IELTS Writing
T
a
s
k
1
L/O/G/O
www.themegallery.com
• In task 1 candidates are asked to
look at a diagram or table, and to
present the information in their own
words. Candidates are assessed
on their ability to:
• Organize, present and compare data
• Describe the stages of a process or procedure
• Describe an object or event or sequence of
events
• Explain how something works
• No personal views!!
Be accurate!
Most frequent types:
• Line graph
• Bar chart
• Pie chart
• Tables
• Flow chart
• Pictures or diagrams
4 steps
•
•
•
•
•
•
理解题目-------一定先看题目
浏览图表文字信息
浏览图表数字信息
确定逻辑顺序，开始写作
时间原则（线图，柱状图）
最高原则（饼图）
Critical aspects
• 变化 / 趋势 /比较 (数字)
• 极值 (大，小，变)-- 翻倍，减半
• 共同点，不同点
Line graphs / curves
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Most frequent;
Most basic
Before write, read carefully
Horizontal axis --- time
Vertical axis --- data
Words: subject, time & unit
Tense
Tense
•
•
•
•
•
描述图表，现在时态
文章如果表述的是图表描述的信息，用现在时态
描述内容，具体判断
如果内容是具体发生在过去的，一般用过去时
如果图表里并没有出现任何以往的年度, 一般用
现在时
• 如果图表作文出现 预测值,需要用将来时态;
• 最好避免用 will 这种词,这样的语气过分肯定
• be likely to, be predicted to/ be expected to
• The total US greenhouse gas emissions will
increase by 43% from 2017 to 2020.
• The total US greenhouse gas emissions are
expected to increase by 43% from 2017 to
2020.
• The number of people committing violent
crime will rise by the end of 2020.
• It is predicted that the number of people
committing violent crime is likely to rise by
the end of 2020.
organization
• Introduction
• Main body:
Describing the graph in details
Describing orderly
• Conclusion
• No personal opinion!
Line graphs / Curves 线状图
• Introduction：1~2句介绍曲线图所表示的内容
• 第一句给出图表的内容是关于什么。PARAPHRASE
• 同义词替换，改变关键词词性，被动语态，灵活加入其他信
息 e.g.时间，性别，国家等
• 题目: The graphs below show the enrolments of
overseas students and local students in Britain's
universities.
• Intro: As is demonstrated in the graphs, the
information about the proportions of international
students and domestic students enrolled in Britain's
universities from 1998 to 2008 is provided.
• 常用词：show, illustrate, demonstrate,
reveal, indicate, unfold
• 第二句给出总体的曲线走势。
• The graph below shows the pneumonia
patients found in December.
• The line curve illustrates the number of
patients having pneumonia on different dates
in December. The patients number rose
dramatically from the 8th to 15th.
• The graph shows the rate of smoking of man
and women in Someland. Summarise the
information by selecting and reporting the main
features and make comparisons where relevant.
• The line graph compares the proportion of male and
female smokers in Someland from 1960 to 2000. It can
be clearly seen that fewer women smoked during the
period and that the rate of smoking for both men and
women was declining generally.
Main body
•
•
•
•
不要把数字逐一列出
文字信息比数字信息更为重要
文字信息交代主要信息和趋势,而数据辅助说明
The average US family had 4.5 people in 1915,
3.3 in 1967 and 2.6 in 2006.
• Average family size in the US has been
shrinking, from 4.5 people in 1915 to 2.6
people in 2006.
Line graphs / Curves 描述词
• 上升：
• V: rose/increased/went up/climbed (to)
/boomed/ascended / mounted up / moved up／
jumped up / surged / shot up / leaped
• N: a rise/an increase/a growth/ jump / surge /an
upward trend (in) / a boom in
• 下降：
• V: fell/declined/decreased/dropped/dipped/ went
down / reduced (to) / descended / sank
• N: a decrease/decline/fall/drop/reduction (in) ／a
downward trend
• 平稳：
• V: leveled out/ remained stable/ remained steady/
stayed constantly (at) / did not change/ maintained
the same level/ stabilize / level out
• N: no change (in) / a flat trend
• 波动 ：
• V: fluctuated (around), rebound / N: a fluctuation
• 到达顶峰（低谷）
• peaked/ plateaued (at) / get the highest
• Reached/increased to the peak/top/highest point,
reached a plateau (at)
• Reached/dropped to the bottom/lowest point
Adj+n:
• steady drop, slight fall, gradual decline,
small decrease, steep decline, sharp drop,
V+ adv:
• Leap rapidly , rise suddenly, increase
remarkably, drop dramatically
• 轻微地 slightly，slowly，gradually
• 温和地, 轻微地 moderately
• 稳定地 steadily
•
•
•
•
•
•
显著地，明显地 sharply，significantly
迅速地 rapidly
急剧地 dramatically, drastically
相当地 considerably， remarkably
分别地 respectively，separately
相对地 relatively
• During the first few days of December, the number of cases of
the pneumonia disease remained steady around 20, followed
by a slight decrease before the numbers rose dramatically to
above 40 between the 8th and the 11th of December. The
number of cases of the disease then reached a peak of 45 on
the 12th, fluctuating slightly until the 15th, and then fell sharply
to under 10 over the following two days. There was a slight
increase up to the 19th when numbers reported for the disease
dropped steadily and finally reached their lowest point of 1 or 2
conclusion
• 总结段一般总结图中最主要的信息或
最重要的趋势。
• Overall, the number of pneumonia patients was
high between the 8th and 16th of December. It
is clear that by the end of the month, there were
few cases of pneumonia recorded.
小作文写作原则
• 首段说图说趋势
• 中间找点找极值
• 最后总结总趋势
• Main body 分段
oii9i9iop
• The line graph indicates the change of
percentage of aging population, namely 65
years old and over, in Japan, Sweden and the
USA between one century from 1940 to 2040.
In general, there is an increasing tendency of
older people proportion and the percentage is
expected to increase.
• In 1940, the proportion of people aged 65 or
more stood at only 5% in Japan,
approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the
US. However, while the figures for the
western countries grew to about 15% in 1980,
the figure for Japan dipped to only 3% for
much of this period, before rising to almost
5% again in 2000.
• 原题：
• The graph below shows the consumption of fish and
some different kinds of meat in a European country
between 1979 and 2004.
• Summarize the information by selecting and reporting
the main features, and make comparisons where
relavant.
• From the graph, changes in the amounts of beef,
lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular
European country from 1979 to 2004 are illustrated.
• In 1979, beef was by far the most popular of these foods,
with about 220 grams consumed per person per week.
Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities
around 150 grams, while much less fish was consumed,
which was just over 50 grams.
• However, during the following 25-year period, after a
fluctuation, the consumption of beef and lamb fell
dramatically to approximate 100 grams and 55 grams
respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but
much less significantly to just below 50 grams. Although it
remained the least popular food, fish consumption levels
were the most stable.
• The consumption of chicken, on the other hand,
showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb
in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004, it soared
to almost 250 grams per person per week.
• Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of
chicken increased dramatically while the popularity
of these other foods decreased over the period.
Bar charts / columns柱状图
• 语言内容和曲线图类似
• This bar graph demonstrates that how many
computers were sold in China from 1996 to
1999. In general, the purchases of computers
continued to rise steadily until 1998, followed
by a slight drop in the next year.
• The graph below shows how the number of
people receiving higher education in China
has changed.
• This bar chart indicates trends in student
enrollment in higher education throughout China
from 1990 to 2004. According to the graph,
student number in Chinese higher education
institutions boomed over the fifteen-year period.
•
The graph below shows the different modes of
transport used to travel to and from work in one
European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000.
paraphrase topic
• The graph below shows the different modes of
transport used to travel to and from work in one
European city in 1960, 1980 and 2000. 题目
• The bar graph illustrates the changing patterns in
transportation by train, car, tube and bus for
commuters in one city of Europe in the years of 1960,
1980 and 2000 respectively.
• The percentage of train and tube use fluctuated differently.
The number of people using trains at first rose from just
under 20% in 1960 to about 28% in 1980, but then fell back
to about 22% in 2000. The use of tube was relatively stable,
falling from around 28% of commuters in 1960 to 21% in
1980, but climbed back to 25% in 2000.
• On the other hand, the use of cars increased
tremendously from just over 5% in 1960 to 23%
in 1980, reaching 38% by 2000, whereas the
popularity of buses has declined sharply since
1960, falling from almost 40% to 27% in 1980
and only 15% in 2000.
•
Overall, the graph indicates the growing
use of cars and the continued decline in the
popularity of buses from being the most
popular mode of transport in 1960 to the
least popular in 2000.
Pie charts 扇形图
• 比例较高
• Pie charts generally show figures in
percentages and your language in writing the
report should reflect this:
• 基本结构：introduction, main body, conclusion
• Paraphrase
• The candidate will receive a higher mark if the
writing uses a range of structures and
vocabulary correctly rather than a limited
number.
• The pie chart below shows the proportion of
different categories of families living in poverty
in Australia in 1999. （题目）
• The percentage of various types of poverished
households in Australia in 1999 is indicated
through the graph.
• 显示：describe, illustrate, demonstrate,
summarize, indicate, outline, unfold, reveal
• 数据：number, figure, data, information
• 比例：proportion, percentage, ratio, rate
• 部分：portion, part, segment, item, section,
slice
饼状图表达
• A占总数的X％
• A takes up X% of total
• Make up / account for / constitute / comprise /
represent
• 余下的，剩下的
• the rest, the remainder, the remaining
倍数的表达
A 是 B的 X倍
王力宏的眼睛是周杰伦的三倍
• 倍数+that of+名词
• Leehom’s eyes are three times those of Jay
• 倍数+as...as
Leehom’s eyes are three times as large as
Jay’s.
• 倍数+比较级+than
Leehom’s eyes are two times larger than Jay's.
• The graph below shows the proportion of
the population aged 65 and over between
1940 and 2040 in three different countries.
(Japan, USA, Sweden)
• The over-65-year-old population
percentages between 1940 and 2040 in
Japan, USA and Sweden are described in
the pie charts.
Three steps
•
•
•
•
•
•
先审题，再读图
先看字，再看数
几张饼，几种馅：饼之间的关系
变化和趋势：
一张饼中的几种馅：最大最小翻番一样（％）
几张饼中的一种馅：最大最小翻番一样（变化）
类型饼1: 整体＋局部
• The following two pie charts illustrate the
energy use in the U.S.A.
• Write a report for a university lecturer
describing the information given in the pie
charts below.
P1
• The following two pie charts illustrate the
energy use in the U.S.A.
• The two pie charts describe the data of the
energy use in general and the residential
energy use in detail in the United States.
• It can be seen from the first pie chart that the energy is
used for four purposes. Specifically, industry accounts
for the largest proportion, namely 41%, of the used
energy, while demand of transportation makes up 26%
of the total need of energy. The residential and
commercial represent smaller parts of 19% and 14%
respectively.
• According to the second pie chart, it clearly
shows that heating and air conditioning
account for the largest percentage of 62% in
the residential energy use, while the small
appliances makes up the least proportion of
10%. The heating water and miscellaneous
(including cooking) constitutes 15% and 13%
respectively.
• From the charts, we may have a basic
understanding of the situation of energy use
in the United States, especially in residential
energy use field.
类型饼2: 几者比较
• The graphs below show the annual expenditure
of university students in three countries in 2003.
• The three pie charts show how university
students in three countries spent their
money in the year of 2003.
• In general, students in country A spent slightly
more than those in country B, US$5000 and
US$4500 respectively. In comparison, student
expenditure in country C was considerably lower,
at only US$1500 per year.
• Accommodation and food were the two biggest items of
expenditure. Altogether they constituted around 65% of
the total students’expenditure in all the three countries.
The difference is that in country A and B accommodation
spending exceeded food spending, while the reverse
was true for country C.
• The rest of the students’ spending was divided into leisure, books
and others. Leisure spending constituted a larger
percentage(around 20) in both country A and B,with only a
smaller ratio on books, particularly the smallest of 3% in A. While
in country C, much more money was spent on books(21%) than
on leisure and others.
• Overall, there is a different tendency showed in country
C both in the total number and in detail percentages.
类型饼3: 时间变化
The pie charts below reflect the percentage of
fireworks accidents in Australia in 1995 and 2000.
It is clearly evident from the pie charts that
fireworks accidents in Australia were recorded
which occurred in the same places in both 1995
and in 2000: at public displays, family parties, pub
celebrations and in the case where teenagers were
playing with fireworks unattended. What is notable,
is that the ratio of accidents occurring in the
different situations has shifted dramatically.
The greatest proportion of fireworks accidents
happened at public displays in 1995 was 50% ，
while 20% accidents resulted from family parties.
Furthermore, the remaining 30% of fireworks
accidents were split equally between pub
celebrations and where adolescents were left
alone with fireworks.
Almost the reverse was true according to the pie
chart in 2000. Five years later almost half of the
reported accidents concerning fireworks happened
at family parties and only 30% occurred at public
displays. A significant drop in figures was also
recorded in 2000 for the number of fireworks
accidents at pub celebrations, at only 5%, which
was a third of those reported in 1995.
In a word, apart from the accidents
related with teens playing fireworks alone,
which remained the same figure of 15%,
other places where had occurred fireworks
accidents in 1995 made a big change in
2000 throughout the Australia.
类型饼4: 时间类比结合
• The pie charts below show units of
electricity production by fuel source in
Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
• Summarize the information by selecting
and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
P1
• The pie charts below show units of
electricity production by fuel source in
Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.
• The charts compare the sources of
electricity in Australia and France in the
years 1980 and 2000.
• Between these years electricity production
almost doubled, rising from 100 units to
170 units in Australia, and from 90 units to
180 units in France.
•
P2
In 1980 Australia used coal as the main
electricity source (50 units) and the remainder
was produced from natural gas, hydro power
(each producing 20 units) and oil which
produced only 10 units.
•
By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more
than 75% of electricity produced and only
hydro continued to be another significant
source supplying 36 units.
• remainder
n. 余数，残余；剩余物；其余的人
• adj. 剩余的；吃剩的
• vi. 廉价出售；削价出售
P3
•
In contrast, France used coal as a source for
only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was
matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units
were produced largely from oil and nuclear
power, with hydro contributing only 5 units.
•
But by 2000, nuclear power, which was not
used at all in Australia, while it had developed
into the main source, producing almost 75% of
electricity in France, at 126 units, while coal and
oil together produced only 50 units. Other
sources were no longer significant.
P4
•
Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these
two countries relied on different principal
fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and
France on nuclear power.
表格 Table
•
•
•
•
•
过于抽象
数字（比例）太多，难以取舍
趋势不明显
常用词汇：
在…方面 in terms of / in respect of /regarding/as for…
• 分布：Distribute, rank, the range of…
from…to…
• 分别地：differently, separately, respectively
• The table below gives information about changes in
modes of travel in England between 1985 and 2000.
• 分组法
• 增加组，减少组，持平组
• 找最值
• 增加的：Car, Long distance bus, Train, Taxi
• 幅度大的： Car
• 减少的 Walking, Bicycle, Local bus
• 幅度大的 Local bus
• P1
• The table below gives information about changes
in modes of travel in England between 1985 and
2000.
• 题目改写
• The table demonstrates how different modes of travel
changed in England in 15 years spanning from 1985
• to 2000. In general, the change are classified into two
kinds in terms of average miles travelled per person
per year: one enjoyed rising popularity while the other
decreased.
• P2
The travel modes which gained popularity in the
period included cars, long distance buses, trains, taxis
and others. Cars remained top among the modes in the
15 years, with its average miles increasing considerably
from 3,199 in 1985 to 4,806 in 2000. Long distance
buses and taxis seemed to be warmly welcomed by
travelers, so average miles travelled in the two modes
increased dramatically.
• P3
In comparison, travels by walking, bicycles and local
buses lost travelers’ favor in the one and a half decade.
Average travelling distance by local buses suffered the
biggest decrease, dropping from 429 to 274, while the
number of miles by walking and bikes fell mildly from 255 to
237 and from 51 to 41 respectively.
P4
• Overall, the number of miles travelled by the
average per person rose from 4,740 miles in
1985 to 6,475 miles in 2000, with the increase of
cars accounting for almost all of that increase.
• The tables describe the average percentage
scores achieved in the school subjects of Maths,
Science, Geography, Languages and Sports by
children aged 7, 10, 13, and 15 based on
different gender.
• The subjects for which the highest average scores were recorded
were Sports, at 78%(boys), and Languages, at 75%(girls). Generally
speaking, the strongest subject for each gender was revealed to be
the weakest for the opposite sex. Apart from these two subjects
the performance of boys and girls was comparatively similar.
Although boys tended to score higher in Geography, with scores
ranging from 63% to 70% and scores for girls ranged between 62%
and 64%, it is obvious that both boys and girls aged 15 years old
averaged scores of 64% for this subject.
• To sum up, these tables offer a clear picture
about the average scores achieved in five
subjects by boys and girls in different age
groups.
• 注意单位 （thousand, million)
• 注意精准 （数字看不准，加approximately等）
各自为战
• The table below gives information about
underground railway systems in six cities.
剑5P98
• P1
•
The table demonstrates the data
regarding the subway system in six cities,
including date opened, kilometers of route
and passengers per year (in millions)
• P2
•
In terms of date opened, London has the
most time-honored (1863) subway system
among the six cities while subway system in
Los Angeles is the newest one opened in
2001. Systems in Paris and Tokyo are
opened in 1900 and 1927 respectively. After
that, systems in Washington DC and Kyoto
are opened in 1976 and 1981 differently.
•
As for the size of the railway system, London
still ranks the first, meaning it has the longest
subway system of 394 kilometers（最长）
among the six cities, which is roughly twice as
large as the system in Paris.
•
By contrast, subway system in Kyoto is
shorter (11 kilometers) （最短）than the others
even though it opened in relatively recent year.
The kilometers of route in Tokyo, Washington
DC and Los Angeles are 155, 126 and 28
differently.
•
The third part is passengers per year in
millions. More exactly, the top three are Tokyo
(1927), Paris (1191) and London (775).
Underground railway system in Washington
DC’s has 144 millions passengers per year.
Systems in Los Angeles’s and Kyoto’s carry
fewer passengers per year (50 and 45,
respectively).
•
Thus, it can be clearly seen from the
table that the subway systems in Tokyo
and Paris serves for more passengers
whereas the systems in Los Angeles and
Kyoto carry fewer passengers mainly
because of the short route.
• This table represents the amount of time spent per
year on different leisure activities by various age
groups in the United Kingdom. The subjects surveyed
were teenagers and adults in their twenties, thirties,
forties and those aged fifty and over. The leisure
activities that were the focus of this research were
Group sports, Individual sports, going to the cinema,
watching TV and pub entertainment.
According to the data, UK residents who are in their
teens and those who are over the age of fifty tend to spend
less time engaging in the same pastime activities, going to
the cinema and pub entertainment, unlike those in their
twenties, thirties and forties, with 100, 80, and 120 on cinema
and 200, 300, and 400 hours on pub respectively. Not
surprisingly, British adolescents are rated as the highest
television viewers, spending 800 hours annually, followed by
the fifties and over age group, with 600 hours per year.
Teens also spend most hours of120 on group sports, which
is the least activity the 50s+ group want to spend hours on.
Also notable is a shift away from group sports which are
enjoyed by British teens and people in their twenties toward
individual sports which are popular among those people in
their thirties, forties, fifties and over, with a gradual increase
number of hours.
Flow charts / process diagram
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
关键看懂图，注意逻辑关系
表示出层次和先后关系
基本不会出现数据，文字信息主导
出现信息都要描述
无论试题怎样变换，核心思路不变
主要问题可能对图中内容不熟悉
只需要按照图上所列内容按部就班描述而已
注意事项
• 时态相对单一，主要用一般现在时
• 使用被动语态，显得客观和正式
• 找出流程图的始末点，划分中间步骤和阶
段
• 对出专业词汇或生词，照抄即可
• 多用表述顺序的连接词
Useful Language
• 泛指过程：process, procedure
• 各个阶段步骤：stage, step
• To begin with, first of all, (at) first, in the first place/
stage, initially, to initiate, the first stage involves…
• Secondly, the second stage, then, next, after that, in
the following stage, the next step, subsequently, later…
• Finally, eventually, lastly, the final stage, in the end,
at last…
• Alternatively, otherwise, In addition, meanwhile,
at the same time, simultaneously
• Before this, after this…
• 使用从句
• When the cleaning is done, the bottles are
conveyed to a glass factory where they
are cut into glass pieces which are then
poured into a furnace.
The diagram below shows the process by which
bricks are manufactured for the building industry.
•
The process by which bricks are
manufactured for the building industry
can be outlined in seven steps.
•
First the raw material, clay, which was just below the
surface of soil has to be dug up by a digger. Then the clay are
placed on a metal grid in order to break up the big chunks of
clay into much smaller ones, which fall through the metal grid
onto a roller. Sand and water are subsequently added to
make a mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or cut
into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.
Those fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at
least 24 and a maximum of 48 hours, several dozens if not
hundreds of bricks at a time. The dried bricks are then
transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high
temperature oven. First they are kept at a moderate
temperature of 200 -980 ℃, followed by higher temperature of
870-1300℃. What is next is the process of cooling down the
finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber. Once
the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get
packaged and delivered to their final destination.
Thus, the process of manufacturing bricks can be
clearly demonstrated from the diagram.
• The flow chart illustrates the steps of marking
system for English testing at the University of
Manchester. In general, the process can be
divided into two parts.
From the chart, we can see that after the papers are collected,
the reading and listening papers are marked by an administrator
and then collated. The writing papers, on the other hand, are
treated differently. After their collection, the writing papers are
marked by an examiner. After this, the produced marks are then
sent to an administrator while the exam answer papers are sent
to an examination board. The committee then decides which
papers need to be reassessed and which ones need to be stored.
• According to the flow chart, it can be clearly
seen how the English test papers are
processed at the University of Manchester.
Combination
• The bar chart reveals how much money is spent in seven
European countries on free time activities as a
percentage of total household spending， whilst the pie
chart shows the average amount of money spent each
year by households in the UK on various leisure
activities.
• UK households spend the highest percentage of money
on leisure activities (21%). Those in Sweden, Austria and
Germany spend similar percentages on leisure activities,
18%, 17% and 16% respectively. Households in Greece
and Portugal spend smaller percentage of 13% and
12%.Those in Italy spend the lowest percentage on
leisure activities at 10%.
• UK households spend an average of £2868 on leisure
activities each year. Half of this (£1431) is spent on
outdoor activities. More than 20% of £588 goes towards
culture £313 goes towards electrical goods and music.
Spending on reading material and on holidays is the
same at £268.
• From the bar chart and the pie chart, we can see that the
percentage of household spending given over to free
time activities varies considerably between different
European countries and that, in the UK, the free time
activities that take the largest chunk of money are
outdoor ones.
地图题
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
时态：描述图表；描述内容。
段落结构：
第一段：概括内容改写
第二段：描述原来的地图
第三段：拿现在的地图和原来的做对比
第四段：总结全文
地图题所有变化点都需要提到
逻辑顺序：方位
The map below shows the development of the
village of Ryemouth between 1995 and present.
• 时态 语态
• 现在停车场改成了一个剧院。
• The car park has been removed and
replaced by a theatre.
• 2000年在城镇A 新建了一个医院
A new hospital was established in Town A
in 2000.
• 位置关系
• A 在B 的东方/西方/南方/北方
• A is/ lies/ is located/ is situated in
/on / to the east/west/south/north of B
• (in 内部，on 接壤，to 分开)
• A 在B 内部的某个部位
• A is in the eastern/ southern/ western/ northern
part of B.
• 在河流或道路的南边/两侧／另一侧
• On the south/southern side of the river
• On both sides／the other side of the road
• 临近马路的地区
• The area adjacent to / near ／next to
/ just off the road
• 在道路或河流的最南端
At the southern end of the river
• A 在B 的对面
• A is on the opposite side of B
• A is opposite B
• A is across from B
• 变化
•
•
•
•
原来的花园
The original / previous / former garden
原有事物尺寸上变大/变小：
The size of the library has been enlarged /
extended / halved / reduced by half
• 原有事物在数量上增多或减少：
• The number of homes has increased/risen/grown/
reduced /decreased/dropped/fallen/ doubled/ tripled/
quadrupled to 500.
• 变化
•
•
•
•
•
原有事物没了：
The farms completely disappeared / were removed.
原有事物被改：
A became B
A was transformed/reconstructed/redeveloped/
changed/turned over to/ converted into B
• A was replaced /substituted by B
• A gave way to B
• 变化
• 新添事物
A newly-built road
A new car park was built/established/set up/constructed
/ completed and opened in the middle of B
• A new IT centre has been added to the library
• The year 2000 saw two additions to the land: a pond
in the northern part and a vegetable garden on the
opposite side.
The diagram below shows the development of the v
illage of Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.
The diagram below shows the development of the village of
Kelsby between 1780 and 2000.
The three maps illustrate how the village of Kelsby changed
from 1780 to 2000.
In 1780，Kelsby had only 100 homes. There was a
large expanse of woods in the eastern part
of the village and four plots of farmland in the centre.
In the west was a river flowing from north to south.
The year 1860 saw a doubling of the number of
homes, but the size of farmland and woods was
almost halved. In the same year, a bridge
was constructed over the river and a road was
paved linking the river to the residences.
140 years later, the number of homes rose to 500，
but farms and woods completely disappeared. In their
places,
several school buildings and sports facilities were constr
ucted at the south-eastern corner of the village, which
were connected with the residential areas
in the north via a newly-built road. (continued)
Some shops opened up along the river bank and
a large stretch of wetland for birds was established
at the southern end of the river.