Psychological effects of war
Shell shock
Although the physical conditions of life in the trenches was dreadful, the afflictions were not
only physical; soldiers also suffered from psychological and emotional trauma. “Shell shock” was
first recognised in February 1915, just six months after the commencement of the war. Little
understood at the time so shell shock was generally considered to be the result of cowardice or
a lack of moral fibre. Because of this it was not recognized as an official medical problem and it
was claimed that if the patient only “got a grip of himself” or “pulled himself together” it
would disappear and soldiers were usually punished, often receiving a court martial and even
sentenced to death. Indeed, the British and Commonwealth military command executed 346 of
its own soldiers during the course of the First World War, including five New Zealanders. The
Australian government refused to allow any Australian soldiers to be executed.
Shell shock is known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and is a properly recognised as a
serious illness.
What are the symptoms?
The symptoms of PTSD can vary from person to person, although you may experience some of
the following.
Reliving aspects of the trauma:
● Vivid flashbacks (feeling that the trauma is happening all over again).
● Intrusive thoughts and images.
● Nightmares.
● Intense distress at real or symbolic reminders of the trauma.
● Physical sensations, such as pain, sweating, nausea or trembling.
Avoiding feelings or memories:
● Avoiding situations that remind you of the trauma.
● Repressing memories (being unable to remember aspects of the event).
● Feeling detached, cut off and emotionally numb.
● Being unable to express affection.
Alertness or feeling on edge:
● Panicking when reminded of the trauma.
● Being easily upset or angry.
● Extreme alertness.
● A lack of or disturbed sleep.
● Irritability and aggressive behaviour.
● Lack of concentration.
● Being easily startled.
● Self-destructive behaviour or recklessness.
You may also develop other mental health problems, such as:
● Severe anxiety.
● A phobia.
● Depression.
● A dissociative disorder.
● Suicidal feelings.