Reading in the Philippine History 1 INTRODUCTION History is the study and the documentation of the past. Events before the invention of writing systems are considered prehistory. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. The history gives us the tools to analyze and explain problems in the past, it positions us to see patterns that might otherwise be invisible in the present, thus providing a crucial perspective for understanding and solving current and future problems. In many ways, history interprets the events and causes that contributed to our current world. In this case, they may be able to identify and understand the history in the field of Diplomatic History and it's types/kinds. Discuss and find out what are the 5 Theories of History and identify the Different Concepts of History. Determine the Historical Research using 6 Generic Questions and the Basic Historical Information of the following dialects: Ilonggo, Bisaya and Magindanaon. Differentiate the Hanuoo and Mangyan alphabet and Alibata alphabet. Reading in the Philippine History 2 A. DIPLOMATIC HISTORY Diplomacy the established method of influencing the decisions and behavior of foreign governments and people's through dialogue, negotiations and other measures short of war or violence. This field of history is concerned with diplomats, diplomatic actions and institution and relationships among two or more states. This area includes the subject of war, security, agreements, international alliance and institution. TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC HISTORY 1. People's diplomacy. People's diplomacy in a broad sense of the word means a historically continuous process of communication, mutual knowledge, influence and enrichment of cultures and people. 2. Economic diplomacy. Economic diplomacy is a specific area of modern diplomatic activity connected with the use of economic problems as an object, means of struggle, cooperation in international relations. It presupposes diplomatic service activities focused on increasing exports, attracting foreign investment and participation in work of international economic organizations, that is, actions focused on reaffirming a country's economic interest at international level. Reading in the Philippine History 3 3. Digital (electronic) diplomacy. It is the use of the Internet, information and communication technologies for solving diplomatic problems. In the framework of digital diplomacy, new media, social networks, blogs and similar global media platforms are used. The main goals of digital diplomacy are the promotion of foreign policy interests and information propaganda via the Internet. 4. Intermediary diplomacy. Intermediary diplomacy is one of the means for peaceful settlement of disputes between states through a series of negotiations with the participation of a third state, on the basis of conditions advanced by it. 5. Public diplomacy. Public diplomacy differs from traditional diplomacy, which is carried out by people with a special profession (diplomats, politicians). Public diplomacy is a means by which the government of one country tries to influence the society of another country. It is the ability to achieve goals through attractive offers, rather than bribery and coercion. Source:https://www.legit.ng/1131145-types-diplomacy-international-relations.html Reading in the Philippine History 4 B. 5 THEORIES OF HISTORY 1. The Great God Theory. The most primitive attempts to explain the origin and development of the world and man are the creation myths to be found among preliterate peoples. We are best acquainted with the one in Genesis which ascribes the making of heaven and earth with all its features and creatures to a Lord God who worked on a six-day schedule. These fanciful stories do not have any scientific validity. The raw materials for genuine historywriting were first collected in the annals of the reigns and chronicles of kings in the river valley civilisations of the Near East, India and China. The first synthetic conception of history arose from the fusion of elements taken over from the old creation myths with a review of these records. This was the Great God, or theological version of history which asserted that divine beings directed human affairs together with the rest of the cosmos. 2. The Great Man Theory. The straightforward theological view of history is too crude and naive, too close to primitive animism, too much in conflict with civilised enlightenment to persist without criticism or change except among the most ignorant and devout. It has been supplanted by more refined versions of the same type of thinking. The Great Man theory emerged from a dissociation of the dual components of the Reading in the Philippine History 5 Great God theory. The immense powers attributed to the gods become transferred to and concentrated in some figure at the head of the state, the church or other key institution or movement. This exceptionally placed personage was supposedly endowed with the capacity for moulding events as he willed. This is the pristine source of the tenacious belief that unusually influential and able individuals determine the main direction of history. 3. The Great Mind Theory. The Great Mind Theory easily slides into the notion that some set of brilliant intellects, or even one mental genius, supplies the mainspring of human advancement. Plato taught that there are “some natures who ought to study philosophy and to be leaders in the state; and others who are not born to be philosophers, and are meant to be followers rather than leaders”. Greek Anaxagoras said: “Reason (Nous ) governs the world.” Aristotle held that the prime mover of the universe and thereby the ultimate animator of everything within it was God, who was defined as pure mind engaged in thinking about itself. Hegel was the foremost modern exponent of this theory that the progress of mankind consisted in the working out and consummation of an idea. He wrote: “Spirit, or Mind, is the only motive principle of history.” The underlying goal of the World Spirit and the outcome of its laborious development was the realisation of the idea of freedom. Reading in the Philippine History 6 4. The Best People Theory. All such interpretations contain infusions of the prejudice that some elite, the Best Race, the favoured nation, the ruling class alone make history. The Old Testament assumed that the Israelites were God’s chosen people. The Greeks regarded themselves as the acme of culture, better in all respects than the barbarians. Plato and Aristotle looked upon the slave-holding aristocracy as naturally superior to the lower orders. 5. The Human Nature Theory. Most persistent is the view that history in the last analysis has been determined by the qualities of human nature, good or bad. Human nature, like nature itself, was regarded as rigid and unchanging from one generation to another. The historian’s task was to demonstrate what these invariant traits of the human constitution and character were, how the course of history exemplified them, and how the social structure was moulded or had to be remodelled in accordance with them. Such a definition of essential human nature was the starting point for the social theorising of Socrates, Plato and Aristotle and other great idealists. But it will also be found at the bottom of the social and political philosophy of the most diverse schools. Thus the empiricist David Hume flatly asserts in An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding : “Mankind are so much the same, in all times and places, that history informs us of nothing new or strange in this particular. Its chief use is only to discover the constant and universal principles of human nature.” Reading in the Philippine History 7 C. DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF HISTORY CONCEPTS DEFINITION COMPARE AND CONTRAST PRIMARY A primary source provides A primary source is a first-hand or SOURCE direct or firsthand evidence contemporary account of an event or EVIDENCE about an event, object, topic. They are the most direct person, or work of art. evidence of a time or event because they were created by people or things that were there at the time or event. These sources have not been modified by interpretation and offer original thought or new information. HISTORICAL Historical significance is a The concept of historical significance SIGNIFICANCE decision that modern people is the importance that is assigned to make about what is particular aspects of the past. We can important from our past. choose specific events, people, locations and ideas as being particularly important to us. Reading in the Philippine History 8 CAUSE AND The cause and consequences CONSEQUENCES of historical events are of The cause and consequences is used to examine the relationship between primary interest for historical events or actions, where one historians, and this event or action occurs as a result of relationship is an important the other. Historians use cause and part of the History effect to identify chains of events and curriculum. developments over the short term and long term. CONTINUITY The question of change and The concept of continuity and change AND CHANGE continuity is considered a refers to aspects of life or society that classic discussion in the have remained the same or changed study of historical over a period of time. The causes of developments. The change, or reasons why change has dichotomy is used to discuss been resisted, can be investigated. and evaluate the extent to Continuity and change are evident in which a historical any given period of time and concepts development or event such as progress and decline may be represents a decisive used to evaluate continuity and historical change or whether change. a situation remains largely unchanged. Reading in the Philippine History 9 HISTORICAL Historical perspective is the The concept of historical perspective PERSPECTIVES study of a subject in. light of is a person’s point of view, the its earliest phases and position from which they see and subsequent evolution. understand events going on around Historical perspective them. differs from history in that the. object of historical perspective is to sharpen one's. vision of the present, not the past. ETHICAL Ethical Dimensions is a The ethical dimension encourages a DIMENSIONS competency embedded need for meaningful historical throughout the curriculum accounts that can help students make so that students will identify either an implicit or explicit ethical ethical principles that guide judgement. individual and collective actions and apply those principles to the analysis of contemporary social and political problems. Reading in the Philippine History 10 D. HISTORICAL RESEARCH USING 6 GENERIC QUESTIONS Pearl Harbor Attack (December 7, 1941), Pearl Harbor attack, surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the United States into World War II. The strike climaxed a decade of worsening relations between the United States and Japan.Pearl Harbor is a U.S. Navy base on the Hawaiian island of Oahu and the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet. Adjacent to the harbour is Hickam Air Force Base, and the two installations were merged in 2010 to become Joint Base Pearl Harbor– Hickam. The USS Arizona remains where it sank on December 7, 1941, and it is preserved as a national cemetery. The USS Arizona Memorial is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Hawaii. 1. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor crippled or destroyed nearly 20 American ships and more than 300 airplanes. Dry docks and airfields were likewise destroyed. Most important, 2,403 sailors, soldiers and civilians were killed and about 1,000 people were wounded. 2. Japan was seeking to expand their control of the Pacific. They had seriously damaged the United States at Pearl Harbor, and were looking to permanently cripple the US in the Pacific with a decisive win at Midway. 3. Three Key Players of Pearl Harbor •Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. •President Franklin D. Roosevelt. •Admiral Husband E. Kimmel. Reading in the Philippine History 11 4. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was a pivotal moment in U.S. and world history. The attack thrust the U.S. into World War II and set in motion a series of events that would transform the country into a global superpower and guardian of international order. Seventy-six years later, this legacy of Pearl Harbor now faces perhaps its biggest challenge. 5. American civilians in general were unaware of their government's embargo of Japanese assets. Therefore, they were more likely to view the actions of Pearl Harbor as an unprovoked sneak attack. For Americans, Pearl Harbor also had the effect of unifying the populace around a national identity. 6. The American people were shocked, bewildered, surprised, and angered by the attack. On December 8, President Roosevelt addressed a joint session of Congress in the Capitol, his words broadcast on radio to the nation: “Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.” E. BASIC HISTORICAL INFORMATION OF DIALECT 1. Ilonggo dialect. Hiligaynon, also often referred to as Ilonggo or Binisaya nga Hiniligaynon/Inilonggo. It is the second-most widely spoken language in the Visayas and belongs to the Bisayan languages, and is more distantly related to other Philippine languages.The Hiligaynon language is the Reading in the Philippine History 12 language of Iloilo province, which has come to be spoken throughout the Western Visayas region. 2. Bisaya dialect Cebuano also referred to by most of its speakers simply and generically as Binisaya (translated into English as Visayan, though this should not be confused with other Bisayan languages), is an Austronesian language spoken in the southern Philippines. It is spoken by the Visayan ethnolinguistic groups native to the islands of Cebu, Bohol, Siquijor, the eastern half of Negros, the western half of Leyte, and the northern coastal areas of Northern Mindanao and the Zamboanga Peninsula. In modern times, it has also spread to the Davao Region, Cotabato, Camiguin, parts of the Dinagat Islands, and the lowland regions of Caraga; often displacing native languages in those areas (most of which are closely related to Cebuano). 3. Magindanaon dialect Maguindanao or Maguindanaon is an Austronesian language spoken by a majority of the population of Maguindanao province in the Philippines. It is also spoken by sizable minorities in different parts of Mindanao such as the cities of Zamboanga, Davao, and General Santos, and the provinces of North Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, Sarangani, Zamboanga del Sur, Zamboanga Sibugay, as well as Metro Manila. This was the language of the historic Sultanate of Maguindanao, which existed before and during the Spanish colonial period from 1500 to 1888. Reading in the Philippine History 13 F-G. HANUNOO AND MANGYAN ALPHABET AND ALIBATA ALPHABET Hanunoo alphabet Hanunoo also rendered Hanunó'o, is one of the scripts indigenous to the Philippines and is used by the Mangyan peoples of southern Mindoro to write the Hanunó'o language. Nowadays Hanunó'o is written mainly with a version of the Latin alphabet. There is also a Hanunó'o, which has been used since the 14th century AD and is thought to have developed from the Kawi script of Java, Bali and Sumatra. Alibata alphabet The alibata composed of seventeen letters, the fourteen letter is consonant and the three letter is vowel. The writing of the old alibata transferred to the word of the romans started in 1600 and the linguistic history written in the time of Romanization. The alibata change and called ABAKADA. Reading in the Philippine History 14 REFERENCES https://www.legit.ng/1131145-types-diplomacy-international-relations.html https://www.marxists.org/archive/novack/works/history/ch04.htm https://mxcc.edu/catalog/general-education/ethical-dimensions-of-humankind/ https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-to-Russia/Hiligaynon.html#ixzz7Mwy2c2i9 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebuano_language https://dbpedia.org/page/Maguindanao_language http://thenhier.ca/en/content/blog-contest-ethicaldimension.html#:~:text=Peter%20Sexias%20defines%20the%20ethical,%E2%80%9D% 20(Clark%2C%20142). https://steemit.com/writing/@lapilipinas/philippines-old-alphabet-alibata-abakada-andalphabet https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/rise-to-world-power/uswwii/a/pearl-harbor