Developed to reduce or prevent loss of life and property during technology development period Some of the north America organisations Developed to reduce or prevent loss of life and property during technology development period The designer must determine which code applies in the area of a specific project. The design goal should be a safe, efficient, long-lasting, flexible and economical electrical distribution system A design engineer should conform to all applicable codes, and require equipment to be listed by UL or another recognized testing laboratory wherever possible, and to meet ANSI or NEMA standards. What are standards? Standards are published documents created to ensure the reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or services. They establish requirements, specifications, guidelines, characteristics, and/or procedures designed. Typically, they are developed through a consensus process and approved by various national and international agencies, professional societies, or industry organizations. Standards are the minimally accepted professional practice and/or quality that must be observed. How are standards developed? The following are a few examples of how standards organizations develop their standards. ISO - "Like a symphony, it takes a lot of people working together to develop a standard. ISO’s role is similar to that of a conductor, while the orchestra is made up of independent technical experts nominated by our members. The experts form a technical committee that is responsible for a specific subject area. They begin the process with the development of a draft that meets a specific market need. This is then shared for commenting and further discussion. The voting process is the key to consensus. If that’s achieved then the draft is on its way to becoming an ISO standard. If agreement isn’t reached then the draft will be modified further, and voted on again. From first proposal to final publication, developing a standard usually takes about 3 years." - https://www.iso.org/developing-standards.html ASTM - "A full consensus standard is developed by a cross-section of stakeholders with an interest in its use. When there is a need for new standards, requests can come from trade associations, government agencies, and professional societies that do not create their own standards; or manufacturers, consumer groups, and even individuals. The request is presented to an ASTM technical committee and the process of standards development begins." - https://www.astm.org/studentmember/StandardsProcess.html How long are standards active? The time frame in which a standard remains active varies based on the standards organization's review and revision processes. Who uses standards? Small businesses, national and international businesses, governments, engineers, scientists, architects, designers, students, etc. Why are standards important? • Enhance health, safety and quality of life • Improve performance • Reduce risk • Become more sustainable • Facilitate global trade and market access • Help produce efficient and effective products • Reduce costs, improve supplier relations • Guide business communications and marketing • Advance innovation and new technologies • Support regulatory goals and compliance • Transfer technology to the marketplace • Make modern conveniences possible What are some of the risks of not identifying and not complying with relevant current standards? • Inability to sell completed product • Damage relationship with suppliers • Interoperability issues • Product not approved by regulators • Possible governmental sanctions, fine, and/or reprimands • Possible civil lawsuits • Possible criminal lawsuits • Loss of revenue • Accidents • Illness • Property damage • Loss of professional license • Loss of or inability to obtain insurance What types of standards exist? The following are a few examples of how different standards granting organizations publish different types of standards. • ANSI: basic, design, management systems, process, product, test methods, and others • ASTM: specification, test method, terminology, practice, guide • ISO: product, test methods, codes of practice, guideline, management systems What are the major sources of standards? While the US tends to have a stakeholder-driven development process, the rest of the world tends to have a politically-drive, government-based, standards development process. In the US there are hundreds of decentralized, non-government standards development organizations active. ANSI is the US's official coordinator of these organizations. How are standards named? Standards are named using the acronym of the standard granting organization, the number of the standard, and the year the standard was issued. • ASCE/SEI 7-16 • ASTM F963-17 • ISO 13485:2016 Professional Organizations American National Standards Institute (ANSI) NEC Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ANSI actually accredits many different standards developers, including those familiar to the electrical industry like NFPA, UL, and IEEE. The National Electrical Code, or NFPA 70, is a regionally adoptable standard for the safe installation of electrical wiring and equipment in the United States and establishes the basis for electrical safety in industrial, commercial, and residential buildings. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) publishes a number of books on recommended practices for the design of industrial buildings, commercial buildings, emergency power systems, grounding, and the like. Most of these IEEE standards have been adopted as ANSI standards. They are excellent guides, although they are not in any way mandatory. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) is the largest association of electrical goods and equipment and electronic medical imaging equipment manufacturers in the United States NEMA publishes more than 700 electrical and medical imaging Standards and technical whitepapers that cover millions of Member products. that Standards play a key part in the design, production, and distribution of products destined for both national and international commerce. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) is a global self-funded non-profit organization, established in 1896, devoted to eliminating death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards. Vision: We are the leading global advocate for the elimination of death, injury, property, and economic loss due to fire, electrical and related hazards. Mission: To help save lives and reduce loss with information, knowledge, and passion. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) Underwriters Laboratories (UL) has standards that equipment must meet before UL will list or label it. Most jurisdictions and OSHA require that where equipment listed as safe by a recognized laboratory is available, unlisted equipment may not be used. (Testing) OSHA :The Occupational Safety and Health The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970 sets uniform national requirements for safety in the workplace—anywhere that people are employed. Originally OSHA adopted the1971 NEC as rules for electrical safety. Indian Electricity Rules,(IE Rules) 1956 The provisions cover safety aspects, licensing provisions, appointment of inspectors etc. What are standards? Standards are published documents created to ensure the reliability of the materials, products, methods, and/or services. They establish requirements, specifications, guidelines, characteristics, and/or procedures designed. Typically, they are developed through a consensus process and approved by various national and international agencies, professional societies, or industry organizations. Standards are the minimally accepted professional practice and/or quality that must be observed. How are standards developed? The following are a few examples of how standards organizations develop their standards. ISO - "Like a symphony, it takes a lot of people working together to develop a standard. ISO’s role is similar to that of a conductor, while the orchestra is made up of independent technical experts nominated by our members. The experts form a technical committee that is responsible for a specific subject area. They begin the process with the development of a draft that meets a specific market need. This is then shared for commenting and further discussion. The voting process is the key to consensus. If that’s achieved then the draft is on its way to becoming an ISO standard. If agreement isn’t reached then the draft will be modified further, and voted on again. From first proposal to final publication, developing a standard usually takes about 3 years." - https://www.iso.org/developing-standards.html ASTM - "A full consensus standard is developed by a cross-section of stakeholders with an interest in its use. When there is a need for new standards, requests can come from trade associations, government agencies, and professional societies that do not create their own standards; or manufacturers, consumer groups, and even individuals. The request is presented to an ASTM technical committee and the process of standards development begins." - https://www.astm.org/studentmember/StandardsProcess.html How long are standards active? The time frame in which a standard remains active varies based on the standards organization's review and revision processes. Who uses standards? Small businesses, national and international businesses, governments, engineers, scientists, architects, designers, students, etc. Why are standards important? Enhance health, safety and quality of life Improve performance Reduce risk Become more sustainable Facilitate global trade and market access Help produce efficient and effective products Reduce costs, improve supplier relations Guide business communications and marketing Advance innovation and new technologies Support regulatory goals and compliance Transfer technology to the marketplace Make modern conveniences possible What are some of the risks of not identifying and not complying with relevant current standards? Inability to sell completed product Damage relationship with suppliers Interoperability issues Product not approved by regulators Possible governmental sanctions, fine, and/or reprimands Possible civil lawsuits Possible criminal lawsuits Loss of revenue Accidents Illness Property damage Loss of professional license Loss of or inability to obtain insurance What types of standards exist? The following are a few examples of how different standards granting organizations publish different types of standards. ANSI: basic, design, management systems, process, product, test methods, and others ASTM: specification, test method, terminology, practice, guide ISO: product, test methods, codes of practice, guideline, management systems What are the major sources of standards? While the US tends to have a stakeholder-driven development process, the rest of the world tends to have a politically-drive, government-based, standards development process. In the US there are hundreds of decentralized, non-government standards development organizations active. ANSI is the US's official coordinator of these organizations. How are standards named? Standards are named using the acronym of the standard granting organization, the number of the standard, and the year the standard was issued. ASCE/SEI 7-16 ASTM F963-17 ISO 13485:2016
