Gender, Age, and Health Chapter 10 Notes Gender Roles and Identity Between ____________ • Margaret ____________studied expectations across three cultures and found differences. • Differences are seen as proof that gender is social, not ____________. Gender Identity & Socialization • Babies are given different ____________. • Expected ____________, interests, and strengths are different for young boys and girls. • Expectations are ____________early. Gender Roles and Social Inequality • In most societies, ____________is the primary factor used to determine a person’s social standing. • Sociologists ask why this is. • One widely held view is that gender inequality is related to human ____________. • Over time ____________, a system in which men are dominant over women, arose. • Conflict perspective suggests that male control of ____________and ____________spheres have reinforced their dominant position. • The idea of ____________________________ is sometimes given as a reason for inequality. • ____________is the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other. • Sexism becomes a ________________________. Gender Inequality in the United States The Women’s Movement Education • Officially begun in ________ • Since 1979, more women than men in __________ • Demanded ____________, the right to vote • • Used civil ____________ • Women focus on ____________ and humanities, while men focus on engineering and the professions Resurfaced in ____________ Work Politics • ____________—The level of women’s income relative to that of men • ____________—The invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions • ____________—The work a working mother does in the home • Women make up ____ percent of voting-age people, but only between ____ and ____ percent of elected offices • Some women have been appointed to high office Ageism • In ____________societies, rank rose with age. • In ____________societies, middle-aged have the greatest social power. • ____________is the belief that one age category is by nature superior to another age category. • The ____________of elderly is unproductive, cranky, and physically or mentally ____________, but in reality most people over 65 are self-sufficient, active members of society. • Media uses youth to sell products and focuses on ____________aspects of aging. The Aging World Today there are about ______ million people aged 60 and older worldwide. ____________ has the oldest population in the world, while ____________has the youngest. Median ages are increasing across the globe. Aging in the United States • The “_____________________” is the phenomenon of an increasing percentage of Americans being 65 or older. Causes • Advances in ____________ result in longer lives. • The ____________ generation, the largest age group in the United States, is reaching the age of 65 and older. The Politics of Aging • As the number of ____________ citizens increases, their image has changed to one of a powerful voting bloc. • ________, National Council of Senior Citizens, the National Council on Aging, and the Gray Panthers are groups that bring attention to the needs of the aging. • AARP is the largest _______________ group in the United States. Challenges to Government • • One major concern is the Social Security system. • As baby boomers retire, the ____________—the number of workers for each person receiving __________________—decreases. • The number of people receiving benefits is ____________, and they are receiving benefits for a longer period of time, due to longer life expectancies. ____________ (health insurance for elderly) and ____________ (health insurance for low-income) are the sole source of insurance for about one-fourth of elderly Americans. Age Inequality in the United States • Although the elderly are in general better off than other groups, certain segments of the elderly, such as ________________ and ____________, have a higher rate of poverty than the general population. Americans with Disabilities The term ____________ covers a variety of conditions, including physical disabilities; chronic health impairments; mental retardation; mental illness; and visual, hearing, or speech impairments. Prejudice and Discrimination • One stereotype is that people with disabilities cannot do ____________ work. • Many cannot find jobs and those that do earn less. • Government policies aim to fix this problem. The _________ • The ____________ with ____________ Act (ADA) of 1990 has perhaps brought the most sweeping changes. • The ADA makes ____________ against people with disabilities illegal. Health Care in the United States Health care is a ____________for Americans, who worry about the cost of, the quality of, and access to health care. Cost of Health Care • The United States spends more on ____________ than any other country. • Cost of health care has ____________ quickly. • Advances in medical care and increased cost of drugs account for most of the ____________. ____________ of Health Care • ____________care plans provide members with health-care services in exchange for a monthly or annual charge. • The plan limits costs by requiring members to use certain doctors and to have certain ____________. • Although managed care plans have reduced the cost of care, many Americans feel that managed care has ____________the quality of care. • A “patients’ ____________” has been introduced in Congress several times, but has never been passed. Access to Health Care • Studies show a ____________ of doctors. • Most doctors are concentrated in wealthy ____________ and ____________ areas. • In poor inner-city and rural areas, there are fewer doctors but more people in need of care. • Underserved areas usually have a _________ number of people with chronic diseases and many elderly people. • There are more ____________ than general ____________. Health-Care Issues Today Health Insurance • _____ percent of medical costs are covered by insurance. • The kinds of procedures and treatments covered ____________ among private and public insurance plans. • Alternative ____________ • Alternative medicine uses unconventional methods such as ____________, ____________, or ____________remedies. • Alternative methods have little ____________. Some argue for a ____________ planned national health system. ____________and Health ____________ • Poor people are _________ likely to receive inadequate care. • Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) attacks the ____________system. • People who live in poverty have a ____________ rate of health issues. • No cure has been found, but new drugs seem to ____________ the disease.