Key Terms 1. ascertainable criteria- peacemaking criminology term that states that everyone involved in a criminal justice process should understand the rules and procedures employed by the system 2. categorical imperative- term associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant. When applied to peacemaking, it means that every decision should be logical enough to be applied to other cases at other times 3. correct means- peacemaking criminology term coined by Gandhi that describes how the problems of crime can only be attained using processes that embody peacemaking principles 4. peacemaking criminology- theoretical perspective that focuses on nonviolence, social justice, and reducing the suffering of both the victim and the offender 5. thought crime- term coined by George Orwell in his novel 1984, in which the act of thinking about breaking a law is a criminal offense Review Questions 1. How is the war metaphor problematic for dealing with social issues? War metaphors become problematic due to being viewed as a military tactic used to control or end a social issue such as war on drugs or war on citizens. Neither of the “war terms' ' gives an actual goal or external enemy to address. 2. How are the police and the military different, and how has terrorism affected this difference? Police are local enforcement which protects the peace and its citizens. They’re jurisdiction is stipulated according to city or county lines. The military is a national group used to protect and enforce the laws of the United States in its home country and abroad. Terrorism has changed the way both sets of law enforcement protect the citizens in their city, state and country. Police are now tasked with protecting citizens and identifying domestic or international threats without the same training, equipment, expertise or information used by the national government. The military is tasked with coming up or staying active to protect citizens against biological and now technological weapons that may be used by their enemies. 3. How did September 11, 2001, affect the U.S. criminal justice system? 9/11 changed many things within the U.S. criminal justice system such as the passing of the Patriot Act. This act allows the government to protect and identify potential domestic and international threats by taking more precautions such as how we conduct ourselves prior to boarding airplanes and information collected about citizens. Also, the Department of Homeland Security was reorganized and other agencies received increased responsibility to help with terrorist threats such as training, equipment and funding. 4. What two sweeping and controversial components of the USA Patriot Act concern criminal justice students? Criminal justice students are concerned with the newfound power given to government agencies over U.S. citizens. The restructuring of agencies allows information to be collected about citizens and weakens the rights given to citizens under the Constitution. 5. How has terrorism affected local criminal justice agencies? Terrorism left states to scrambling to find ways to deal with terrorist and potential threats. Cities had to create contingency plans of what to do and how to respond to a terrorist act. This also left local governments with a need for more funding to facilitate this action. 6. What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology develop from? The three intellectual traditions that were developed by peacemaking criminology were religion, feminism and critical traditions. Religion is viewed as a meaningful contribution to the communities and holds transformative power. Feminism desires a system free of gender and that treats all individuals equally. Critical traditions such as social class, age and race are a part of the way to understand how to mend or create peace between two parties. 7. What are the steps of the peacemaking pyramid? Nonviolence, violence is minimal and should only be used as a last resort. Social justice, the power of those who enforce and enact laws that don’t serve the interest of all people. Inclusion, a peacemaking solution that requires the criminal justices to seek cooperation from both parties to obtain peace. Correct means, principles used to obtain a good solution to a problem of crimes Ascertainable criteria, a clear understanding of the process the criminal justice system employs. 8. What is restorative justice? Restorative justice is an alternative approach to dealing with the harm done by offenders. Instead of traditional criminal courts, community programs are used to respond to crime. A solution is found to accomodate all parties instead of the usual mean used by the criminal justice system.
