Why, Where, Who, Time frame + HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE New Deal Liberalism - The New Deal was a series of programs, projects, financial reforms, and regulations applied only to the economy, enacted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the United States between 1933 and 1939. This redefined ideas of freedom and liberty and responded to needs for relief, reform, and recovery from the Great Depression. - Historically significant because it was opposite from what it was during the 20s and showed that government should be active and make sure economy works for everybody Executive Order 9066 - A United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt. This order authorized the secretary of war to prescribe certain areas as military zones, leading to relocation of all persons of Japanese descent from the West Coast (exception of Hawaii). - Historically significant because many Japanese Americans lost land, homes, businesses due to this order and demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion. Bretton Woods Conference (1944) - A gathering of delegates from 44 nations that met from July 1 to 22, 1944 in Bretton Woods. They re-established the link between the dollar and gold, set the dollar’s value at $35 per ounce of gold and gave other currencies a fixed relationship to the dollar. The two major accomplishments of the conference were the creation of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). - Historically significant because due to this, US had control over the money being contributed. Keynesian Economics - An economic theory developed by the economist John Maynard Keynes during the 1930s to understand the Great Depression. It states that economic growth hinged on a well-paid, fully employed workforce, and that sass consumption would propel the economy and boost tax revenue, allowing the government to invest in social and education initiatives, and finally that better educational funding would produce a skilled workforce and drive technical innovation. - Historically significant because Truman pushed these policies to achieve a full employed workforce, and prevent recessions. Taft-Hartley (1947) - Law opposed by Labor and President Truman, but the Republican Congress was able to override Truman’s veto and enact it in 1947. It prohibited closed shops and wildcat strikes, states were permitted to pass “right-to-work” laws, prohibited union donations to federal political campaigns. - Historically significant because this decimated the strength of the labor movement= Joseph McCarthy National Security Council report -68 - A top-secret report completed by the U.S. Department of State’s Policy Planning Staff on April, 1950. It was initially rejected by Truman’s administration. (Co-authored by George Kennan and high-ranking officials) This report framed Cold War as struggle between the “idea of freedom” and the “idea of slavery under the grim oligarchy of the Kremlin.” - Historically significant because it became the ideology behind military intervention and US foreign policy and facilitated the arms race and military-industrial complex Doll Test - A psychological experiment designed by Mamie and Kenneth Clark to test the degree of marginalization felt by African American caused by prejudice, discrimination, and racial segregation. It was used in 1954 and showed the impact and trauma of racism in young children - Historically significant because African American children are always sub par and rarely ever equal. Also showed that segregation and discrimination brings psychological harm Southern Manifesto - In 1956 politicians from the southern states issued the Declaration of Constitutional Principles, also known as Southern Manifesto. They attacked Brown ruling as an abuse of judicial power that encroached upon states’ rights. People argued that supreme court’s decision of racial segregation in public school would poison race relations and contribute to 3rd rise of KKK, but also new white supremacy groups including White Citizens Councils - Historically significant because it drew the idea that local autonomy is basis of individual liberty and that segregation was old tradition and unconstitutional Non-violent Direct Action - It is one of 3 strategies used in the early civil rights movements. Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955 for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus. This led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which is a good example of this action. The boycott hurt the downtown stores and almost bankrupted the bus company - Historically important because solely with words and direct action (with no violence), people were able to achieve seemingly-impossible goals and also bring both national and international attention Duel Economy - Relationship between big businesses and labor during the post war period. Contracts created stability and sustained Keynesian ideas of mass employment/mass consumption in big businesses and labor, but if not part of big labor, couldn’t receive any of this. Also, most people in big labors were overwhelmingly white with mostly nonwhite and women in small labors. - Historically significant because the duel economy created wealth inequality (black and white) and pushed people to have mass consumption and employment Robert Taylor Homes - An example of public housing, which provided homes for Americans but confined public housing to segregated (nonwhite) neighborhoods and the very poor. These homes opened in 1962 by the Chicago Housing Authority in South side Chicago, in a segregated part of the city, with cheap construction that resembled a prison with no community services within distance. - Historically significant because the initial goal was to prevent racial segregation of the housing projects and avoid putting African Americans in slum neighborhoods, but Homes were constructed in black neighborhoods because of the hostility toward residential desegregation from surrounding white communities. Restrictive Covenants - Forbid owners from selling their homes to African American families or any non-white group. Shelley vs. Kraemer (1948) Supreme Court ruled that restrictive covenants couldn’t be upheld in court or neighborhoods would intimidate families from moving in. Real Estate Agents “steered” black families to black neighborhoods, so nonwhites were essentially locked out of suburbs for 20 years - Historically significant because the racially restrictive covenants contributed to the overcrowding and physical deterioration of areas where minorities congregated. The Feminist Mystique - Book by Betty Friedan published in 1963 widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. She described the pervasive dissatisfaction among women in mainstream American society in the post-World War II period. She coined the term feminine mystique to describe the societal assumption that women could find fulfillment through housework, marriage, sexual passivity, and child rearing alone. - Historically significant because when men returned home after the war, women—who had stepped in to fill the jobs men had left—were expected to return to the home and to perform more-suitable “feminine” activities, which led to unhappiness Roe v. Wade (1973) - A landmark legal decision issued on January 22, 1973, in which the U.S. Supreme Court struck down a Texas statute of banning abortion. The court held that a woman’s right to an abortion was implicit in the right to privacy protected by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution. - Historically significant because this court case effectively legalized the abortion procedure across the United States. Hart-Celler Act (1965) - A federal law passed by the 89th United States Congress and signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The law abandoned the national-origins quota system and established new, racially neutral criteria for immigration, including family reunification and possession of skills in demand in the US. The act removed de facto discrimination against Southern and Eastern Europeans, Asians, and other non-Northwestern European ethnic groups from American immigration policy. - Historically significant because due to this law, over 8 million people immigrated legally—majority coming from Asia (China, Philippines, South Korea) and Latin Americabetween 1965-1980 Delano Grape Strike - A labor strike fronted by Mexican-American civil rights activist Cesar Chavez that boycotted during 1965-1970 against table grape growers in Delano, California to fight against the exploitation and poor work conditions of farm workers. Using nonviolent tactics like marches and hunger strikes, grape pickers made their plight a part of the national civil-rights conversation - This strike caught national attention and farm workers won a contract with increased wages, secured the creation of funds for health, and social services, better working conditions Port Huron Statement - A 1962 political manifesto of the American student activist movement Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). This statement attacked the state of racism, poverty, nuclear weapons, and bureaucratization and demanded greater participatory democracy, values of self-determination, self-discovery, and wanted reforms on college campuses to allow greater political freedom - Historically significant because it sharply challenged the nation’s basic, bipartisan foreign policy and by criticizing America’s faith in technology, affluence, and materialism, the statement provided a foundation for the counterculture of the 1960s and beyond. Malcolm X Occupation of Alcatraz - A 19-month long protest when American Indians of all tribes and their supporters occupied Alcatraz Island. The first occupation took place on March 8, 1964. It became a rallying force for American Indian Movement (AIM) and inspired future occupations and protests - Historically significant because it helped bring national and international attention to conditions of Native Americans in the US, and eventually led to greater control by Native communities over education and economic development on reservations and renewal of Native American pride The Korean War became the first armed conflict of the Cold War. Explain how the United States and the Soviet Union transitioned from allies to enemies after WWII. - Allies during the WWII - After Pearl Harbor in 1941, US declared war on Japan while Germany and other states promptly declared war on US - “The Big Three” - Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin - Discussed about collective security, how to prevent future world wars, how to ensure there isn’t another financial crisis after the world war; and strategies on how to continue war against Japan - Post-war Germany was split into 4 occupation zones, in which USSR took the Baltic states and large part of eastern Poland - Roosevelt secured formation of UN and Soviet’s pledge to join fight against Japan - Stalin supported the US by sending troops to Japan - Manhattan Project - Truman hears test of atomic bombs worked Atomic bombs were unleashed on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945) - 1946 Churchill talked about Soviets gaining too much power - Countries choosing communism, and Stalin and soviets being the direct influence - Soviets ambition needed to be guarded against (too expansionous) - Americans had long been wary of Soviet communism and concerned about Russian leader Joseph Stalin’s tyrannical rule of his own country. - For their part, the Soviets resented the Americans’ decades-long refusal to treat the USSR as a legitimate part of the international community as well as their delayed entry into World War II - Postwar Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe fueled many Americans’ fears of a Russian plan to control the world. - Truman Doctrine - Truman requested financial and military aid for Greece and Turkey - Framed the crisis as communists attacks on freedom - Laid the foundation for an expansive foreign policy to help any anticommunist regime, no matter how undemocratic they were - Assumed a permanent global responsibility “free peoples” everywhere - City of Berlin divided between the powers of US and Soviets - Either pro American or anti soviets What were the major ideological differences between the two nations? - Communism vs. Democracy - Communism and Totalitarian - Principles of collectivism - Everything should be owned by the government and then divided up equally among the people who would then all work for it. - Soviet Union was not only communist, but also totalitarian, meaning all the power was with the rulers. - ex) X express individual’s political opinion; rules without the consent of the governed; ownership of land, jobs, businesses in hands of government - Capitalism and Democracy - Modern liberal nation based on the principles of individualism - Capitalism → people could own land & businesses and compete for themselves - People had a say by electing rulers and have equal opportunity to develop useful skills and put those skills to use - Freedom of choice and freedom of speech Include within your answer how Truman’s administration justified going into Korea. - On June 27, 1950, President Harry S. Truman announced that he is ordering U.S. air and naval forces to South Korea to aid the democratic nation (values of capitalism and democracy) in repulsing an invasion by communist North Korea, since Soviet Union was seeking to expand communism into that country - The United States was undertaking the major military operation to enforce a United Nations resolution calling for an end to hostilities, and to stem the spread of communism in Asia. Lastly, how did the US government try to shape public opinion during the Cold War? How did the Cold War affect civil liberties in the US? - Anti-communist propaganda - How to lose what we have (1950) - master plan by a master government (state) - What happens if we let the gov. restrict our freedom of choice for everything - Despotism(1946) - Democracy or Despotism? - Respect, power, economic distribution, information scale How was the civil rights movement of the 1950s affected by Cold War hysteria? - Anti-Communist hysteria both helped and hindered civil rights organizations/grass roots movements - The Red Scare was hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, which intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s. - (Communists were often referred to as “Reds” for their allegiance to the red Soviet flag.) - Federal employees were analyzed to determine whether they were sufficiently loyal to the government, and the House Un-American Activities Committee(HUAC), as well as U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, investigated allegations of subversive elements in the government and the Hollywood film industry. - FBI director J. Edgar Hoover was quick to equate any kind of protest with communist subversion, including the civil rights demonstrations led by Martin Luther King Jr. Hoover - - - - labeled King a communist and covertly worked to intimidate and discredit the civil rights leader. The information obtained by the FBI proved essential in high-profile legal cases, including the 1949 conviction of 12 prominent leaders of the American Communist Party on charges that they had advocated the overthrow of the government. - Moreover, Hoover’s agents helped build the case against Julius Rosenberg (1918-53) and his wife, Ethel Rosenberg (1915-53), who were convicted of espionage in 1951. The Rosenbergs were executed two years later. Lavender Scare - The US government stepped up loyalty programs and purged itself of anyone deemed a security threat. - Individuals believed to be particularly susceptible to bribery or blackmail, such as debtors or homosexuals, were summarily dismissed. - Executive order 10450: barred homosexuals from working in federal government - Institutionalized the persecution of homosexuals - Some of the first gay rights organizing emerge as a response Schools and universities fired teachers who refused to swear an oath that they were not communists. Even civil rights organizations like the NAACP and the Urban League moved quickly to rid themselves of communists, lest they be accused of subversion Even civil rights organizations like the NAACP and the Urban League moved quickly to rid themselves of communists, lest they be accused of subversion “First Phase” of modern freedom struggle: litigation, nonviolent direct-action protest, and media What strategies did black activists use in this decade (include specific examples of activist USING these strategies)? - Nonviolent direct action - Rosa Parks - Refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a segregated bus - Montgomery Bus Boycott - 40k black bus riders boycotted the first day - African Americans represented 75% of the city’s ridership - Began carpooling; walking - Formed the Montgomery Improvement Association - Elected 26-yr old Martin Luther King Jr. - Launched his career as national civil rights spokesmen; shortly after founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) - Boycott hurt downtown stores; almost bankrupted the bus company and brought both national and international attention How did the civil rights movement change in the mid-1960s? - The civil rights movement progressed through various stages in the 1960s. - Activists began the decade by focusing on Southern racial discrimination. - MLK Jr. - Height of national influence between 1960-1965; knew how to use television and media effectively - Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC): boycotts, sit-ins, marches throughout the South after his initial involvement in Montgomery—to desegregate public spaces and register black southerners to vote - As the movement began shifting to areas outside the South, activists in these regions began embracing other resistance strategies. Most notable was the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, founded October 15, 1966, in Oakland, California. The Panthers battled inner-city police brutality with armed force, if necessary. They became a high-profile group in 1967 when they arrived at the California General Assembly carrying rifles. - Women also strike for equality - NOW(National Organization for Women) - Addresses the unequal treatment of women in society, advocates for greater representation of women, and inspires more American citizens to fight for gender equality - Many women’s rights movements took place in the 1960s and 70s in the United States, where women protested, advocated, and fought for equal rights and opportunities for women as human beings. Lastly, what was the impact of the civil rights movement on other social movements in the 1960s (your answer should include at least ONE social movement)? - Between 1963 and 1965-grassroots movements spread to register black southern voters - Campaigns launched by SCLC, SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), local churches, etc - Feb. 18, 1965: during a march in Marion, Alabama, Deacon Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by Alabama State Trooper James Fowler, dying 8 days later - The incident became the inspiration for the first Selma to Montgomery march - Caused further fracturing within the civil rights movement - Selma to Montgomery March (social movement) - Occurred in 1965 in Alabama, a Southern state with deeply entrenched racist policies - In an effort to register black voters in the South, protesters marching the 54-mile route from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery - Confronted with deadly violence from local authorities and white vigilante groups - Raised awareness of the difficulties faced by black voters, and the need for a national Voting Rights Act. - President Johnson couldn’t ignore the violence in the South - Country couldn’t ignore the NEED of political representation for African Americans in the South - Voting Rights Act (1965) prohibited states from imposing literacy requirements, poll taxes, and sent federal election examiners to protect black southerners in their right to register and vote
