Microprocessor Lecture 1 Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 1 Outline • • • • • • • Terminology such as bit, byte, data, real memory system ...etc. History of the computer and its applications. An overview of the various 80X86 and Pentium family. Block diagram of a computer system and explain the purpose of each block The function of the microprocessor and detail its basic operation . Convert between binary, decimal, and hexadecimal numbers. Differentiate and represent numeric and alphabetic information as integers, floating-point, BCD, and ASCII data. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 2 History of Microprocessor • One of the earliest Electronic Computer was Colossus. • Colossus designed by Alan Turing to break Germen Enigma secrete code. • Colossus Could not solve other problems because it has a fixed program (Special Purpose Computer). • The development of the transistor on December 23, 1947, at Bell Labs and the invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments in 1958, provided breakthroughs to the development of first microprocessor. • In 1971 at Intel Corporation the first microprocessor developed and called the 4004 microprocessor. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 3 Programming Advancement • The first programming language is called machine language and it's constructed of zeros and ones. • Programming using machine language required sheer amount of code and it was time consuming. • In the early 1950s, assembly language developed to simplify the chore of coding. The assembler allows the programmer to use mnemonic codes, such as ADD for addition, in place of a binary number such as 0100 0111. • The first truly successful and widespread programming language for business applications was COBOL (COmputer Business Oriented Language). Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 4 Programming Advancement • Some of the more common modern programming languages are BASIC, C#, C/C++, Java, PASCAL. • Nowadays C/C++ are control programs that is used for embedded system programming. One recent survey of embedded system developers showed that C/C++ was used by 60% and that 30% used assembly language. • Assembly language is also interspersed with C/C++ to perform machine control functions efficiently. Some of the newer parallel instructions found on the newest Pentium and Core2 microprocessors are only programmable in assembly language. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 5 Microprocessor-based PC System • The personal computer system composes three measure block: 1. The Memory system. 2. The Input/Output system. 3. The Microprocessor • Figure 1-1 depict the block diagram of the personal computer system. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 6 Figure 1-1 the block diagram of a microprocessor- based computer system Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 7 Terminology • Peripheral Component interconnect bus (PCI) : is an expansion bus standard developed by Intel, that became widespread around 1994. It was used to add expansion cards such as extra serial or USB ports, network interfaces, sound cards, modems, or video cards. • Universal Serial Bus (USB): The universal serial bus is intended to connect peripheral devices such as keyboards, a mouse, modems, and sound cards to the microprocessor through a serial data path and a twisted pair of wires. • Serial AT Attachment (SATA): The SATA bus transfers data from the PC to the hard disk drive at rates of 150M bytes per second or 300M bytes for SATA-2. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 8 Terminology • Basic I/O System (BIOS): The system BIOS is a collection of programs stored in either a read-only (ROM) or flash memory that operates many of the I/O devices connected to your computer system. • The transient program area (TPA): a computer memory area that holds the DOS (disk operating system) operating system and other programs that control the computer system. • Drivers : programs that control installable I/O devices such as a mouse, disk cache, hand scanner, CD-ROM memory (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory), DVD (Digital Versatile Disk), or installable devices, as well as programs. • Bus: is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses that interconnect the sections of a computer system transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 9 The Microprocessor • The microprocessor, sometimes referred to as the CPU (central processing unit), is the controlling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses. • The microprocessor performs three main tasks : 1. data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems. 2. Perform simple arithmetic and logic operations. 3. Execute program flow via simple decisions. • The buses select an I/O or memory device, transfer data between an I/O device or memory and the microprocessor and control the I/O and memory system. • In the microprocessor-based computer system, three buses exist for this transfer of information: address, data, and control. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 10 The Microprocessor Figure 1-2 the block diagram of a computer system showing the address, data, and control bus structure. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 11 The Microprocessor • In every computer there are three types of busses: 1. Address Bus: The address bus is used to identify the memory location or I/O device the processor intends to communicate with. The width of the Address Bus ranges from 20 bits (8086) to 36 bits for (Pentium II). 2. Data Bus: Data bus is used by the CPU to get data from / to send data to the memory or the I/O devices. The width of a microprocessor is used to classify the microprocessor. The size of data bus of Intel microprocessors vary between 8-bit (8085) to 64-bit (Pentium). 3. Control Bus. How can we tell if the address on the bus is memory address or an I/O device address? This where the control bus comes in. Each time the processor outputs an address it also activates one of the four control bus signals: Memory Read (MRDC), Memory Write (MWTC), I/O Read (IORD) and I/O Write (IOWC). Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 12 The Microprocessor Control Bus • (MRDC), (MWTC), (IORD) and (IOWC). • Note that the overbar indicates that the control signal is active-low, it is active when a logic zero appears on the control line . • For example, the microprocessor reading data steps: 1. The microprocessor reads the contents of a memory location by sending the memory an address through the address bus. 2. Next, it sends the memory read control signal (MRDC) to cause the memory to read data. 3. Finally, the data read from the memory are passed to the microprocessor through the data bus. • Whenever a memory write, I/O write, or I/O read occurs, the same sequence ensues, except that different control signals are issued and the data flow out of the microprocessor through its data bus for a write operation. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 13 References • Brey, B. B. (2009). The Intel microprocessors 8086/8088, 80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium, Pentium II processors: architecture, programming, and interfacing. Prentice-Hall, Inc.. (8th edition chapter 1). • https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/peripheral-componentinterconnect#:~:text=The%20Peripheral%20Component%20Interconnect%20(PCI)%20bu s%20is%20an%20expansion%20bus,disk%20controllers%2C%20or%20video%20cards. Dr. Abdelrahman Radwan 14
