M.Anvar Ali
Senior Scientist (Retd.)
National Institute of Wind Energy, Chennai.
Non Sustainable
Natural Gas
Wind
Oil
Wood
Bio Fuel
Solar
Hydroelectric
Coal
Nuclear
Sustainable
Geothermal
Solar
Wind
Hydro
Biomass
Geothermal
Wave
Tidal
OTEC
RE
74081.66 MW
21 %
Hydro
45399.22 MW
13 %
Thermal
223027.34 MW
64 %
Source: CEA
Nuclear
6780 MW
2%
*As on
December 2018
S. N
Source
Potential
Installed
302251 @100m
1.
Wind Power
102788 MW @80 m
35138.15 MW
49130 @ 50 m
2.
Solar Power - Ground
Mounted
3.
Solar Power - Roof
Top
4.
Biomass Power
5.
Bagasse Cogen
6.
Small Hydro (up to 25
MW)
7.
Tidal / Wave
8.
9.
50 MW/Sq Km
225212.25 MW
23700 MW
9787.24 MW
15000 MW
4517.45 MW
Tidal:8000-9000
Wave:40000
none
OTEC
180000 MW
none
Geothermal
10000 MW
none
Source : MNRE
*As on December 2018
Total – 74786.39 MW
Solar Power
225212.25 MW
34 %
Wind Energy
35138.15 MW
48 %
Bio Power
9780.24 MW
12 %
Waste to Power
138.30 MW
0.1%
Source : CEA
Small Hydro Power
4517.45 MW
6%
*As on October 2018
80000
74786
70000
62847
60000
50018
50000
35777
40000
31702
28067
30000
24914
19974
20000
14792
16817
12403
10000
2906
3179 3518
4550
5311
6161
8088
10257
0
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
India
Technology
First Position
Global
Position
Capacity
Country
Capacity
RE Capacity
World total = 1,081 GW
5th
56
China
258
Solar Energy (PV)
World Total = 402 GW
7th
9.1
China
77
Solar Energy (CSP)
World total = 4.9 GW
3rd
0.2
Spain
2.3
Wind Energy (Include. Onshore/Off)
World total = 560 GW
4th
35
China
169
Bio power generation
World total = 555 GW
4th
8.3
USA
16.8
Hydro Power (incl large HP)
World total = 1114 GW
6th
47
China
305
Source- Renewable 2018 - Global Status Report, Renewable Energy Policy Network (called REN,
21), MNRE, CEA
“…Harnessing our strongest natural resource…”
Successful technology for clean and safe production of electricity.
Fastest growing and the largest renewable energy source.
Globally recognized as environment friendly and sustainable.
Emerging as a economically competitive source of energy.
Technology is matured and not complex.
Wind energy will never run out, is freely available.
Pollution free Energy.
Ship propulsion (Sailing )
Grain Cleaning ( Winnowing)
Grinding Grains
Water pumping
Wind surfing & kite-flying
Wind electric generation
Air in motion
Caused due to differential heating of Earth
A wind energy system transforms the kinetic energy of the wind into mechanical
or electrical energy that can be harnessed for practical use.
Mechanical energy is most commonly used for pumping water and grinding
seeds.
Modern wind turbines generate electricity.
Sources: clearlyahead.com/energy-department-2/wind/how-it-works
Source: www.geni.org/globalenergy/articles-renewable-energy-transmission
Wind Power
Kinetic Energy = ½mV2
Power in the Wind = ½ρAV3
ρ = air density - kg/m3.
Swept Area – A = πR2 (m2) Area of the
circle swept by the rotor.
V = Wind Velocity m/s.
Opdrift på en flyvinge
The pressure difference makes the turbine rotate.
Lift
Low pressure
High pressure
Vertical Axis
Orientation
Horizontal Axis
Fixed speed wind turbine
Variable speed wind turbine
Gearless wind turbine
Horizontal / vertical wind turbine
Onshore / Offshore
One Bladed
Counter weight, 10%< 2 bladed
Two Bladed
Gyroscopic imbalances, 5%< 3 bladed
Three Bladed
Multi Bladed
WIND TURBINE COMPONENTS
YAW
SYSTEM
ROTOR
TOWER &
FOUNDATION
DRIVE
TRAIN
NACELLE &
MAIN FRAME
SHAFT
BLADES
BRAKE
HUB
GEARBOX
COUPLING
AERODYNAMIC
CONTROL
SYSTEM
GENERTOR
Rotor blade
Brake
Gear box
Generator
Electric
Controls
Rotor hub
with blade
pitch
mechanism
Yaw System
Tower
Foundation
Grid
Connection
Cut in Wind Speed
3-3.5 m/s
Rated Wind Speed
12-14 m/s
Cut out Wind speed
25 m/s
Survival Wind Speed
40-72 m/s normally
60 m/s
Cut in Wind speed
- At which turbine starts
rotating.
Cut out Wind speed - Above which turbine cannot
exceed power production.
Rated Wind speed
- Speed at which WT produce
rated power.
Survival Wind Speed - Turbine should stop rotating
to stop from potential damage.
Lattice Tower
Tubular Concrete
Tubular Steel
Lattice and Tubular
Hybrid Tower
Guy Wired
Three Legged Tower
No. of computers to monitor the
condition of the wind turbine and
collect statistics on its operation.
Controls large number of switches,
hydraulic pumps, and motors.
Monitors
between
100
-
500
parameters values in a modern WT.
Controller checks the rotational speed
of the rotor, gear, generator and
voltage & current.
its
Foundation
Tower
Generator
Rotor
Panel
Nacelle
Nacelle Components
Direct drive gearless technology
Electrical Yard
Cables
ow Speed
haft
Gear box
Rotor blade
Brake
Yaw System
Generator
Tower
Grid Control
Foundation
Collection of wind turbines
It is a system for monitoring & controlling a machine or a plant
with computer and acquire log and analyze the data.
A wind farm SCADA connects the individual turbines, the
substation and meteorological station to a central computer with
a communication network.
High Wind Resources at particular site
Adequate land availability
Suitable terrain and good soil conditions
Proper approach to site
Suitable power grid nearby
Reliable Power Purchaser
Techno-economic selection of WEG
O & M Needs
Collection of reliable wind data is essential for wind power project.
Wind data includes:
Mean wind speed.
Direction data.
Short term variations.
Variation with height.
Daily, seasonal and annual variations:
Strong South-West Summer Monsoon (April-September).
Weaker North-East Winter Monsoon.
1986 Wind Resource Assessment started in India.
Started from 20m above ground level 50m & 120m.
Wind Measurement
Through Meteorological mast – different height Using
Anemometer - Speed
Wind Wane - Direction
Pressure Sensor - To measure Pressure
Temperature Sensor – To measure Temperature
Data loggers
Used to measure wind speeds at various heights.
Works on Doppler effects.
Used in other measurements such as thermodynamics of the
lower atmosphere.
Same principal of RADAR.
Uses laser light for measuring wind speeds at
various heights.
Having advantage of avoiding turbulence at
ground level.
Can also be used for power regulation.
LiDAR
SODAR
Zone
WPD (W/m2)
Capacity Utilization Factor [CUF (%)]
1
Below 200
20 %
2
Above 200 & <= 250
22 %
3
Above 250 & <= 300
25 %
4
Above 300 & <= 400
30 %
5
Above 500
32 %
The Design lifetime for Wind Turbine classes I to III shall be at least 20 years.
Developed with assistance of DTU,
Risoe.
Approach called statisticaldynamical downscaling is used Frey-
Buness et al, 1995).
Karlsruhe Atmospheric Mesoscale
Model (KAMM) is
used to model
the mesoscale effects on the wind
flow over
domains.
India using modelling
Tamil Nadu is blessed with
3 passes that enables largest
installations in India.
Passes create tunneling effect.
The prominent passes are….
Wind Farm
Producer
State
Current
Capacity (MW)
Muppandal windfarm
Multiple Owners
Tamil Nadu
1500
Jaisalmer Wind Park
Suzlon Energy
Rajasthan
1275
Brahmanvel windfarm
Parakh Agro Industries
Maharashtra
528
Dhalgaon windfarm
Gadre Marine Exports
Maharashtra
278
Chakala windfarm
Suzlon Energy
Maharashtra
217
Vankusawade Wind Park
Suzlon Energy
Maharashtra
189
Source : IWPA
90000
84431
Total Installation 2017 - 18
80000
Potential @ 100m
70000
60000
55857
50000
40000
45394
44229
33800
30000
18770
20000
10000
8197,08
10484
5702,3
4784,3
4297,65
4509,45
3963
2519,9
4244
100,8
52,9 1700
Telangana
Kerala
0
Tamilnadu
Gujarat
Maharashtra
Rajashthan
Karnataka
Andhra
Pradesh
Madhya
Pradseh
Indian Wind Power Generation 2017 – 18 – 35138.15 MW
Total Wind power potential@ 100 meter in GW – 302.25
Source : WindPro Magazine
*As on December 2018
Total World Wind Installed capacity – 560 GW
40000
Total 35138.15 MW
35000
2290
133,09
4632,42
32848,46
3405.23
30000
28082,95
2212,72
32715,37
1139
24677.72
25000
1176
4270
20000
2815
15000
2139
1737
10000
1580
1840
1430
5000
0
0
240 195 408 890
43 232
1507 1702
3000 4430
992 1035 1267
2110
22465
21326
20150
15880
1339
9587
13065
10926
7850
6270
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Source: MNRE & CEA
*As on December 2018
Capacity in kW
Year of Installation
55
1986
90
1988
150 – 200
1989
250
1991
300
1991
225
1993
325 – 410
1995
500, 550 – 600
1996
750
2000
1000
2001
1250-1650
2003
2100
2006
2500
2011
3000
2015
55
90
200
250
3000
In KW
2500
2100
1650
1000
750
600
300
325
410
1986 1988 1989 1991 1991 1993 1995 1996 2000 2001 2003 2006 2011 2015
SeaTitan 10MW
Designed - American energy technologies company AMSC
The direct-drive turbine with
Rotor diameter - 190m
Hub height of 125m.
Sway Turbine ST10
Designed - Norwegian technology company Sway
Rotor diameter - 164m
Hub height of 125m.
2rpm nominal speed and blades 67m in length
Nordex installed Worlds Tallest Wind Turbine
Location : Hausbay, German
Hub Height: 164 m hybrid tower (Concrete tower and Tubular
steel tower)
Rotor Length – 65.5m
Source: Powertechnology.com
WIND TURBINE
Country
CAPACITY
Vestas V164
London
8 MW
Enercon E126
German
7.5 MW
Samsung S7.0171
Scotland
7 MW
MHI SeaAngel
Scotland
7 MW
Repower 6M Series
German
6.2MW
Siemens SWT-6.0 150
Denmark
6MW
Alstom Haliade
France
6MW
Sinovel SL6000
China
6MW
Areva M 5000
Germany
5MW
Canary
Islands
5 MW
Gamesa G
Vestas V164-8.0
MW
Rotor Dia - 164m
Rotor speed - 10.5rpm
Medium Speed Permanent
Magnet Generator.
Blades — 80 metres in length
and weighing 35 tonnes
apiece
Source: Wind Power Monthly
Overall Cost of Generation of Conventional fuel based V/s Wind Tariffs
Sources
Rs./Unit
Cost of Generation - Gas (60%) & R-LNG (40%)
4.4
Cost of Generation – Imported Coal
4.1
Cost of Generation - Domestic Coal (50%) & Imported Coal (50%)
3.8
Wind (CERC based ; @23% PLF) : Maharashtra
4.7
Wind tariff – Tamil Nadu
3.7
Wind tariff - Andhra Pradesh
3.5
Wind tariff - Gujarat
3.6
Wind tariff - Karnataka
3.7
Wind tariff - Rajasthan
4.2
WEC Cost
Including
Tower,
Transformer
etc
Infrastructure
Including
Erection,
Installation
etc
10%
83%
Land
2%
Other Include
SS & Processing
Fee Charges,
Consultancy
Charges etc
5%
Source: GWEC
Increased Hub Height (26m to 120m)
Increased Rotor Diameter (16m to 114m)
Variable Speed
Gearless Design
Better Aerodynamic design
Larger Capacity (55 kW to 3000 kW)
Indigenous Components
Source : Windpower Directory 2016
*As on March 2016
20 Manufacturers
1980 – Commission on Additional Source of Energy.
1982 – Department of Non-Conventional Energy Sources – Demonstration projects.
1992 – Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources.
2007 - Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
1982 - Solar Energy Centre (SEC)
2014 – SEC renamed as - National Institute of Solar Energy
(NISE)
1987 - IREDA - Finance (NBFC)
Sardar Swaran Singh National Institute of Renewable Energy
1998 - Center for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET)
2014 - C-WET renamed as - National Institute of Wind Energy (NIWE)
2011 - Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI)
2015 - SECI renamed as – Renewable Energy Corporation of India (RECI)
No fuel cost
Potential exists to harness wind energy
Matured Technology
Lowest gestation period & capacity addition can be in modular form
Cost of generation reduces over a period of time
Low of O&M Costs
Limited use of land
Accommodation of other land uses
Employment
New market
Local Infrastructure development
Environment friendly and pollution free (1.5 MW – eliminates 2700
tons CO2/year)
Saves drinking water (1 MWh – 600 Gallons, 2700 ltrs)
Total – 56268720 Tonne / 5.6 Crore Tonne
20000000
18000000
16000000
14000000
12000000
10000000
8000000
6000000
4000000
2000000
0
Source : NREL
In Tones
17892000
CO2
10680000
8748000
7936800
6331200
2474400 2112000
84000
10320
*As on June 2015
In Future – RE Creates 2.4 million new jobs and reducing co2 emissions by more than
3.3 billion tones per year.
Source: Indian Wind Power April-May 2017
Swept area is <200m2
Capacity of some watts to 25 KW.
The unit cost of the system is appx. Rs.1 -1.5 lakh/kW.
Govt. subsidy available.
Integration of two or more renewable energy sources / generation systems
as a solutions to meet local requirement of specific location / end-use /
application
India is blessed with coastline of about 7600 Km.
United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea gives India exclusive rights
over its Exclusive Economic Zone (200 nautical miles from baseline) to
develop offshore wind energy.
Efforts so far limited to preliminary resource assessment.
MNRE/NIWE has measured near shore wind data at
78 locations along the coast.
Policy is ready for Offshore Wind power.
Advantages
Better wind resources
Less turbulence/low roughness – more
steady production
Layout flexibility
Less resistance from local population
No physical limits for size and weight
Space
Disadvantages
Transportation
More complex site conditions
More Foundation cost
Sand waves
Sea, Waves and currents
Saline environment
Installation and maintenance are
more complicated and expensive
No Land issues.
20-30% more.
No noise.
Not one installation
Turbine / year ?
Wind
1.4 WTG / DAY is needed
speed for cost reduction !!!
Transmission challenges – connectivity to grid
and evacuation infrastructure is poor.
Indigenization - Lack of collaborative research
between academic institutions government and
private industries.
Harnessing low velocity wind regimes.
Wind power forecasting.
Storage techniques.
Offshore wind farm development.
Repowering old wind farms.
Human Resource Development for the sector.
Too much wind
Not enough wind OR
too much wind
Present
Near Term
Hydro
Heat
storage
Flywheel
Cold
storage
Compressed
air
Electric
Vehicles
Large-scale
Battery
Hydrogen
Plug & Charge EOV urban parking AREAS & Wind to Water/Hydrogen in
remote off grid locations
Civil
Metallurgy
Mechanical
Manufacturing /Production
Instrumentation
Environmental
Electrical core design
Atmospheric science
Control engineering
Physics
Electronics
Management
Aerodynamics
Finance
Chemical
Marketing
Though renewable energies are having so many benefits..
In general, RE heavily depends on
Engineered equipment
Infrastructure to capture
Special conversion systems
Some of the technological challenges facing in this alternate energy are..
Materials for manufacturing
Intermittency of the source
Scalability
Grid Integration
Substitutability
Dispatchablity
Storage
Established in 1998
as C-WET
Autonomous R&D
Institution
Technical
Focal Point
MNRE
Danish Support
WTTS @ Kayathar
Renamed as NIWE
on 28th August 2014
WSOM
Wind Solar Resource
Measurements / Offshore
R&D and RDAF
Research and Development
a n d R e s o u r c e D a t a An a l y t i c &
Forecasting
C
Certification
SDT
Skill Development & Training
T&R
Testing & Research Station
S&R
Standards and Regulation
SRRA
Renewable Energy Project /
Solar Radiation Resource
As s e s s m e n t
F&A
F i n a n c e & Ad m i n i s t r a t i o n
“Sustainable energy : A living harmony between the equitable
availability of energy services to all people and the
preservation of the earth for future generations”.
*Extract from book “Sustainable Energy”,
Email Id : pkanagavel.niwe@nic.in
Email Id : pkanagavel.niwe@nic.in