RESULT CL AUSES ÖĞR. GÖR. NAILE CANLI 2021 BECAUSE, AS, SINCE • We use »because, as, and since» to express WHY something happens. – We didn’t go for a walk because/as/since the weather was bad. – Why didn’t you go to school? – Because I had a stomach ache. – As/Since I had a stomach ache, I didn’t go to school. Because/as/since + clause BECAUSE OF / DUE TO • We didn’t go for a walk because of/due to the bad weather. • Because of/Due to the bad weather, we didn’t go for a walk. Because of / due to + noun SO, AS A RESULT, THEREFORE • We use so, as a result, therefore to Show the RESULT of an ACTION or SITUATION. – Kevin studied hard, so he passed his exams. – Kevin studied hard. As a result, he passed his exams. – Kevin studied hard. Therefore, he passed his exams. SO / SUCH • They are used to EMPHASISE an ADJECTIVE, ADVERB or NOUN. • So * – Can be used with quantifiers ( much, many, few, little ) – Adjectives, adverbs • Such * – Adjective + noun SO + ADJECTIVE • Can be used with adj.s to show extremes. This form is often used in exclamations. – The music was so loud! I couldn’t sleep. – The meal was so good! I want more. • USE with THAT – The above sentences can ve combined with «THAT» to Show extremes which lead to certain results. It is usually optional. • The music was so loud that I couldn’t sleep. • The music was so loud I couldn’t sleep. SO + ADVERB • can be used with adverbs to show extreme actions. This form is often used in exclamations. – She spoke so quickly! I couldn’t understand her. – He draws so well! He will become an artist. • USE with THAT • The above sentences can ve combined with «THAT» to Show extremes which lead to certain results. It is usually optional. – She spoke so quickly that I couldn’t understand her. – She spoke so qucikly I couldn’t understand her. – He draws so well that they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris. – He draws so well they offered him a scholarship at an art school in Paris. SO + MANY / FEW + PLURAL NOUN • So can be used in this form to show extremes in amount. – I never new you had so many brothers! – She has so few friends. • USE with THAT • The above sentences can ve combined with «THAT» to Show extremes in AMOUNT which lead to certain results. It is usually optional. – I never knew you had so many brothers that you had to share a room. – She has so few friends that she rarely gets out of the house. SO + MUCH / LITTLE + NONCOUNTABLE NOUN • So can be used in this form to show extremes in amount. – Jake earns so much Money! And he still has trouble paying the rent. – We have so little food! We need to go shopping. • USE with THAT • The above sentences can ve combined with «THAT» to Show extremes in AMOUNT which lead to certain results. It is usually optional. – Jake earns so much Money that he doesn’t know a dollars worth. – We have so little food that we need to go shopping. SO + MUCH / LITTLE / OFTEN / RARELY • This form is used to describe how much or how often someone does an action. This form is often used in exclamations. – Earl eats so much! He will gain weight. – My sister visits us so rarely! I really miss her. • USE with THAT • This form can be combined with «that» to Show the results of extreme actions. It is usually optional. – Earl eats so much that he will gain weight. – My sister visits us so rarely that we miss her so much. SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN • This form is used to Show extremes. – Don has such a big house! – Sally has such beautiful eyes! They are a different shade of blue. • USE with THAT • This form is used to Show extremes which lead to certain results. That is usually optional. – Don has such a big house that I got lost. – Shelly has such beautiful eyes that she got a job as a make-up model. • NOTE • Remember that without the noun you need to use «so.» – -such beautiful eyes that – so beautiful that SUCH • Such a/an + adjective + singular countable noun + that + clause – That was such a good movie that I want to see it again. • Such + adjective + plural/uncountable noun + that + clause – Mr. Davidson has such nice friends that he feels very lucky. Q’S • Thomas got the promotion as/due to he is the most hard-working employee in the company. • Sandra spent the whole week revising. Therefore/Since, she did well in her test. • I was working such/so hard that I forgot what the time was. • Janet was late because of/because there was an accident on the road. • It was such a/such tasty meal that everyone asked for more. • People should exercise more so/because it keeps them healthy. • As a result/Since mum hasn’t cooked anything we will eat out tonight. • Due/Because of her illness, Mandy didn’t attend school today. • Sundays are such/so boring days. • There were floods in our city last night due to/because the heavy rain. •She is ____ funny! She always makes me laugh. • Sarah and Ed are ________ crazy people! I never know what they are going to do next. •James has _______ much money that he could actually buy that Ferrari. •The movie was ____ good that I saw it five times. •Terry speaks English ____ fluently that I thought he was American. •Jerry had never seen ____ high mountains. He thought they were spectacular. •Fred is ____ a clown! He is always telling jokes and making people laugh. •There was ____ little interest in his talk on macroeconomics that the room was half empty by the time he stopped speaking. •How could you say __ horrible things to me? •He is ___ a jerk! He hasn't said one nice thing since he started working here. •That new song is ____ cool that it hit the top ten within a week of being released. •Martha is ______ a good cook that she is writing her own book of family recipes. • I don't know if that is ___ a good idea. Maybe we should try something else. •She has ____ many hats that she needs two closets to store them all. •That takes ____ little time and effort that you might as well do it yourself. •I had to pay $140 for books for my new Spanish class. I don't know why my professor has to choose ____ expensive books for her course. •I really wish you wouldn't smoke ___ much! It's destroying your health.
