INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING
BY:MUBAREK Z.
2 INTRODUCTIONTransportation refers to a process of conveying a material from one place to
another by using different ways such as:-airway,railway,highway andWaterwayTransportation
engineering therefore generally refers to design, construction, operation and management of
airports, railway lines and stations, highways, and water way (harbor and port).
3 INTRODUCTION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Is a planned network of elements or physical components that play different roles in the
transportation of people & goodsThe elements or physical components of a transport system are
referred to as the facilities.A transportation system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed
facilities, the flow entities, and control system that permit the movements of peoples and goods.
4 Fixed FacilitiesAre the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitutes
the network of links and nodes of the transportation system.The links could be roadway segment
and railway trackThe nodes could be intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbors, and
airportsThe design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been within the realm of civil
engineering.The design includes:soil and foundation engineering design,structural engineering
design,the design of drainage systems, andgeometric design, which is concerned with the physical
proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities.
5 Flow EntitiesAre the units that traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles,
container units, railroad cars, and so on.In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are
expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large track-trailer
.
6 Control SystemThe control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control
refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such
controls can be manual or automated.In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are
manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, such as time a driver takes to perceive
and react to various stimuli.The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient
and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This
system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of
operation.
7 Mobility & Accessibility
Mobility refers to the ability to move between different activity sitesIf a facility could move people and
goods very fast then that facility provides very high mobilityAccessibility refers to the number of
activity sites connected by the facilityIf a facility provides connection to large number of residences,
commercial places and industrial places then it provides very high accessibilityMobility and
accessibility are inversely related.
8 Mobility Vs Accessibility
Note that as the accessibility of road increases, the speed reduces.
9 Freeways: Freeways are access-controlled divided highways
Freeways: Freeways are access-controlled divided highways. Access is controlled through the use
of interchangesExpressways: They are superior type of highways and are designed for high speeds
( 120 km/hr is common), high traffic volume and safety. They are generally provided with grade
separations at intersections. Parking, loading and unloading of goods and pedestrian traffic is not
allowed on expressways.
10 Major Transportation Systems
HighwaysRailwaysAirwaysExample:- A highway is any public road designates major roads or any
road open to the public.Any interconnected set of highways can be variously referred to as a
"highway system",a "highway network", or a "highway transportation system". Each country has its
ownnational highway systemWaterwaysPipelineConveyor
11 Transport projects are normally justified for the improvements in
Traffic flow and safetySavings in energy consumption and travel timeEconomic growth,Increased
accessibility, etc
12 Some other transport projects, however, may be selected for other reasons:
To stimulate employment in a particular regionTo compete with other cities or states for prestigeTo
attract industryTo respond to pressures from political constituency, orTo gain personal benefits from
a particular route location or construction projectsIn some instances transport projects may not be
selected because of opposition from those who would be adversely affected by the project.
13 Highway EngineeringHighway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil
engineering which involves the design, construction and maintenance of Highway Systems.It
involves the application of scientificprinciples to the planning, design, maintenance and operation of
a highway project or system of projects.
14 The Stages of Highway Development
• Planning • Project Development • Final Design • Right-of-way, • Construction, And MaintenanceThe
Stages of Highway Development
15 Planning“… an activity or process that examines the potential of future actions to guide a
situation or system toward a desired direction”Occurs in present but is oriented towards the
futureGoals:-desired achievements such as,“Meet the mobility needs of the population”“Provide
enhanced economic development opportunities”
16 Planning… Objective:- focuses on how the goal is to be achieved,
for example by-reduce congestion,-protect the environment,-avoid accidents,-improve
accessibilityIdentification of goals and objectives is critical in that they define the evaluation criteria
(measure of effectiveness),which is used to select best one from various alternatives.Different
Scales of transport planning:National > Regional > Local
17 Scope of transportation planning
All man-made projects should start with a plan.The more significant the project, the more intensive
and long term the planningFor large transportation projects, planning starts 20 years before
construction.
18 Planning Process Situation Definition Establishing the
Problem DefinitionSearch for SolutionsAnalysis of PerformanceEvaluation of AlternativesChoice of
ProjectsDesign & ConstructFeedbackEstablishing thePurpose & Need
19 Project DevelopmentDefine the major features of the resulting project through the remainder of
the design and construction process.The basic steps in this stage includes:• Refinement of purpose
and need• Development of a range of alternatives• Evaluation of alternatives• Development of
appropriate mitigation
20 Final Design Developing a Concept
• Gives the project a focus and helps to move it toward a specific direction.• Integrating many
elements in a highway elements to achieve a common goal or concept.• Helps the designer in
making design decisions.Considering ScalesDetailing the DesignThe product of this stage is a
complete set of plans, specifications, and estimates of required quantities of materials.
21 Right-of-way, Construction And Maintenance
Right-of-way :- Land needed for the project is acquired.construction :- Selection of contractor, who
then builds the project.
22 The Addis Ababa-Adama expressway project
It is a part of five-year growth and transformation plan (GTP).Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is the
developer of the project and Chinese Communications Construction Company (CCCC) is the
contractor.The project is estimated to cost $612mIs 80km-long expressway and located in Oromia
regional state.It is six-lane, 12m-wide road and can accommodate 15,000 vehicles per day.It will
also have street lights and be wide enough to accommodate three cars at a time.It reduces travel
time to about minutesThe government plans to put toll booth on the highway and to charge motorists
fees to use the road.
23 The Addis Ababa-Adama expressway project…
The new road will be 20km shorter than the existing Addis Ababa -Adama road, while the route will
be fenced on either sides for protection from pedestrians and animals.Two design speeds of
100kmph and 120kmph are used for different sections of the road. The new route will have exit
points for towns located between Addis Ababa and Adama
25 Case studyThe highway between Meskel Square to kaliti Square(Debre Zeit Road) was reconstructed and opened to Traffic. AACRA`s plan was interior lanes to give a traffic operation for
only City Bus, Mid- Bus, & Higher Buses; while exterior lanes serving trucks, taxies and the like.After
a year of service, the Ethiopia Railway corporation(ERC) announces that the AA Light Rail transit
going to be constructed on the centre line of this Highway. B/c of this, the interior lanes now
completely demolished serving only for one year.
26 The Question is….1 . Was the Transport Planning correct? 2. Who Should be blamed for the
loss of cost? AACRA, ERC, or Ministry of transport? 3. What should be recommended to avoid such
Scenarios?