4.0 Cost Estimation
A production cost is crucial to estimate its construction, operation and maintenance cost as
well as to conduct a financial evaluation. The purpose of conducting a financial analysis is to
evaluate a budget and minimize wastage on material and cost during construction, operation
and maintenance phase.
Table 1: Bill of spring catchment area
BILL NO 1: SPRING CATCHMENT AREA
Item
1.1
Description
Length
Qty/Unit
Price (RM)
Material


Supply and erect timber formwork to
wall slab
Cast reinforced concrete Grade 30

Galvanized Iron Pipe 3”(80mm) (GIP-
50m²
70m³
3/4in.x10ft
1unit
3.38x 10^4in
2unit
RM 3,100
3CAA)

PVC expansion joint (826-007X6) Inlet
and Outlet

Plastering wall
6 bag (kg)
Thickness wall applying :5cm

River stone

Labour Cost
RM 2,850
TOTAL
RM 5,950
5tons
Table 2: Bill of Sand filtration and reservoir
BILL NO 2: SAND FILTRATION & RESERVOIR
Item
Description
2.1
Material
Length
Qty/Unit
 Foundation: Reinforced concrete
(Rectangular)
Thickness of lining wall(m)
 Gravel small
0.3 to 0.5m
4.0-5.6mm
2 tons
 Gravel large
16.0-23.0mm
2 tons
9.5mm
1 tons
 Course aggregate
 Under drains (Precast concrete slabs
on concrete ribs)
 Gate valve
Model: Z41W-16P
2.2
Reservoir
 Foundation :Reinforced concrete
(Rectangular)
Thickness of lining wall (m)
 Galvanized Iron Pipe 3”(80mm)
(GIP-3CAA)Inlet and Outlet
 Metal roofing
Width: 762mm
Rib Height: 23mm
Thickness: 0.23mm to 0.47mm
 Welded wire mesh (Galvanized steel
wire)
All wires: 1.24mm thickness
Aperture:2mm x 25mm
Roll height: 1.2 m
Labour Cost
2.3
TOTAL
Price
100 m²
50m²
4in
4 unit
RM 7,650
(inc. Reservoir)
100m²
3/4in.x10ft
2 Unit
100m²
30m
90m³
RM 6,750
RM 14,400
Table 3: Bill of HDPE Pipeline
BILL NO 3: HDPE PIPELINE
Item
Description
3.1
Material

HDPE Pipe (100% Virgin Material PE100)
Length
Unit
Price (RM)
2.5km
50
RM 42,500
Diameter:160mm
Specification : DN63mm DN200mm
DN315 PN16 SDR11
Pipe Colour: Black With Blue Stripe
Supply Ability:100000 Ton/Year
Amount: (1Unit/50m : RM850)

3.2
Galvanized Iron & Connection
RM 5,000
Installation Cost
RM 21,250
TOTAL
RM 68,750
Table 4: Bill of Disinfection (Chlorination ring)
BILL NO 4: DISINFECTION (CHLORINATION RING)
Description
4.1
(RM)
Material

Y-Strainer

Gate Valve

Pressure Gauge

Ejector
TOTAL
RM 1,000.00
RM 1,000.00
Table 5: Bill of new water tank & Pump
BILL NO 5: NEW WATER TANK & PUMP
Item
5.1
Description
Length
Qty/Unit
Price (RM)
Material & Installation
15 m²
Supply and cast plain concrete
B200, 10 cm thick below
foundation (base slab)
Supply cast fair face reinforced
concrete B350 in Raft Foundation
Aluminium Extension wall reclining
Ladder Height 10’ to 36’
Handrail Balcony (Stainless Steel)
Height: 85cm
Thickeness:2cm
Gate valve
8m
HDPE Pipe (100% Virgin Material
From
PE100)
Diameter:160mm
20 m²
15m²
RM 24,500
3unit
pumping
20m
Specification : DN63mm
DN200mm DN315 PN16 SDR11
Pipe Colour: Black With Blue
Stripe
Supply Ability:100000 Ton/Year
Install air U-vent (3in)
Fitting material :PVC
Polyethylene Tank (PE 4000)
Dimension: base (118in)
180°
1 Unit
U-Bend
3000/4000
gallons
Capacity(Gallons): N4000/4400
5.2
Pump
RM 6,150
TOTAL
RM 30,650
FINAL SUMMARY
Item
Description
Price
1
2
3
4
5
CHAPTER 5
PROCESS FLOWSHEET AND PLANT LAYOUT
5.1 Process Flow
Water supply system is the infrastructure for the collection, treatment, storage, and
distribution of water for homes, commercial establishments and irrigation. Water supply
systems must also meet requirements for public. In all cases, the water must full fill both
quality and quantity requirements. Figure 5.1 show the process flow of water supply system.
Figure 5.1: Process Flow of water supply system
Sources
Spring Water
Treatment
Sand filter, Disinfection
Storage
Reservoir, Water Tank
Distribution
Main Line, Sub-Main Line
5.1.1 Water Sources
A spring is a place where underground water surface, usually on the side of a hill or mountain.
The water filters slowly down through the subsoil until it reaches an impervious layer, usually
rock. The big advantage of springs is that the water has been purified and filtered on its
journey below ground. Cost are lower and complicated logistic are avoided.
5.1.2 Sand Filter
Sand filters are used as a step in the water treatment process of water purification. Sand
filtration is used for the removal of suspended matter, as well as floating and sinkable
particles. The wastewater flows vertically through a fine bed of sand and/or gravel. Particles
are removed by way of absorption or physical encapsulation. If there is excessive pressure
loss on the filter, it must be rinsed. Table 5.1 show the Characteristics of rapid and slow sand
filters.
Table 5.1 :Characteristics of rapid and slow sand filters
Characteristics
Rapid sand filter
Slow sand filter
Filtration rate [m/h]
5–15
0.08–0.25
Media effective size [mm]
0.5–1.2
0.15–0.30
Bed depth [m]
0.6–1.9
0.9–1.5
Run length
1–4 days
1–6 months
Ripening period
15 min – 2 h
Several days
Regeneration method
Backwashing
Scraping
Maximum raw-water turbidity Unlimited with proper pretreatment
10 NTU
5.1.3 Reservoir
All water reservoirs should be covered to protect the stored water against contamination.
Overflow pipes should be brought down near the ground surface and discharged to minimize
erosion. The storage structure should be designed so that there is water circulates. There
should be a convenient access to the interior for cleaning, maintenance, and sampling. Rigid
storage reservoirs should be vented. By design a reservoir should do no harm to the water.
The contamination can come from a variety of origins including piping, tank construction
materials, animal and bird feces, mineral and gas intrusion. A correctly designed water tank
works to address and mitigate these negative effects. A service reservoir stores the water and
supplies it at the required pressure to the farthest point in the area.
5.1.4 Disinfection (Chlorination Ring)
Chlorination is one of many methods that can be used to disinfect water. This method was
first used over a century ago, and is still used today. It is a chemical disinfection method that
uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances for the oxidation and
disinfection of what will be the potable water source. Chlorination can be done at any
time/point throughout the water treatment process - there is not one specific time when
chlorine must be added. Each point of chlorine application will subsequently control a
different water contaminant concern, thus offering a complete spectrum of treatment from the
time the water enters the treatment facility to the time it leaves. Chlorination may also be
done as the final step in the treatment process, which is when it is usually done in most
treatment plants. The main objective of this chlorine addition is to disinfect the water and
maintain chlorine residuals that will remain in the water as it travels through the distribution
system. The amount of chlorine that is required to disinfect water is dependent on the
impurities in the water that needs to be treated. Many impurities in the water require a large
amount of chlorine to react with all the impurities present. The chlorine added must first react
with all the impurities in the water before chlorine residual is present.
5.1.5 Water Tank
A water tank is a container for storing water. Function water tank is providing a reserve of
treated water that will minimize interruptions of supply due to failures of mains, pumps, or
other plant equipment. Help maintain uniform pressure; provide a reserve of water for fire
fighting and other emergencies, act as a relief valve on a system of mains supplied by
pumping permit a reduction in the size of distribution mains below that which would be
required in the absence of a reservoir and allow pumping at the average rather than peak flow
rate. The design depends on the location of tanks, example overhead, on ground or
underground water tanks. The tanks can be made in different shapes usually circular and
rectangular shapes are mostly used. The tanks can be made of reinforced concrete or even of
steel. The overhead tanks elevated tanks are usually elevated from the rooftop through
column. In the other hand the underground tanks are rested on the foundation. Water tank
design should be based on sufficient resistance to cracking to avoid leakage and adequate
strength.
5.2
Plant Layout
Figure 5.2 : Plan Layout of reconstruction gravity fed water supply system
5.2.1 Plant Layout Facilities
a) Catchment Area
TOP VIEW
BACK VIEW
LEFT SIDE VIEW
RIGHT SIDE VIEW
b) Sand Filter
SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
BACK VIEW
c) Reservoir
TOP VIEW
FRONT VIEW
SIDE VIEW
d) Disinfection (Chlorination Ring)
SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
e) Water Tank
SIDE VIEW
TOP VIEW
5.3 Distribution System Layout
Figure 5.3 : Distribution system Layout