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W9.Antineoplastic and BRM Answer Key 2021
Pharmacology (Central New Mexico Community College)
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
1
Define the following terms:
1. Cancer (CA): group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow out of control and can spread to
other areas of the body
2. Apoptosis: cell death
3. Metastasis: The spread of cancer to other parts of the body.
4. Pharmaceuticals used to destroy cancer cells are called anticancer, chemotherapeutic,
antineoplastic, or cytotoxic
5. The use of two or more chemotherapy agents is referred to as combination therapy
6. Drugs that exert their influence during a specific phase(s) of the cell cycle are called Cell cycle
-specific (CCS) drugs and include antimetabolites, some alkylating agents and vinca alkaloids.
7. Drugs that exert their influence during any phase of the cell cycle are called Cell cycle nonspecific (CCNS) drugs and include Alkylating agents, hormones and anti-tumor antibiotics.
8. The growth factor and doubling time are two factors that play a major role in the response of
cancer cells to anti-cancer drugs.
9. When cancer is treated with surgery followed by chemotherapy it is referred to as adjuvant
therapy.
10. When chemotherapy is given to shrink a tumor it is referred to as neoadjuvant,
11. Cancer treatment to relive symptoms of advanced disease is referred to as palliative
chemotherapy.
12. Anticancer drugs exert adverse effects on the bone marrow resulting in decreased WBC’s,
platelets and RBC’s termed myelosuppression.
13. The time at which blood counts are the lowest (7-10 days after treatment) is termed nadir.
14. Alkylating drugs damage cell DNA strands the preventing reproduction of cancer cells.
15. Five classes of alkylating agents are Nitrogen mustard, nitrosoureas, alkyl sulfonates, triazines,
ethylenimines.
Cyclophosphamide/Alkylating Agent
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Immunity
CCNS Damage cell’s
DNA preventing
reproduction of
cancer cells.
Leukemia, breast
and ovarian CA
lymphomas,
multiple myeloma,
lung CA
retinoblastoma.
Baseline VS
Medical
history,
drug/herbal
history.
Baseline labs
CBC,
chemistry,
and urine.
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Decreased
immunity.
Need for patient
teaching.
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Monitor labs (CBC, blood urea
nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, liver
panel, and electrolytes) before drug
administration and during treatment.
Monitor the IV site frequently for
irritation and phlebitis.
Maintain strict medical asepsis
during dressing changes and invasive
procedures.
Encourage small, frequent meals
high in calories and protein.
Monitor fluid intake and output and
nutritional intake during therapy.
Encourage patients to drink at least 2
L of fluid per day to promote
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient
does not
develop
hemorrhagic
cystitis.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
excretion of cellular breakdown
products and to reduce the risk of
hemorrhagic cystitis.
Assess the need for IV hydration.
Maintain hydration before and
during chemotherapy.
Assess for signs and symptoms of
hematuria, urinary frequency, or
dysuria.
Administer premedications as
ordered 30 to 60 minutes before
giving drugs.
Provide drug information verbally
and in print to the
patient/family/caregiver.
Encourage patients to use sunblock
with a sun protection factor (SPF) of
50 or greater and to use other means
to protect skin from sun exposure.
Teach patients to take
cyclophosphamide early in the day to
prevent accumulation of drug in the
bladder during the night.
Remind patients to consult with a
health care provider before
administration of any vaccines.
Advise patients to promptly report
signs of infection (e.g., elevated
temperature, fever, chills, sore
throat, frequent urination or burning
on urination, and
redness/swelling/pain near a
wound); bleeding (e.g., bleeding
gums, petechiae, bruises, hematuria,
blood in the stool); and anemia (e.g.,
increased fatigue, dyspnea, and
orthostatic hypotension).
Advise patients not to visit anyone
who has a respiratory infection. A
decreased WBC count puts patient at
high risk for acquiring an infection.
Emphasize protective precautions as
necessary (e.g., hand washing and
personal hygiene).
Teach patients to empty their
bladder every 2 to 3 hours.
Teach methods of sun protection
(e.g., sunblock with SPF 50 or
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
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greater, brimmed hats, and
lightweight, long-sleeved shirts).
Advise patients about good oral
hygiene with a soft toothbrush for
stomatitis; have patients use a soft
toothbrush when the platelet count
is less than 50,000/mm3.
Assess for use of alternative and
complementary therapies that may
interact with chemotherapy drugs.
Advise patients to report any signs of
bleeding.
Advise patients to follow a diet low
in purines—such as organ meats,
beans, and peas—to alkalize urine.
Advise patients to avoid citric acid.
Offer patients food and fluids that
may decrease nausea (e.g., cola,
crackers, and ginger ale).
Plan small, frequent meals.
16. Antimetabolites interfere with various substances needed for normal cell function.
Fluorouracil (5-FU)/Antimetabolite
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Immunity
CCS Affect cells with
high metabolic rates
and inhibits RNA
synthesis.
Treat cancers of GI
tract, head, neck,
breast.
Baseline VS
Medical
history,
drug/herbal
history.
Baseline labs
CBC,
chemistry,
and urine.
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Decreased
immunity.
Need for patient
teaching.
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Monitor the intravenous (IV) site
frequently. Extravasation produces
severe pain and can promote
infection.
Maintain strict medical asepsis
during dressing changes and invasive
procedures.
Monitor blood counts and laboratory
values.
Administer an antiemetic 30 to 60
minutes before the drug to prevent
nausea and emesis.
Monitor fluid intake and output and
nutritional intake.
Offer the patient food and fluids that
may decrease nausea (e.g., crackers,
cola, and ginger ale).
Assist with the planning of small,
frequent meals.
Record the number and consistency
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
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of stools; monitor perineal skin
condition.
Advise patients to promptly report
signs of infection (fever, sore throat,
chills, urinary frequency or burning
on urination; redness, swelling, or
pain near a wound); bleeding
(bleeding gums, petechiae, bruises,
hematuria, or blood in the stool); or
signs of anemia (increased fatigue,
dyspnea, or orthostatic
hypotension).
Teach patients to examine their
mouth daily and report signs of
stomatitis (soreness, ulcerations, or
white patches in the mouth).
Advise patient not to visit anyone
who has a respiratory infection.
Emphasize protective precautions
such as hand washing and personal
hygiene.
Emphasize the importance of
maintaining sound nutrition, and
assist in the development of small,
frequent meals high in calories and
protein.
Advise patients about good oral
hygiene with a soft toothbrush for
mucositis/stomatitis; have patients
use a soft toothbrush when the
platelet count is 50,000/mm3 or less.
Instruct patients to rinse their mouth
every 2 hours with normal saline and
to avoid use of commercial
mouthwashes that contain alcohol.
Assess for use of alternative or
complementary therapies that may
interact with chemotherapy.
Encourage small, frequent meals to
decrease incidences of nausea and
emesis.
Encourage use of cool, bland foods
when the patient is nauseated.
Offer ice chips or ice pops to help
relieve mouth pain.
Encourage foods high in calories and
protein.
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Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
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17. Antitumor antibiotics are similar to natural antibiotic, but they interfere with protein and RNA
synthesis and bind DNA, causing fragmentation.
18. Many antitumor antibiotics are vesicants that cause blistering of tissue during infusion.
Doxorubicin/Antitumor antibiotic
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Immunity
Interfere with DNA
replication and RNA
transcription of
cancer cells.
Lung, GI, breast,
ovarian cancer,
hematogenous
tumors, sarcomas,
leukemias,
lymphomas.
Baseline VS
Medical
history,
drug/herbal
history.
Baseline labs
CBC,
chemistry,
and urine.
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Decreased
immunity.
Need for patient
teaching.
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Maintain strict medical asepsis
during dressing changes and invasive
procedures.
Assess cardiac status and check for
any ECG abnormalities before and
during treatment. Prepare to
administer dexrazoxane.
Monitor the intravenous (IV) site
frequently, and stop the infusion
immediately if signs of extravasation
are apparent.
Give drug through a large-bore,
quickly running IV infusion. Monitor
blood counts and laboratory values.
Handle the drug with care during
preparation, and avoid direct skin
contact with the drug.
Teach patients/family/caregivers
when to call the health care provider.
Explain to patients that the
anticancer drug can decrease
immune response and blood count.
Emphasize protective precautions
such as hand washing, personal
hygiene, and avoiding people with
respiratory infection.
Teach patients about changes in
urine color (pink or red) caused by
this drug.
Advise patients when to call a health
care provider about cardiac
abnormalities (chest pain, shortness
of breath, or palpitations).
Advise patients to promptly report
signs of infection (fever, sore throat),
bleeding (bleeding gums, petechiae,
bruises, hematuria, or blood in
stool), and anemia (increased
fatigue, dyspnea, or orthostatic
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
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hypotension).
Stress to patients the importance of
notifying their health care provider
immediately if burning or pain is
experienced at the IV site.
Encourage small, frequent, bland
meals high in calories and protein.
19. Plant alkaloids are CCS drugs that block cell division at the M phase of the cell cycle.
Vincristine/Vinca alkaloid
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Immunity
CCS Block cell
division at M cycle
Leukemias, breast
cancer, multiple
myeloma,
sarcomas, brain
tumors, nonHodgkin’s
lymphoma
Baseline VS
Medical
history,
drug/herbal
history.
Baseline labs
CBC,
chemistry,
and urine.
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Decreased
immunity.
Need for patient
teaching.
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Assess for signs of respiratory
distress during and after drug
administration.
Monitor for signs of peripheral
neuropathy (numbness or tingling in
hands or feet, sensory loss, loss of
deep tendon reflexes, paresthesia,
foot drop or wrist drop, ataxia).
Assess the intravenous (IV) site
carefully. Give drug through a largebore, quickly running IV infusion.
Monitor the IV site for extravasation,
and if it occurs, stop the infusion
immediately and follow the drug
protocol for extravasation.
Monitor blood counts and laboratory
values.
Maintain strict medical asepsis
during dressing changes and invasive
procedures.
Administer stool softener or laxative
as prescribed.
Monitor fluid intake and output and
nutritional intake.
Teach patients the signs and
symptoms of neurotoxicity:
numbness or tingling in hands or
feet, sensory loss, loss of deep
tendon reflexes, paresthesia, foot or
wrist drop, and ataxia.
Emphasize the importance of
notifying the health care provider of
any breathing difficulties such as
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
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wheezing, shortness of breath, and
anxiety.
Advise patients to promptly report
signs of infection (fever, sore throat),
bleeding (bleeding gums, petechiae,
bruises, hematuria, blood in the
stool), and anemia (increased
fatigue, dyspnea, orthostatic
hypotension).
Emphasize protective precautions
such as hand washing and personal
hygiene.
Teach patients the signs of peripheral
neuropathy.
Teach patients the signs of
respiratory compromise.
Teach patients to report
constipation, abdominal pain, and
difficulty with urination.
Teach patients the signs of drug
extravasation into tissue, which can
occur 3 to 4 weeks after
administration of the drug.
Encourage bulky high-fiber foods and
moderate exercise to reduce the risk
of constipation.
Encourage adequate hydration to
prevent electrolyte imbalances and
renal toxicity.
20. Hormones are not considered true chemotherapy agents, but list seven types of hormones
used in cancer therapy corticosteroids, sex hormones, antiestrogens, aromatase inhibitors,
progestin, gonadotropin releasing hormones and antiandrogens.
21. Targeted therapy is chemotherapy that is specific, deliberate and cytostatic directed by the
individual person’s genes.
22. Telomeric DNA shortens with each cell division eventually halting cell division.
23. Signal transduction inhibitor’s (STIs) block signals from one molecule to another
24. Angiogenesis inhibitors/vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitors prevent the
formation of new blood vessels.
Bevacizumab/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor
Erlotinib/ Epidermal growth factor inhibitor
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
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Evaluation
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Cellular Regulation
Restrict blood
vessel growth
resulting in
reduction of
microvascular
growth and
inhibition of
metastatic disease.
Colorectal cervical
and ovarian CA
Inhibit cell growth,
proliferation, and
survival of cancer
cells; promote
apoptosis of cancer
cells.
Non-small cell lung
cancer (NSCLC) and
pancreatic CA
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
Baseline VS
Detailed
medication
history
Drug and
food
allergies.
Baseline
laboratory
values
Inflammation,
altered potential
for
Altered clotting,
potential for
Decreased
immunity,
potential for
Need for teaching
Examine the patient’s skin closely at
each visit for the presence of
erythema, rash, peeling, or blister
formation; rate the severity of
dermatologic reactions.
Monitor for any evidence of
infection, such as fever, chills,
leukocytosis or leukopenia, and
neutropenia.
Assess for evidence of
thromboembolic events.
Monitor for any signs of perforation,
such as abdominal pain/distension,
absent bowel sounds, and changes in
blood pressure and heart rate.
Monitor laboratory values, such as
renal function, hepatic function, CBC,
chemistry, and urinalysis.
Administer prescribed
premedications according to
established protocols for specific
targeted therapies.
Assess for any cardiac events, such as
new chest pain and ECG changes.
Assess for any pulmonary
complications, such as dyspnea or
cough.
Advise patients to notify the health
care provider if foaming of urine
occurs (an indication of protein in
the urine).
To prevent excessive bleeding, teach
patients to avoid taking nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
such as aspirin, celecoxib, ibuprofen,
and naproxen.
Teach patients ways to promote
venous return and avoid deep
venous thrombosis (DVT), such as
avoiding dehydration, constrictive
clothing, and smoking cigarettes.
Advise patients to immediately
report worsening of skin rash; severe
or persistent diarrhea, nausea,
anorexia, or vomiting; onset or
worsening of unexplained shortness
of breath or cough; or eye irritation.
Teach patients to avoid direct
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The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
The patient is
free from
injury,
perforation, or
internal
fistula.
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sunlight and tanning beds to prevent
worsening of skin side effects.
Advise patients to seek medical help
immediately if chest pain, severe
abdominal pain, or swelling
associated with redness or pain in
one leg occurs.
Report symptoms of adverse effects
or severe side effects promptly,
especially fever, chills, persistent
sore throat, swelling, weight gain, or
increasing shortness of breath.
Report symptoms of bleeding
immediately, including black stools,
coffee ground emesis, and easy
bleeding or bruising.
25. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors bind to different areas of the epidermal
growth factor receptor blocking their action decreasing cell division.
26. Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) inhibit the enzyme tyrosine kinase which turns on a
strong pro-cell division.
Imatinib Mesylate/Tyrosine kinase inhibitor
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Patient
Problem/Planning
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Cellular Regulation
Inhibit cell growth,
proliferation, and
survival of cancer
cells; promote
apoptosis of cancer
cells.
ALL
CML
CEL GIST
Baseline VS
Detailed
medication
history
Drug and
food
allergies.
Baseline
laboratory
values
Altered clotting,
potential for
Decreased
immunity,
potential for
Need for teaching
Monitor labs (CBC, blood urea
nitrogen [BUN], creatinine, liver
panel, and electrolytes) before
administration and during
treatment.
Monitor for any signs of bleeding.
Monitor for any dysrhythmias,
decreased cardiac output, heart
rate, and blood pressure.
Monitor intravenous (IV) site
frequently for irritation and
phlebitis.
Maintain strict medical asepsis
during dressing changes and
invasive procedures.
Encourage small, frequent meals
that are high in calories and
protein.
Monitor fluid intake and output,
weight, and nutritional intake
during therapy.
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education needs
are met.
The patient’s
fluid balance
and electrolytes
are maintained
at expected
normal ranges.
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Assess the need for IV hydration.
Administer premedications as
ordered 30 to 60 minutes before
giving the drug.
Provide drug information—such as
therapeutic effects, side effects,
and drug-drug/drug-food
interactions—verbally and in print
to the patient/family/caregiver.
Monitor for any vision changes.
Teach patients when to take
medications as it relates to food
intake.
Teach patient to weigh daily and
report a weight gain of more than 2
pounds in 1 day or 4 pounds in 1
week to the health care provider.
Remind women with childbearing
potential to avoid pregnancy
throughout treatment and for up to
12 months after treatment is
complete.
Advise breastfeeding patients to
stop breastfeeding during and for
60 days after therapy.
Teach patients to avoid using St.
John’s wort while on treatment.
Avoid alcohol and nonessential
drugs that are metabolized by the
liver or that have hepatotoxic
effects (e.g., acetaminophen).
Report symptoms of adverse effects
or severe side effects promptly,
especially fever, chills, persistent
sore throat, swelling, weight gain,
or increasing shortness of breath.
Report symptoms of bleeding
immediately, including black stools,
coffee ground emesis, or easy
bleeding or bruising.
Report symptoms of stomach or
abdominal pain, yellowing of eyes
or skin, dark urine, or unusual
fatigue.
Teach patients to avoid grapefruit
juice, which can increase blood
levels of drug to a dangerous level,
leading to worsening side effects or
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adverse events.
27. mTOR kinase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors inhibit enzymes that regulate.
Bortezomib/Proteasome inhibitor
Rituximab/Monoclonal antibody
Concept/Action/Use
Assessment
Cellular Regulation
Inhibit cell growth,
proliferation, and
survival of cancer
cells; promote
apoptosis of cancer
cells.
Mantle cell
lymphoma and
multiple myeloma.
Bind to their
specific target
antigen to
inactivate or
destroy cancer cells.
B-cell NHL CLL RA
Wegener
granulomatosis.
Baseline VS
Detailed
medication
history
Drug and
food
allergies.
Baseline
laboratory
values
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Disrupted fluid
and electrolyte
balance.
Potential for
altered clotting
and decreased
immunity.
Need for teaching
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Assess for any cardiac events, such as
new chest pain and ECG changes.
Monitor appropriate labs according
to established protocol for specific
targeted therapy (e.g., CBC with
differential, electrolytes, renal and
hepatic function, glucose,
phosphate).
Assess for any bleeding, especially if
the patient is taking anticoagulants,
antiplatelets, or NSAIDs.
Monitor liver function tests and renal
function tests at baseline and at least
once monthly during therapy.
Examine the patient’s skin closely at
each visit for the presence of
erythema, rash, peeling, or blister
formation; rate the severity of
dermatologic reactions and
determine whether infection is
present in any nonintact skin.
Administer prescribed
premedications according to
established protocols for specific
targeted therapies (e.g., allopurinol,
antiinfectives, antivirals,
antihistamines).
Have resuscitative equipment on
standby as per protocol.
Ensure appropriate supervising
personnel are present according to
protocols for specific targeted
therapy.
Avoid alcohol and nonessential drugs
that are cleared by the liver or that
The patient is
free from
infection.
The patient/
family/
caregiver
education
needs are met.
The patient’s
fluid balance
and
electrolytes
are
maintained at
expected
normal ranges.
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have hepatotoxic effects (e.g.,
acetaminophen).
Remind women with childbearing
potential to avoid pregnancy
throughout treatment and for up to
12 months after treatment is
completed.
Advise breastfeeding patients to stop
breastfeeding during and for 60 days
after therapy.
Teach diabetic patients to monitor
their glucose more frequently and
advise them when to seek medical
help.
Teach proper waste disposal to
patients receiving monoclonal
antibodies conjugated to
radioisotopes (ibritumomab tiuxetan
and tositumomab) to prevent
unnecessary radiation exposure.
Report symptoms of bleeding
immediately, including black stools,
vomit that looks like coffee grounds,
and easy bleeding or bruising.
Report symptoms of adverse effects
or severe side effects promptly,
especially fever, chills, persistent
sore throat, swelling, weight gain, or
increasing shortness of breath.
Report symptoms of liver
impairment immediately, including
stomach/abdominal pain, yellowing
eyes or skin, dark urine, or unusual
fatigue.
Advise the patient or a family
member to immediately report
convulsions, persistent headache,
reduced eyesight, increased blood
pressure, or blurred vision.
28. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) exert their effects on specific cell-membrane surface
proteins by activating the immune system.
29. Biologic response modifiers (BRMs) are also called immunotherapies and enhance,
redirect or restore the immune system.
30. Interferons (IFNs) are proteins the work directly on cancer cells to slow their growth or
make them behave more like normal cells.
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31. Interferon alpha-2b work against viral infections, interferon beta has antiviral and antiinflammatory properties, and interferon gamma is the primary factor for macrophage
activity against parasites and cancer cells.
32. Colony-stimulating factors are proteins that stimulate or regulate growth, maturation, and
differentiation of bone marrow stem cells.
33. Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein produced by the kidney and stimulates red blood cell
production.
Epoetin Alfa/Biologic response modifier
Filgrastim/Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
Sargramostim/Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
Concept/Action/Use
Assessmen
t
Immunity
Stimulates stem
cells to differentiate
to RBC.
Increase RBC
production treat
anemia.
Increase
neutrophils and
their effectiveness.
Decrease infection
in
immunosuppressed
patients.
Decrease
neutropenia.
Baseline VS
Detailed
medication
history
Drug and
food
allergies.
Baseline
laboratory
values
Patient
Problem/Plannin
g
Decreased
immunity.
Need for
teaching.
Nursing Interventions/Patient
Teaching
Evaluation
Assess for any cardiac events, such
as new chest pain and ECG changes.
Monitor appropriate labs according
to established protocol for the
specific immunotherapy (e.g., CBC
with differential, electrolytes, renal
and hepatic function, and glucose).
Assess for bleeding, especially in
patients taking anticoagulants,
antiplatelets, or nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
Monitor renal and hepatic function
at baseline and per treatment
protocol.
Examine the patient’s skin closely at
each visit for the presence of
erythema, rash, peeling, or blister
formation, and rate the severity of
any dermatologic reactions.
During treatment, monitor patients
for any indications of adverse effects
such as fever, chills, hypoxia,
wheezing, bradycardia or
tachycardia, hypotension or
hypertension, arrhythmia, or
seizures.
Premedicate patients with
acetaminophen to reduce chills and
fever, and with diphenhydramine to
reduce histamine effects.
Have resuscitative equipment on
The patient is
free of further
injury related to
immunotherapy.
Side effects are
managed
effectively.
The patient is
free from
infection.
Patient, family,
and caregiver
education needs
are met.
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Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
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standby as per protocol.
Actively listen to patient and
caregiver concerns and explain in
laymen’s terms the immunotherapy
being used as part of the patient’s
cancer treatment regimen.
Report flulike symptoms, such as
chills, fever, myalgia, and weakness.
Report unmanageable nausea and
vomiting.
Instruct patient to not receive
vaccines with live viruses.
Inform patients of the need for
frequent laboratory tests.
Teach patient to avoid crowds and
people with infection.
Report symptoms of bleeding
immediately; these include black
stools, vomit that looks like coffee
grounds, easy bleeding/bruising, or
hematuria.
Report symptoms of adverse effects
or severe side effects promptly,
especially chest pain; swelling of the
face, neck, tongue, or lips; weight
gain or loss; increasing shortness of
breath; fever or chills; convulsions;
or difficulty speaking.
Advise patients and caregivers to
immediately report convulsions,
persistent headache, reduced
eyesight, increased blood pressure,
or blurred vision.
34. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is produced by macrophages,
endothelium, and other immune cells and stimulates synthesis of progenitor cells into
granulocyte-macrophage.
35. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) promotes proliferation of
myelomonocytic, megakaryocytic and erythroid progenitors.
36. Interlukins are a group of signaling-molecule proteins produced by T-lymphocytes and
increase growth and activity of T and B cells.
References
McCuistion, L. E., Vuljoin-DiMaggio, K., Winton, M. B., & Yeager, J. J. (2021). Pharmacology (10th
ed.). St Louis, MO: Elsevier.
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NMNC 1230 Pharmacology
Antineoplastic and Biological Response Modifiers Answer Key
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