
nt
heF2 i
nacr
ossbet
weent
wov
ar
i
et
i
eshav
i
ng
dupl
i
cat
edgenesf
orasi
ngl
et
r
ai
t
?
5.Whati
st
her
esul
tofacr
ossbet
weent
wowhi
t
ef
l
ower
edv
ar
i
et
i
esofLat
hyr
us
odor
at
uswhosegenot
y
pesar
eCCppandCcPp
6.Fi
l
l
i
nt
hebl
ankspacesbel
ow
(
a)_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_occur
swhent
hedomi
nantal
l
el
eofonel
ocusmaskst
heef
f
ect
sof
ei
t
heral
l
el
eoft
hesecondgene.I
t
sF2phenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oi
s_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
b)Recessi
v
eepi
st
asi
si
swhen_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.I
t
sF2phenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oi
s_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
c)_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_hasaphenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oof9:
7.I
toccur
swhenr
ecessi
v
eal
l
el
esat
ei
t
heroft
het
wol
oci
canmaskt
heexpr
essi
onofdomi
nantal
l
el
esatt
het
wol
oci
.
(
d)Dupl
i
cat
i
v
edomi
nantepi
st
asi
shasaphenot
y
pi
cr
at
i
oof_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.I
ti
sdef
i
ned
as_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
7.Descr
i
bepl
ei
ot
r
opi
sm wi
t
hsui
t
abl
eexampl
es.
8.(
a)Def
i
net
het
er
mspenet
r
anceandexpr
essi
v
i
t
y
(
b)Expl
ai
nt
hemaj
ordi
f
f
er
encesbet
weenpenet
r
anceandexpr
essi
v
i
t
y
.
Tut
or
i
alsheet14:Sexl
i
nkage
1.Gi
v
eanaccountoft
hechr
omosomal
basi
sofsexl
i
nkagei
nhumanbei
ngs.
2.Whati
ssexl
i
nkedi
nher
i
t
ance?Expl
ai
nt
hei
nher
i
t
ancepat
t
er
nofhaemophi
l
i
aand
19
r
edgr
eencol
ourbl
i
ndness
3.Col
ourbl
i
ndnessi
smor
eof
t
eni
nmal
est
hani
nf
emal
es.Gi
v
er
easons.
4.Awomanofnor
malv
i
si
onmar
r
i
esamanofnor
malv
i
si
on.Fat
her
sofbot
ht
he
manandwomanar
ecol
ourbl
i
nd.Whatt
y
peofv
i
si
onwoul
dy
ouexpecti
nt
hei
r
of
f
spr
i
ng?
5.Di
scusst
hei
nher
i
t
anceofYl
i
nkedgenes.
6.Whatar
ehol
andr
i
cgenes?Howdoest
hei
ri
nher
i
t
ancedi
f
f
erf
r
om t
hei
nher
i
t
ance
ofdi
geni
cgenes?Descr
i
bewi
t
hsui
t
abl
eexampl
es,t
hei
nher
i
t
anceofhol
ogeni
c
genesi
nman.
7.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ebet
weenXl
i
nkedandsex
l
i
mi
t
edchar
act
er
s.
8.Compl
et
et
hef
ol
l
owi
ngsent
ences
(
a)TheXl
i
nkedorsex
l
i
nkedgenesar
e_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_genest
hatexhi
bi
t
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
pat
t
er
nofi
nher
i
t
ance
(
b)ThenumberofBar
rbodyi
nXXYmeni
s_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
c)I
npr
ot
anopi
a,
aper
soncannotdi
st
i
ngui
sh_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
d)Col
ourbl
i
ndness,
i
nwhi
chal
l
col
our
sar
eper
cei
v
edasgr
ey
,
i
st
er
med_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
e)Moust
achesandbear
edi
nhumanmal
esar
eexampl
esof_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(
f
)Deut
er
onopi
ai
sadi
seasewhent
her
ei
snoper
cept
i
onof
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.
9.Whati
sl
i
nkage?Descr
i
becompl
et
eandi
ncompl
et
el
i
nkage.
10.(
a)Descr
i
bet
hemechani
sm ofl
i
nkagewi
t
ht
hehel
pofanexampl
e
(
b)St
at
et
hesi
gni
f
i
canceofl
i
nkage.
(
c)Howi
st
hel
awofi
ndependentassor
t
mentaf
f
ect
edbyl
i
nkage?
Tut
or
i
alsheet15:Mut
at
i
ons
1.(
a)Whati
sabaseanal
ogue?
20
(
b)usi
ngexampl
es,
expl
ai
nhowbaseanal
oguesi
nducemut
at
i
onsi
nDNA.
2.Ther
ear
ev
ar
i
oust
y
pesofmi
spai
r
i
ngst
hatcausegenemut
at
i
ons.Expl
ai
nspeci
f
i
c
exampl
es.
3.Descr
i
bet
hemechani
sm usedbyal
kay
l
at
i
ngagent
st
oi
nducemut
at
i
ons.
4.(
a)Namesomemut
ageni
cv
i
r
uses.
(
b)Howdoesamut
ageni
cv
i
r
usi
nducemut
at
i
onsi
ni
t
shost
?
5.(
a)Whati
st
heef
f
ectofsi
ckl
ecel
l
anaemi
aonr
edbl
oodcel
l
s?
(
b)Namet
het
y
peofpoi
ntmut
at
i
onwhi
chcausessi
ckl
ecel
l
anaemi
a.
5.Expl
ai
nt
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
y
pesofmut
at
i
ons:
(
a)
si
l
entmut
at
i
ons
(
b)nonsensemut
at
i
on,
(
c)Neut
r
al
mut
at
i
ons,
(
d)mi
ssensemut
at
i
ons.
6.Di
f
f
er
ent
i
at
ef
r
ameshi
f
tmut
at
i
onf
r
om domi
nantnegat
i
v
eMut
at
i
on.
7.(
a)Di
scusst
het
hr
eet
y
pesofmut
agens.
(
b)Gi
v
eexampl
esof
(
i
)
Phy
si
cal
mut
agens
(
i
i
)
Chemi
cal
mut
agens
(
i
i
i
) Bi
ol
ogi
cal
mut
agens
8.Whati
st
her
el
at
i
onshi
pbet
weenmut
agensandcar
ci
nogens?
9.Howdospont
aneousmut
at
i
onsdi
f
f
erf
r
om i
nducedmut
at
i
ons?
Tut
or
i
alsheet16:Sel
ect
i
on
21
1.Def
i
net
hef
ol
l
owi
ngt
er
m:het
er
ozy
gousadv
ant
age,
genet
i
cdr
i
f
t
,
nat
ur
alsel
ect
i
on
andgenepool
.
2.Descr
i
bet
hedi
f
f
er
encesbet
weencont
i
nuousanddi
scont
i
nuousv
ar
i
at
i
ons
3.Expl
ai
n,wi
t
hexampl
es,howt
heenv
i
r
onmentmayaf
f
ectt
hephenot
y
peofpl
ant
s
andani
mal
s.
4.Expl
ai
n,wi
t
h exampl
es,how env
i
r
onment
alf
act
or
s can actas st
abi
l
i
si
ng,
di
sr
upt
i
v
eanddi
r
ect
i
onal
f
or
cesf
ornat
ur
al
sel
ect
i
on.
5.Expl
ai
nhow sel
ect
i
on,t
hef
ounderef
f
ectandgenet
i
cdr
i
f
tmayaf
f
ectal
l
el
e
f
r
equenci
esi
npopul
at
i
ons.
6.(
a)St
at
et
heHar
dy
Wei
nber
gpr
i
nci
pl
eandi
ndi
cat
ei
t
susef
ul
nessi
npopul
at
i
on
Genet
i
cs.
(
b)Out
l
i
net
hecondi
t
i
onst
hatneedt
obemetf
ort
heHar
dy
Wei
nber
gequi
l
i
br
i
um
Tobef
ul
f
i
l
l
ed.
7.(
a)I
foneper
soni
n10,
000i
shaemophi
l
i
ac,
det
er
mi
ne:
(
i
)t
hehomozy
gousdomi
nantf
r
equency
.
(
i
i
)t
hef
r
equencyofhet
er
ozy
got
es.
(
i
i
i
)t
hehomozy
gousr
ecessi
v
ef
r
equency
(
b)Whatper
cent
ageofnewbor
nbabi
eswoul
dbehaemophi
l
i
acs?
8.Whatar
ei
sol
at
i
ngmechani
sms?Expl
ai
nv
ar
i
oust
y
pesofi
sol
at
i
ngmechani
sms
t
hatcan
Leadt
ospeci
at
i
on.
22
23