FortiOS - AWS Cookbook
Version 6.4
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December 11, 2020
FortiOS 6.4 AWS Cookbook
01-640-619425-20201211
TABLE OF CONTENTS
About FortiGate-VM for AWS
Instance type support
Region support
Models
Licensing
Order types
Creating a support account
FortiCare-generated license adoption for AWS on-demand variant
Migrating a FortiGate-VM instance between license types
Deploying FortiGate-VM on AWS
Launching FortiGate-VM on AWS
Security best practices
Opening ports in the security group
Administrative access
IAM roles
Login credentials
AWS services and components
Ordinary FortiGate-VM single instance deployment or FortiGate-native active-passive
high availability
Additional or alternative HA using AWS mechanisms
Monitoring
Related AWS services used as prerequisites for additional HA or extra features
Bootstrapping the FortiGate-VM at initial bootup using user data
Setting up IAM roles
Creating S3 buckets with license and firewall configurations
Launching the instance using roles and user data
Deploying from BYOL AMI
Deploying on AWS China
Creating a VPC and subnets
Attaching the new VPC Internet gateway
Launching the instance with shared FortiGate-VM AMI
Connecting to the FortiGate-VM
Upgrading the FortiGate-VM
Backing up and restoring configuration
Deploying auto scaling on AWS
Planning
Technical requirements
Obtaining the deployment package
BYOL license files
Deploying the CloudFormation templates
Deployment notes
CFT parameters
Locating deployed resources
Verifying the deployment
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Connecting to the primary FortiGate
Attaching a VPC to the Transit Gateway
Troubleshooting
CREATE_FAILED error in CloudFormation stack
The election of the primary FortiGate was not successful
How to reset the elected primary FortiGate
Appendix
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS features
Deployment templates
Cloud-init
Architectural diagrams
Document history
Single FortiGate-VM deployment
Determining your licensing model
Creating a VPC and subnets
Attaching the new VPC Internet gateway
Subscribing to the FortiGate
Creating routing tables and associate subnets
Connecting to the FortiGate-VM
Setting up a Windows Server in the protected network
HA for FortiGate-VM on AWS
Deploying and configuring FortiGate-VM active-active HA
Deploying and configuring ELB-based HA/load balancing
Creating two subnets on your Amazon VPC
Creating a security group for the FortiGate-VM
Allocating EIPs for the FortiGate-VM and for public access
Deploying the FortiGate-VM
Assigning an IP address to the FortiGate-VM
Creating a default route
Configuring the FortiGate-VM
Deploying the Windows Server
Creating a second subnet and deploying a second FortiGate-VM
Creating an ELB between the FortiGate-VMs
Results
Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA on AWS within one zone
Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA AWS between multiple zones
Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA AWS between multiple zones manually with
Transit Gateway integration
Creating VPCs and subnets
Creating a Transit Gateway and related resources
Creating an Internet gateway
Creating VPC route tables
Deploying FortiGate-VM from AWS marketplace
Adding network interfaces and elastic IP addresses to the FortiGate-VMs
Configuring the FortiGate-VMs
Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy
Testing FortiGate-VM HA failover
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Deploying FortiGate-VM using Terraform
Support
Security Fabric connector integration with AWS
Certificate-based Security Fabric connector integration
Configuring the SDN connector to populate dynamic objects
Creating an address
Creating a firewall policy
Configuring an AWS Fabric connector using IAM roles
AWS Kubernetes (EKS) Fabric connector
Populating threat feeds with GuardDuty
Security implications
Parameters
Installation
Setting up CloudWatch
Testing the setup
(Optional) Generating sample findings in GuardDuty
Setting up the FortiGate(s)
Cleanup
Pipelined automation using AWS Lambda
Creating an automation stitch
Configuring an example automation stitch
Configuring FortiGate-VM load balancer using dynamic address objects
Accessing a cloud server using a Fabric connector via VPN
VPN for FortiGate-VM on AWS
Connecting a local FortiGate to an AWS VPC VPN
Connecting a local FortiGate to an AWS FortiGate via site-to-site VPN
SD-WAN cloud on-ramp
Change log
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About FortiGate-VM for AWS
By combining stateful inspection with a comprehensive suite of powerful security features, FortiGate Next Generation
Firewall (NGFW) technology delivers complete content and network protection. This solution is available for deployment
on AWS.
In addition to advanced features such as an extreme threat database, vulnerability management, and flow-based
inspection, features including application control, firewall, antivirus, IPS, web filter, and VPN work in concert to identify
and mitigate the latest complex security threats.
The security-hardened FortiOS operating system is purpose-built for inspecting and identifying malware and supports
direct Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) for higher and more consistent performance.
FortiGate-VM for AWS supports active/passive high availability (HA) configuration with FortiGate-native unicast HA
synchronization between the primary and secondary nodes. When the FortiGate-VM detects a failure, the passive
firewall instance becomes active and uses AWS API calls to configure its interfaces/ports.
FortiGate-VM also supports active/active HA using elastic load balancing, as well as auto scaling.
Highlights of FortiGate-VM for AWS include the following:
l
l
l
Delivers complete content and network protection by combining stateful inspection with a comprehensive suite of
powerful security features.
IPS technology protects against current and emerging network-level threats. In addition to signature-based threat
detection, IPS performs anomaly-based detection, which alerts users to any traffic that matches attack behavior
profiles.
New Docker application control signatures protect your container environments from newly emerged security
threats. See FortiGate-VM on a Docker environment.
Instance type support
FortiGate-VM supports the following instance types on AWS. Supported instances in the AWS marketplace listing may
change without notice and vary between bring your own license (BYOL) and on-demand models. See Order types on
page 11. As of May 2018, C3 and M-series instances no longer appear as recommended instances.
When you run FortiGate-native active-passive HA, each FortiGate-VM instance requires four network interfaces (port 1
to port 4). For details, see Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA on AWS within one zone on page 115.
For up-to-date information on each instance type, see the following links:
l
Amazon EC2 Instance Types
l
Elastic Network Interfaces
Instance
category
Instance type
vCPU
Max NIC
(enabled by
AWS)
FortiGate minimum order
(BYOL) to consume all
instance CPU
General purpose
T2.small
1
2
FG-VM01 or FG-VM01v
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About FortiGate-VM for AWS
Instance
category
Instance type
vCPU
Max NIC
(enabled by
AWS)
FortiGate minimum order
(BYOL) to consume all
instance CPU
Compute
optimized
C4.large
2
3
FG-VM02 or FG-VM02v
C4.xlarge
4
4
FG-VM04 or FG-VM04v
C4.2xlarge
8
4
FG-VM08 or FG-VM08v
C4.4xlarge
16
8
FG-VM16 or FG-VM16v
C4.8xlarge
36
8
FG-VMUL or FG-VMULv
C5.large
(recommended by
default)
2
3
FG-VM02 or FG-VM02v
C5.xlarge
4
4
FG-VM04 or FG-VM04v
C5.2xlarge
8
4
FG-VM08 or FG-VM08v
C5.4xlarge
16
8
FG-VM16 or FG-VM16v
C5.9xlarge
36
8
FG-VMUL or FG-VMULv
C5.18xlarge
72
15
You can apply a smaller FortiGate-VM license if you are OK with consuming less CPU than is present on your instance.
See Models on page 9.
To change your instance type to the recommended C5 instance type, ensure that ENA is enabled. Otherwise the
instance does not boot up properly.
In the following example, after changing the instance type to C5, ENA is not enabled. The example shows changing the
ENA support attribute to true:
$ aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids i-xxxxxxx --query "Reservations[].Instances
[].EnaSupport"
[]
$ aws ec2 modify-instance-attribute --instance-id i-xxxxxxx --ena-support
$ aws ec2 describe-instances --instance-ids i-xxxxxxx --query "Reservations[].Instances
[].EnaSupport"
[
true
]
The instance can now boot up as a C5 instance type.
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Region support
BYOL and on-demand deployments support the following regions. See Order types on page 11.
Instance support may vary depending on the regions.
For details about regions, see Regions and Availability Zones.
Region name
Region code
US East (N. Virginia)
us-east-1
US East (Ohio)
us-east-2
US West (N. California)
us-west-1
US West (Oregon)
us-west-2
Asia Pacific (Hong Kong)
ap-east-1
Asia Pacific (Mumbai)
ap-south-1
Asia Pacific (Seoul)
ap-northeast-2
Asia Pacific (Singapore)
ap-southeast-1
Asia Pacific (Sydney)
ap-southeast-2
Asia Pacific (Tokyo)
ap-northeast-1
Canada (Central)
ca-central-1
EU (Frankfurt)
eu-central-1
EU (Ireland)
eu-west-1
EU (London)
eu-west-2
EU (Paris)
eu-west-3
EU (Stockholm)
eu-north-1
Middle East (Bahrain)
me-south-1
South America (São Paulo)
sa-east-1
AWS GovCloud (US-East)
us-gov-east-1
AWS GovCloud (US-West)
us-gov-west-1
AWS China is supported but does not appear with these regions when you log into the AWS portal. To use AWS
resources on AWS China, you must have an AWS China account separate from your global AWS account.
FortiGate-VM for AWS China only supports the BYOL licensing model. To activate it, you must obtain a license. See
Deploying on AWS China on page 30.
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Models
FortiGate-VM is available with different CPU and RAM sizes. You can deploy FortiGate-VM on various private and
public cloud platforms. The following table shows the models conventionally available to order, also known as BYOL
models. See Order types on page 11.
Model name
vCPU
Minimum
Maximum
FG-VM01/01v/01s
1
1
FG-VM02/02v/02s
1
2
FG-VM04/04v/04s
1
4
FG-VM08/08v/08s
1
8
FG-VM16/16v/16s
1
16
FG-VM32/32v/32s
1
32
FG-VMUL/ULv/ULs
1
Unlimited
The v-series and s-series do not support virtual domains (VDOMs) by default. To add VDOMs,
you must separately purchase perpetual VDOM addition licenses. You can add and stack
VDOMs up to the maximum supported number after initial deployment.
Generally there are RAM size restrictions to FortiGate-VM BYOL licenses. However, these restrictions are not
applicable to AWS deployments. Any RAM size with certain CPU models are allowed. Licenses are based on the
number of CPUs only.
Previously, platform-specific models such as FortiGate-VM for AWS with an AWS-specific orderable menu existed.
However, the common model is now applicable to all supported platforms.
For information about each model's order information, capacity limits, and adding VDOMs, see the FortiGate-VM
datasheet.
The primary requirement for the provisioning of a FortiGate-VM may be the number of interfaces it can accommodate
rather than its processing capabilities. In some cloud environments, the options with a high number of interfaces tend to
have high numbers of vCPUs.
The licensing for FortiGate-VM does not restrict whether the FortiGate can work on a VM instance in a public cloud that
uses more vCPUs than the license allows. The number of vCPUs indicated by the license does not restrict the
FortiGate-VM from working, regardless of how many vCPUs are included in the virtual instance. However, only the
licensed number of vCPUs process traffic and management. The rest of the vCPUs are unused.
The following shows an example for a FGT-VM08 license:
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License
1 vCPU
2 vCPU
4 vCPU
8 vCPU
16 vCPU
32 vCPU
FGTVM08
OK
OK
OK
OK
FortiOS uses
eight vCPUs
for traffic and
management.
It does not use
the rest.
FortiOS uses
eight vCPUs
for traffic and
management.
It does not use
the rest.
You can provision a VM instance based on the number of interfaces you need and license the FortiGate-VM for only the
processors you need.
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Licensing
You must have a license to deploy FortiGate-VM for AWS.
Order types
On AWS, there are usually two order types: BYOL and on-demand.
BYOL offers perpetual (normal series and v-series) and annual subscription (s-series) licensing as opposed to ondemand, which is an hourly subscription available with marketplace-listed products. BYOL licenses are available for
purchase from resellers or your distributors, and the publicly available price list, which is updated quarterly, lists prices.
BYOL licensing provides the same ordering practice across all private and public clouds, no matter what the platform is.
You must activate a license for the first time you access the instance from the GUI or CLI before you can start using
various features.
With an on-demand subscription, the FortiGate-VM becomes available for use immediately after you create the
instance. The marketplace product page mentions term-based prices (hourly or annual).
For BYOL and on-demand deployments, cloud vendors charge separately for resource consumption on computing
instances, storage, and so on, without use of software running on top of it (in this case the FortiGate-VM).
For BYOL, you typically order a combination of products and services including support entitlement. New s-series SKUs
contain the VM base and service bundle entitlements for easier ordering. On-demand includes support, for which you
must contact Fortinet Support with your customer information. See Support Information on the marketplace product
page.
To purchase on-demand, all you need to do is subscribe to the product on the marketplace. However, you must contact
Fortinet Support with your customer information to obtain support entitlement. See Creating a support account on page
12. For the latest on-demand pricing and support details, see the FortiGate-VM on-demand marketplace product page.
On-demand FortiGate-VM instances do not support the use of virtual domains (VDOMs). If
you plan to use VDOMs, deploy BYOL instances instead.
On-demand and BYOL licensing and payment models are not interchangeable. For example,
once you spin up a FortiGate-VM on-demand instance, you cannot inject a BYOL license on
the same VM. Likewise, you cannot convert a FortiGate-VM BYOL instance to on-demand.
When using a FortiGate-VM on-demand instance prior to version 6.4.2, the FortiOS GUI may display expiry dates for
FortiGuard services. However, these expiries are automatically extended for as long as the on-demand instance's
lifespan. You do not need to be concerned about the expiry of FortiGuard services. For example, the following
screenshot shows 2038/01/02.
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FortiOS 6.4.2 and later versions do not display dates.
Creating a support account
FortiGate-VM for AWS supports on-demand and BYOL licensing models. See Order types on page 11.
To make use of Fortinet technical support and ensure products function properly, you must complete certain steps to
activate your entitlement. The Fortinet support team can identify your registration in the system thereafter.
First, if you do not have a Fortinet account, create one at Customer Service & Support.
BYOL
You must obtain a license to activate the FortiGate-VM. If you have not activated the license, you will see the license
upload screen when you log in to the FortiGate-VM and cannot proceed to configure the FortiGate-VM.
You can obtain licenses for the BYOL licensing model through any Fortinet partner. If you do not have a partner, contact
awssales@fortinet.com for assistance in purchasing a license.
After you purchase a license or obtain an evaluation license (60-day term), you receive a PDF with an activation code.
To register a BYOL license:
1. Go to Customer Service & Support and create a new account or log in with an existing account.
2. Go to Asset > Register/Activate to start the registration process.
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3. In the Registration page, enter the registration code that was emailed to you, and select Next to access the
registration form.
4. If you register the S-series subscription model, the site prompts you to select one of the following:
a. Click Register to newly register the code to acquire a new serial number with a new license file.
b. Click Renew to renew and extend the licensed period on top of the existing serial number, so that all features
on the VM node continue working uninterrupted upon license renewal.
5. At the end of the registration process, download the license (.lic) file to your computer. You will upload this license
later to activate the FortiGate-VM.
After registering a license, Fortinet servers may take up to 30 minutes to fully recognize the new license. When you
upload the license (.lic) file to activate the FortiGate-VM, if you get an error that the license is invalid, wait 30
minutes and try again.
On-demand
To create a support account for on-demand deployments:
1. Deploy and boot the FortiGate-VM on-demand Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance and log into the FortiGateVM GUI management console.
2. From the Dashboard, copy the FortiGate-VM serial number.
3. Go to Customer Service & Support and create a new account or log in with an existing account.
4. Go to Asset > Register/Activate to start the registration process.
5. In the Registration page, enter the serial number, and select Next to continue registering the product. Enter your
details in the other fields.
6. After completing registration, contact Fortinet Customer Support and provide your FortiGate instance's serial
number and the email address associated with your Fortinet account.
FortiCare-generated license adoption for AWS on-demand variant
FortiGate-VM AWS on-demand instances can obtain FortiCare-generated licenses and register to FortiCare.
The valid license allows you to register to FortiCare to use features including FortiToken with the FortiGate-VM
instance.
The FortiGate-VM must be able to reach FortiCare to receive a valid on-demand license. Ensure connectivity to
FortiCare (https://directregistration.fortinet.com/) by checking all related setup on security groups, access control lists,
Internet gateways, route tables, public IP addresses, and so on.
If you created the FortiGate-VM in a closed environment or it cannot reach FortiCare, the FortiGate-VM self-generates
a local license as in previous versions of FortiOS. You can obtain a FortiCare license, ensure that the FortiGate-VM is
able to connect to FortiCare, then run the execute vm-license command to obtain the license from FortiCare.
To deploy a FortiGate-VM 6.2.2 AWS on-demand instance:
When deploying a FortiGate-VM on-demand instance for AWS, you will use the FGT_VM64_AWS-v6-buildXXXXFORTINET.out image. After deployment with this image, running get system status results in output that
includes the following lines:
Version: FortiGate-VM64-AWS v6.2.2,buildXXXX,XXXXXX (GA)
Virus-DB: 71.00242(2019-08-30 08:19)
Extended DB: 1.00000(2018-04-09 18:07)
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Extreme DB: 1.00000(2018-04-09 18:07)
IPS-DB: 6.00741(2015-12-01 02:30)
IPS-ETDB: 0.00000(2001-01-01 00:00)
APP-DB: 6.00741(2015-12-01 02:30)
INDUSTRIAL-DB: 6.00741(2015-12-01 02:30)
Serial-Number: FGTAWS12345678
To upgrade a FortiGate-VM AWS on-demand instance from FortiOS 6.2.1 and earlier to 6.2.2:
Earlier versions used the FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND-v6-buildXXXX-FORTINET.out image to deploy a FortiGateVM AWS on-demand instance. In 6.2.2, the FGT_VM64_AWS-v6-buildXXXX-FORTINET.out image is used to deploy a
FortiGate-VM AWS on-demand instance.
When upgrading from an earlier FortiOS version, you must first upgrade using the FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND
image, then use the FGT_VM64_AWS image.
1. In FortiOS, perform an upgrade using the FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND-v6-buildXXXX-FORTINET.out image.
2. Perform another upgrade, this time using the FGT_VM64_AWS-v6-buildXXXX-FORTINET.out image. This process
is irreversible.
3. Run get system status results in output that includes the following lines:
Version: FortiGate-VM64-AWS v6.2.2,buildXXXX,XXXXXX (GA)
Virus-DB: 71.00246(2019-08-30 12:19)
Extended DB: 1.00000(2018-04-09 18:07)
Extreme DB: 1.00000(2018-04-09 18:07)
IPS-DB: 14.00680(2019-08-30 02:29)
IPS-ETDB: 0.00000(2001-01-01 00:00)
APP-DB: 14.00680(2019-08-30 02:29)
INDUSTRIAL-DB: 14.00680(2019-08-30 02:29)
Serial-Number: FGTAWS1234567890
4. For future upgrades, use the FGT_VM64_AWS-v6-buildXXXX-FORTINET.out image to retain on-demand status.
You cannot directly upgrade a FortiGate-VM AWS on-demand instance from 6.2.1 or earlier to 6.2.3 and later
versions. You must first follow the procedure detailed above.
Migrating a FortiGate-VM instance between license types
When deploying a FortiGate-VM on public cloud, you determine the license type (on-demand or BYOL) during
deployment. The license type is fixed for the VM's lifetime. The image that you use to deploy the FortiGate-VM on the
public cloud marketplace predetermines the license type.
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Migrating a FortiGate-VM instance from one license type to another requires a new deployment. You cannot simply
switch license types on the same VM instance. However, you can migrate the configuration between two VMs running
as different license types. There are also FortiOS feature differences between on-demand and BYOL license types. For
example, a FortiGate-VM on-demand instance is packaged with Unified Threat Management protection and does not
support VDOMs, whereas a FortiGate-VM BYOL instance supports greater protection levels and features depending on
its contract.
To migrate FortiOS configuration to a FortiGate-VM of another license type:
1. Connect to the FortiOS GUI or CLI and back up the configuration. See Configuration backups.
2. Deploy a new FortiGate-VM instance with the desired license type. If deploying a BYOL instance, you must
purchase a new license from a Fortinet reseller. You can apply the license after deployment via the FortiOS GUI or
bootstrap the license and configuration during initial bootup using custom data as described in Bootstrapping the
FortiGate-VM at initial bootup using user data on page 21.
3. Restore the configuration on the FortiGate-VM instance that you deployed in step 2. As with the license, you can
inject the configuration during initial bootup. Alternatively, you can restore the configuration in the FortiOS GUI as
described in Configuration backups.
4. If you deployed an on-demand instance in step 2, register the license. To receive support for an on-demand
license, you must register the license as described in Creating a support account on page 12.
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Deploying FortiGate-VM on AWS
Launching FortiGate-VM on AWS
See Single FortiGate-VM deployment on page 87.
The most basic deployment consists of one FortiGate-VM with two elastic network interfaces (ENIs) facing a public
subnet and private subnet, with the FortiGate-VM deployed inline between the two subnets. A single FortiGate-VM
protects a single virtual private cloud (VPC) with a single availability zone (AZ). The public subnet's default gateway is an
AWS Internet gateway, and the FortiGate-VM's private subnet-facing ENI is the private subnet's default gateway.
Protected EC2 instances such as web servers, database servers, or other endpoints are assumed to exist in the private
subnet. One elastic/public IP address or IPv4 DNS name must be allocated to the FortiGate-VM in the public subnet for
you to access the FortiGate-VM remotely via HTTPS or SSH over the Internet for initial configuration.
Security best practices
General AWS security best practices can be found at AWS Security Best Practices.
In addition to following the general AWS guidelines, there are best practices to follow when deploying FortiGate-VM for
AWS.
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Deploying FortiGate-VM on AWS
Opening ports in the security group
By default, when you deploy FortiGate-VM, there is a predefined security group that you can select based on Fortinet's
recommendation. The following ports are allowed in the predefined security group assuming immediate and near-future
needs.
Incoming
Protocol/ports
Purpose
TCP 22
SSH
TCP 80
HTTP
TCP 443
HTTPS, management GUI access to the FortiGate-VM
TCP 541
Management by FortiManager located outside AWS
TCP 3000
Not immediately required, but typically used for incoming
access to web servers, and so on
TCP 8080
Outgoing
Any
FortiGate-specific open ports are explained in Fortinet Communication Ports and Protocols.
To configure bare-minimum access that gives the most strict incoming access, allow only TCP 443 to access the
FortiGate-VM GUI console as mentioned in Connecting to the FortiGate-VM on page 98 and close all other ports. You
may want to allow ICMP for pinging, and so on, as needed.
Administrative access
This is rather an ordinary consideration than AWS-specific to secure the FortiGate-VM and protect it by configuring
allowed and restricted protocols and ports in corporate security scenes.
One example is to configure the local admin access to one of the FortiGate-VM's local network interfaces. Log into the
GUI, go to Network > Interfaces, then chose the desired port to configure under Administrative Access.
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Deploying FortiGate-VM on AWS
To configure general firewall policies to protect VMs in the networks, refer to Setting up a Windows Server in the
protected network on page 101 or the FortiOS documentation for details.
IAM roles
To deploy FortiGate-VM on the marketplace, you must log into the AWS portal as an AWS user. Your organization's
administrator may have granted permissions via certain IAM roles. AWS security best practices explain when and in
what use cases you need IAM roles. How you manage IAM users and roles is up to your organization.
When deploying FortiGate-VM on marketplace web or EC2 console, your AWS account must have appropriate
permissions, including being able to subscribe to AWS resources through the marketplace, access EC2 resources,
browse AWS resource groups, and so on.
Login credentials
By default, you can log into the FortiGate-VM through HTTPS or SSH using the username "admin" and the FortiGateVM's instance ID as the initial password. SSH also requires your AWS key.
The instance ID is relatively secure as it is visible only within the AWS portal or by running the AWS CLI. However, it
may be viewable to those who have access to AWS resources but should not have access to the FortiGate-VM within
the same organization. It is strongly recommended to change the initial password the first time you log in or activate the
license. You can also create other administrative users using more complex character strings than "admin" in a manner
difficult to guess, or add two-factor authentication or other methods to secure login.
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AWS services and components
FortiGate-VM for AWS is an Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance with an Elastic Block Store (EBS) volume attached.
The following lists AWS services and components that you must understand when deploying FortiGate-VM for different
purposes:
Ordinary FortiGate-VM single instance deployment or FortiGate-native activepassive high availability
Service/component
Description
Virtual private cloud (VPC)
This is where the FortiGate-VM and protected VMs are situated and users control
the network. The public-facing interface is routed to the Internet gateway, which
is created within the VPC.
EC2
FortiGate-VM for AWS is an EC2 VM instance. Every instance has a unique
instance ID.
Subnets, route tables
You must appropriately configure FortiGate-VM with subnets and route tables to
handle traffic.
Internet gateways
The AWS gateway as a VPC component that allows communication between
instances in your VPC and the Internet.
Elastic IP address (EIP)
At least one public IP address must be allocated to the FortiGate-VM to access
and manage it over the Internet.
Security groups
AWS public-facing protection. Allow only necessary ports and protocols.
AMI
A special type of deployable image used on AWS. You can launch FortiGate-VM
(BYOL) directly from the publicly available FortiGate AMI instead of using the
marketplace. See Deploying from BYOL AMI on page 26.
The on-demand AMI is launchable but does not allow you to properly boot up as it
is not intended to be deployed from AMI.
CloudFormation Templates
(CFT)
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FortiGate instances can be deployed using CFTs where tailor-made resource
instantiation is defined. Fortinet provides CFTs for the following use cases:
l Deploying FortiGate-native A-P HA
l Customer-required scenarios with particular topologies
CFTs are available on GitHub.
Fortinet-provided CFTs are not supported within the regular Fortinet technical
support scope. Contact awssales@fortinet.com with questions.
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Additional or alternative HA using AWS mechanisms
Service/component
Description
Auto Scaling
Auto scaling can automatically scale out by instantiating additional FortiGate-VM
instances at times of high workloads. See Deploying auto scaling on AWS on
page 39.
To run auto scaling, you must enable/subscribe to coexisting AWS services:
l Route 53
l API gateway
l Load Balancer
l CloudWatch
l Lambda
l SNS
l DynamoDB
l Simple Storage Services (S3) (BYOL only)
These services are not always required for AWS auto scaling in general, but are
predefined in Fortinet-provided Lambda scripts.
Load Balancer
Also called Elastic Load Balancer (ELB). A network load balancer automatically
distributes traffic across multiple FortiGate-VM instances when configured
properly. Topologies will be different depending on how you distribute incoming
and outgoing traffic and cover AZs. There are two use cases to use LB with
FortiGate-VM:
l Deploying and configuring ELB-based HA/load balancing on page 104
l Used in conjunction with auto scaling. See Deploying auto scaling on AWS
on page 39.
Monitoring
Service/component
Description
CloudWatch
Monitoring service for various AWS resources. You can use CloudWatch in three
scenarios with FortiGate-VM:
l Monitor FortiGate-VM instance health and alert when needed.
l Define auto scaling scale-out triggers to fire alarms
l Monitor GuardDuty events
You must subscribe to CloudWatch to use corresponding features.
Related AWS services used as prerequisites for additional HA or extra features
Service/component
Description
Lambda
AWS Lambda lets you run certain scripts and codes without provisioning servers.
Fortinet provides Lambda scripts for:
l Running auto scaling
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Service/component
Description
l GuardDuty integration
To use the scripts, you must subscribe to Lambda. Fortinet-provided Lambda
scripts are not supported within the regular Fortinet technical support scope.
Contact awssales@fortinet.com with questions.
API Gateway
It acts as a front door by providing a callback URL for the FortiGate-VM to send
its API calls and process FortiGate-VM config-sync tasks to synchronize OS
configuration across multiple FortiGate-VM instances at the time of auto scaling
scale-out. It is required if the config-sync feature needs to be incorporated into
auto scaling.
DynamoDB
A handy flexible database. Fortinet-provided scripts use DynamoDB to store
information about varying states of auto scaling conditions.
SNS
Managed message service used to communicate between AWS components.
Fortinet-provided scripts use SNS to deliver subscription notifications from CFTs
to Lambda for auto scaling.
GuardDuty
Managed threat detection service that monitors unwanted behaviors/activities
related to AWS resources. Fortinet can leverage externally available lists of
malicious IP addresses stored at certain locations. GuardDuty can be used to
populate such a list. See Populating threat feeds with GuardDuty on page 153.
To use this feature, you must subscribe to GuardDuty.
S3
AWS storage. You can use S3 in four scenarios with FortiGate-VM:
l As the location where the list of blocklisted IP addresses is stored which is
pointed by the FortiGate-VM in integrating with GuardDuty. See Populating
threat feeds with GuardDuty on page 153. You must allow the FortiGate-VM
access to the S3 bucket/directory on S3 configuration.
l To store license keys which are parsed when provisioning additional
FortiGate-VM instances in the event of auto scaling scale-out.
l To store a license key and the FortiGate-VM config file to bootstrap the
FortiGate-VM at initial boot-up. See Bootstrapping the FortiGate-VM at
initial bootup using user data on page 21.
l To store license keys which are parsed when provisioning A-P HA.
Bootstrapping the FortiGate-VM at initial bootup using user data
If you are installing and configuring your applications on Amazon EC2 dynamically at instance launch time, you will
typically need to pull and install packages, deploy files, and ensure services are started. The following bootstrapping
instructions help simplify, automate, and centralize FortiGate-VM NGFW deployment directly from the configuration
scripts stored in AWS S3. This is also called "cloud-init".
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Setting up IAM roles
IAM roles need S3 bucket read access. This example applies the existing AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess policy to the role
by adding the following code or selecting S3ReadOnlyAccess from the policy list in adding to the role:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:Get*",
"s3:List*"
],
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
If you need further instructions, please refer to the AWS documentation on IAM Roles for Amazon EC2.
Creating S3 buckets with license and firewall configurations
1. On the AWS console, create an Amazon S3 bucket at the root level for the bootstrap files.
2. Upload the license file and configuration file(s) to the S3 bucket. In this example, one license file and two
configuration files are uploaded. For example, let's have the following FortiOS CLI command statement in the
config file:
config sys global
set hostname jkatocloudinit
end
This is to set a hostname as part of initial configuration at first-time launch.
3. Amazon S3 creates the bucket in a region you specify. You can choose any AWS region that is geographically close
to you to optimize latency, minimize costs, or address regulatory requirements. To choose a region, use the
following code:
{
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"bucket" : "jkatoconf",
"region" : "us-east-2",
"license" : "/FGVM020000130370.lic",
"config" : "/fgtconfig-init.txt"
}
Although the S3 bucket and the firewall can be in different regions, it is highly recommended that they are in the
same region in order to speed up the bootstrapping process.
Launching the instance using roles and user data
Follow the normal procedure to launch the instance from the AWS marketplace.
When selecting the VPC subnet, the instance must with the role that was created and specify the information about the
license file and configuration file from the AWS S3 bucket previously configured under Advanced Settings. In this
example, the role name is jkato-ec2-s3.
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After you launch the FortiGate-VM for the first time and log into the management GUI, FortiOS validates the license
instead of displaying the license upload prompt.
After logging in, you can see that the license was activated and that the specified hostname was configured.
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Check the serial number that you have with the license.
You can view the cloud-init log in Log & Report > System Events.
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Deploying from BYOL AMI
You can deploy FortiGate-VM outside the marketplace launcher if you want to install it manually from the AMI for some
reason, such as if your organization does not allow access to the AWS marketplace website. There are AMI images
publicly available in various regions for the versions already listed in the marketplace. This deployment works only with
AMI for BYOL licensing. Deploying from AMI designed for on-demand is not supported.
If you want to install the latest FortiGate-VM versions immediately after release from Fortinet but you do not see them
published in the marketplace or publicly available in the AWS portal, you can always deploy older versions of FortiGateVM available on the marketplace or the AWS portal as publicly available AMIs, then upgrade using the ".out" upgrade
files, which are available at Customer Service & Support.
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To deploy from BYOL AMI:
1. Select the desired AMI:
a. Log into the AWS EC2 console and go to IMAGES > AMIs. Select the appropriate region.
b. Find the desired public AMI from the list of AMI IDs corresponding to your region.
c. Select the AMI and click Launch.
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2. Choose a supported instance.
3. Click Next: Configure Instance Details.
4. Configure the instance details:
a. In the Network field, select the VPC that you created.
b. In the Subnet field, select the public subnet.
c. In the Network interfaces section, you will see the entry for eth0 that was created for the public subnet. Select
Add Device to add another network interface (in this example, eth1), and select the private subnet. It is
recommended that you assign static IP addresses.
d. When you have two network interfaces, a global IP address is not assigned automatically. You must manually
assign a global IP address later. Select Review and Launch, then select Launch.
5. Click Next: Add Storage.
6. In Step 4: Add Storage, you can leave the fields as-is, or change the size of /dev/sdb as desired. The second
volume is used for logging.
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7. Click Next: Add Tags. You can add tags for convenient management.
8. Click Next: Configure Security Groups. Here it is important to allow some incoming ports. Allow TCP port 8443 for
management from the GUI. You can also allow TCP port 22 for SSH login. Allow other ports where necessary as
noted. The use of ports is explained in the FortiOS documentation.
Incoming TCP ports
allowed
Purpose
22
SSH
443
Management using the GUI
541
Management by FortiManager located outside AWS
8000
Fortinet Single Sign On
10443
SSLVPN
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You can change the source address later.
9. Click Review and Launch. If everything looks good, go to next by clicking Launch.
10. Then select the appropriate keypair, then click Launch Instance. It may take 15 to 30 minutes to deploy the
instance. To access the FortiGate and complete post-install setup, see Connecting to the FortiGate.
Deploying on AWS China
Deploying FortiGate-VM for AWS China has separate requirements than deploying FortiGate-VM for global AWS. To
use AWS resources on AWS China, you must have an AWS China account separate from your global AWS account.
FortiGate-VM for AWS China only supports the BYOL licensing model. To activate it, you must obtain a license.
Complete the following steps to deploy FortiGate-VM on AWS China:
1. Creating a support account on page 12
2. Creating a VPC and subnets on page 31
3. Attaching the new VPC Internet gateway on page 31
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4. Launching the instance with shared FortiGate-VM AMI on page 32
5. Connecting to the FortiGate-VM on page 33
Creating a VPC and subnets
This section shows you how to create an AWS VPC and create two subnets in it. For many steps, you have a choice to
make that can be specific to your own environment.
1. Change your language to English and log into the AWS Management Console.
2. Go to Services > Networking > VPC.
3. Go to Virtual Private Cloud > Your VPCs, then select Create VPC.
4. In the Name tag field, set the VPC name.
5. In the CIDR block field, specify an IPv4 address range for your VPC.
6. In the Tenancy field, select Default.
7. Select Yes, Create.
8. Go to Virtual Private Cloud > Subnets, then select Create Subnet. Create a public subnet (in this example,
Subnet1) and a private subnet (Subnet2), as shown in this example. Both subnets belong to the VPC that you
created.
Attaching the new VPC Internet gateway
This section shows how to connect the new VPC to the Internet gateway. If you are using the default VPC, the Internet
gateway should already exist.
1. Go to Virtual Private Cloud > Internet Gateways, then select Create internet Gateway.
2. In the Name tag field, set the Internet gateway name, then select Create.
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3. Select the Internet gateway, then select Attach to VPC.
4. Select the created VPC and select Attach. The Internet gateway state changes from detached to attached.
Launching the instance with shared FortiGate-VM AMI
To launch the instance with FortiGate-VM AMI:
1. In the Services-EC2 Dashboard, go to INSTANCES > Instances, then select Launch Instance.
2. Select AWS Marketplace. Search for FortiGate. Click Select.
3. Select an instance type, then select Next: Configure Instance Details.
4. Configure the instance details:
a. In the Network field, select the VPC you created.
b. In the Subnet field, select the public subnet.
c. In the Network interfaces section, you see the entry for eth0 that was created for the public subnet. Select
Add Device to add another network interface (in this example, eth1), and select the private subnet.
d. When you have two network interfaces, a global IP address is not assigned automatically. You must manually
assign a global IP address later. Select Review and Launch, then select Launch.
e. Select an existing key pair or create a new key pair. Select the acknowledgment checkbox. Select Launch
Instances.
f. To easily identify the instance, set a name for it in the Name field.
g. Go to NETWORK & SECURITY > Elastic IPs, select a global IP address that is available for use. Select
Actions > Allocate new address. If you do not have a global IP address available to use, create one.
h. In the Resource type section, select Network Interface.
i. In the Network interface field, select the Interface ID of the network interface that you created for the public
subnet (in this example, eth0). In the Private IP field, select the IP address that belongs to the public subnet.
To find these values, go to the EC2 Management Console, select Instances, and select the interface in the
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Network interfaces section in the lower pane of the page (Interface ID and Private IP Address fields). Select
Associate. A message is displayed indicating the address association was successful. Note that if the Internet
Gateway isn't associated with a VPC, the elastic IP assignment will fail.
Connecting to the FortiGate-VM
To connect to the FortiGate-VM, you need your login credentials, the FortiGate-VM's EIP, SSH client, and an FTP
server.
The default username is admin and the default password is the instance ID.
1. You can find the public IP address in the EC2 management console. Select Instances and look at the Public IP
field in the lower pane.
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2. Each public IP address in China should obtain an ICP license. Otherwise it cannot be visited by ports 80, 443, and
8080. You cannot initially access the FortiGate-VM web GUI via the default HTTPS port. You can access the
FortiGate-VM via SSH, then upload a BYOL license to the FortiGate-VM via FTP or TFTP. After activating the
FortiGate-VM, you can modify the default admin HTTPS port to any port, such as 8443. Then you can go to the
FortiGate-VM via https://<FortiGate-VM EIP>:8443.
The default password is the instance ID as seen below.
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3. Set up an FTP/TFTP server and ensure the FortiGate can log onto and download a BYOL license from it.
4. On the FortiGate, use one of the following CLI commands to restore the VM license.
exec restore vmlicense tftp <license file name> <IP address>
exec restore vmlicense ftp <license name (path) on the remote server> <ftp server address>
[:ftp port]
If the license installation is successful, the FortiGate-VM reboots automatically. After it restarts, log in.
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5. Change the default port to any port, such as 8443. Do not use ports 443, 8080, or 80.
6. You will now see the FortiGate-VM dashboard. Depending on your license type, the information in the license
widget on the dashboard may vary.
7. Select Network > Interfaces, and edit the interfaces, if required. If the IP address or subnet mask is missing for
port 1 or port 2, configure these values.
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Upgrading the FortiGate-VM
For the recommended upgrade path, see the FortiOS Version Upgrade Path. Select AWSFortiGate VM, and the
current and target upgrade versions.
For upgrade instructions, see Upgrading the firmware.
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Backing up and restoring configuration
See Configuration backups.
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Deploying auto scaling on AWS
You can deploy FortiGate virtual machines (VMs) to support Auto Scaling on AWS. Optionally, AWS Transit Gateway
can be used to connect Amazon Virtual Private Clouds (Amazon VPCs) and their on-premises networks to a single
gateway. This integration extends the FortiGate protection to all networks connected to the Transit Gateway. Both
options require a manual deployment incorporating CloudFormation Templates (CFTs). Fortinet provides FortiGate
Autoscale for AWS deployment packages to facilitate each deployment.
Multiple FortiGate-VM instances form an Auto Scaling group to provide highly efficient clustering at times of high
workloads. FortiGate-VM instances can be scaled out automatically according to predefined workload levels. When a
spike in traffic occurs, a Lambda script is invoked to scale out the Auto Scaling group by automatically adding FortiGateVM instances. Auto Scaling is achieved by using FortiGate-native High Availability (HA) features such as configsync, which synchronizes operating system (OS) configurations across multiple FortiGate-VM instances at the time of
scale-out events.
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS is available with FortiOS 6.4.3 and supports any combination of On-Demand and Bring
Your Own License (BYOL) instances.
Fees will be incurred based on the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instance
type. Additionally, a license is required for each FortiGate Bring Own License (BYOL) instance
you might use.
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS uses AWS CloudFormation Templates (CFTs) to deploy components.
Deployments without Transit Gateway integration have:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
A highly available architecture that spans two Availability Zones.*
An Amazon VPC configured with public and private subnets according to AWS best practices, to provide you with
your own virtual network on AWS.*
An Internet gateway to allow access to the Internet.*
In the public subnets:
l A FortiGate host in an Auto Scaling group complements AWS security groups to provide intrusion protection,
web filtering, and threat detection to protect your services from cyber-attacks. It also allows VPN access by
authorized users.
l The primary FortiGate in the Auto Scaling group(s) acts as NAT gateway, allowing outbound Internet access
for resources in the private subnets.*
A public-facing network load balancer is created as part of the deployment process. An internal facing network load
balancer is optional.
AWS Lambda, which provides the core Auto Scaling functionality between FortiGates.
An Amazon DynamoDB database that uses Fortinet-provided scripts to store information about Auto Scaling
condition states.
* When deploying into an existing VPC, the marked components in the above list are not created - you are prompted for
your existing VPC configuration.
Deployments with Transit Gateway integration have:
l
l
A highly available architecture that spans two Availability Zones.
An Amazon VPC configured with public and private subnets according to AWS best practices, to provide you with
your own virtual network on AWS.
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l
l
l
l
l
An Internet gateway to allow access to the Internet.
In the public subnets:
l A FortiGate host in an Auto Scaling group complements AWS security groups to provide intrusion protection,
web filtering, and threat detection to protect your services from cyber-attacks. It also allows VPN access by
authorized users.
l The primary FortiGate in the Auto Scaling group(s) acts as NAT gateway, allowing outbound Internet access
for resources in the private subnets.
AWS Lambda, which provides the core Auto Scaling functionality between FortiGates.
An Amazon DynamoDB database that uses Fortinet-provided scripts to store information about Auto Scaling
condition states.
Site-to-Site VPN connections.
Planning
This deployment requires familiarity with the configuration of a FortiGate using the CLI as well as with the following
AWS services:
l
Amazon Elastic Cloud Compute (Amazon EC2)
l
Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling
l
Amazon VPC
l
AWS CloudFormation
l
AWS Lambda
l
Amazon DynamoDB
l
Amazon API Gateway
l
Amazon CloudWatch
l
Amazon S3
If deploying with Transit Gateway integration, knowledge of the following is also required:
l
l
l
AWS Transit Gateway
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Equal-cost multi-path (ECMP)
If you are new to AWS, visit the Getting Started Resource Center and the AWS Training and Certification website.
It is expected that FortiGate Autoscale for AWS will be deployed by DevOps engineers or advanced system
administrators who are familiar with the above.
Technical requirements
To start the deployment, you must have an AWS account. If you do not already have one, create one by following the
on-screen instructions.
Log into your AWS account and verify the following:
l
IAM permissions. Ensure that the AWS user deploying the template has sufficient permissions to perform the
required service actions on resources. At a minimum, the following are required: Service: IAM;
Actions:CreateRole; Resource: *.
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l
Region. Use the region selector in the navigation bar to choose the AWS region where you want to deploy
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS.
This deployment includes AWS Auto Scaling, which isn’t currently supported in all AWS
Regions. For a current list of supported Regions, refer to the AWS documentation Service
Endpoints and Quotas.
l
l
Instance Type. This deployment offers a range of instance types, some of which are not currently supported in all
AWS Regions. Ensure that your desired instance type is available in your region by checking the Instance types
page for your region.
FortiGate subscription(s). Confirm that you have a valid subscription to the On-Demand FortiGate and/or BYOL
FortiGate marketplace listings, as required for your deployment.
l
l
l
l
l
l
If you are not subscribed, open the subscription page and click Continue to Subscribe.
Review the terms and conditions for software usage, and then choose Accept Terms. A confirmation page
loads, and an email confirmation is sent to the account owner.
Exit out of AWS Marketplace without further action. Do not provision the software from AWS Marketplace.
Key pair. Ensure at least one Amazon EC2 key pair exists in your AWS account in the region where you plan to
deploy FortiGate Autoscale for AWS. Make note of the key pair name.
Resources. If necessary, request service quota increases. This is necessary when you might exceed the default
quotas with this deployment. The Service Quotas console displays your usage and quotas for some aspects of
some services. For more information, see the AWSdocumentation. The default instance type is c5.large.
FortiGate licenses. Ensure you have a license for each FortiGate BYOL instance you might use. Licenses can be
purchased from FortiCare. In the section BYOL license files on page 43, you will place the license files in an S3
bucket for use by the deployment.
Obtaining the deployment package
The FortiGate Autoscale for AWS deployment package is located in the Fortinet GitHub project.
To obtain the deployment package, use one of the following:
l
Download the package aws-cloudformation.zip directly from the GitHub project release page.
l
Manually generate the deployment package in your local workspace:
a. From the GitHub project release page, download the source code (.zip or .tar.gz) for the latest version.
b. Extract the source code into the project directory in your local workspace.
c. Run npm install to initialize the project at the project root directory.
d. Run npm run build-artifacts to generate the local deployment package.
The deployment package aws-cloudformation.zip will be available in the dist/artifacts directory.
Once you have the deployment package aws-cloudformation.zip:
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1. Unzip the file on your local PC. The following files and folders will be extracted:
2. Log into your AWS account.
3. In the Amazon S3 service, create an S3 bucket as the root folder for your deployment. In the example below, the
folder is named fortigate-autoscale.
4. Inside this folder, create another folder to store the deployment resources. In the example below, this folder is
named deployment-package.
5. Navigate to this second folder and upload the files and folders you extracted in step 2 to this location. In the
example below, we navigate to Amazon S3 > fortigate-autoscale > deployment-package.
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This assets folder contains configuration files that can be modified as needed to meet
your network requirements. For details, refer to the Appendix > Major components on
page 74 >The "assets" folder in the S3 bucket.
BYOL license files
If you will be using BYOL instances, the deployment package will look for FortiGate license files in a location that ends
with license-files > fortigate. This location can created within the assets folder of the deployment package location or
within a custom asset location.
If a custom asset location is used, you must specify the location in the parameters described in the table
Custom asset location configuration on page 53.
Examples:
l
l
If the deployment package is located at Amazon S3 > fortigate-autoscale > deployment-package, license files
would be uploaded to Amazon S3 > fortigate-autoscale > deployment-package > assets> license-files >
fortigate.
If you will be storing license files in a custom S3 location and you have created the S3 bucket custom-s3-bucketname with the directory custom-asset-directory, you would upload the license files to Amazon S3 > custom-s3bucket-name > custom-asset-directory > license-files > fortigate.
Deploying the CloudFormation templates
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS can be deployed:
l
with Transit Gateway integration (with a new Transit Gateway or integrated with your existing Transit Gateway)
l
without Transit Gateway integration (into a New VPC or into an existing VPC)
Deployment notes
Deployment option
Notes
with Transit Gateway
integration
One inbound route domain and one outbound route domain will be created for the new or
existing Transit Gateway. FortiGate Autoscale for AWS will be attached to the Transit
Gateway.
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Deployment option
into an existing VPC
Notes
l
l
l
Incoming requests to the web servers in the private subnets present in your existing VPC
will go through a connection that flows through the Internet gateway, network load
balancer, and the FortiGate Auto Scaling group before reaching the web server. The web
server returns the response using the same connection.
One of the FortiGates in the Autoscale deployment acts as the NAT gateway for egress
traffic from the private subnets. Autoscale automatically manages the route with this
destination in your route table for the private subnet. As such, you can safely stop using
additional NAT devices for egress traffic from the private subnets.
To partially route egress traffic through a different NAT device, create a route with a
specific destination with the other NAT device as the target. For example, for egress
traffic to 1.2.3.4 to use a different NAT device, create a route with destination 1.2.3.4/32
and your own NAT device as the target. egress traffic to 1.2.3.4 will now flow through
your own NAT device while the rest will flow through FortiGate.
To deploy the CloudFormation templates:
1. Navigate to the S3 folder you uploaded files to in the previous section. In the example below, we navigate to
Amazon S3 > fortigate-autoscale > deployment-package.
2. Click templates and select the appropriate entry template to start the deployment. To deploy:
l with Transit Gateway integration, click autoscale-tgw-new-vpc.template.yaml
l
l
without Transit Gateway integration, click autoscale-new-vpc.template.yaml to deploy into a new
VPC
without Transit Gateway integration, click autoscale-existing-vpc.template.yaml to deploy into
an existing VPC
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3. Copy the Object URL of the template you picked in the previous step. In our example, the template chosen is for
deploying into a new VPC.
4. Click Services, and then Management & Governance > CloudFormation.
5. Confirm the region you are in and then click Create Stack > With new resources (standard).
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6. Paste the Object URL from step 3 into the Amazon S3 URL field as shown below.
7. Click Next.
CFT parameters
On the Specify stack details page, enter the stack name and CFT parameters.
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The following sections provide descriptions of the available parameters. Some parameters are specific to certain
templates, and are only displayed when that template is selected.
Resource tagging configuration
Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
Resource tag prefix
(ResourceTagPrefix)
Requires
input
The ResourceGroup Tag Key used on all resources and as the name prefix of all
applicable resources. Can only contain uppercase letters, lowercase letters, and
numbers, ampersat(@), hyphens (-), period (.), and hash (#).
Maximum length is 50.
Resource name
prefix
(CustomIdentifier)
fgtASG
An alternative name prefix to be used on a resource that the Resource tag prefix
cannot apply to. Can only contain uppercase letters, lowercase letters, and
numbers.
Maximum length is 10.
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Network configuration (New VPC, no Transit Gateway)
Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
Availability Zones
(AvailabilityZones)
Requires input
The list of Availability Zones to use for the subnets in the VPC. The
FortiGate Autoscale solution uses two Availability Zones from your list and
preserves the logical order you specify.
VPC CIDR
(VPCCIDR)
192.168.0.0/16
The Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) block for the FortiGate
Autoscale VPC.
Autoscale subnet 1
CIDR
(PublicSubnet1CIDR)
192.168.0.0/24
The CIDR block for the subnet located in Availability Zone 1 where
FortiGate Autoscale instances will be deployed to.
Autoscale subnet 2
CIDR
(PublicSubnet2CIDR)
192.168.1.0/24
The CIDR block for the subnet located in Availability Zone 2 where
FortiGate Autoscale instances will be deployed to.
Protected subnet 1
CIDR
(PrivateSubnet1CIDR)
192.168.2.0/24
The CIDR block for the private subnet located in Availability Zone 1 where
it is protected by the FortiGates in the public subnet of the same
Availability Zone.
Protected subnet 2
CIDR
(PrivateSubnet2CIDR)
192.168.3.0/24
The CIDR block for the private subnet located in Availability Zone 2 where
it is protected by the FortiGates in the public subnet of the same
Availability Zone.
Network configuration (Existing VPC, no Transit Gateway)
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
VPC ID (VPCID)
Requires
input
The ID of the existing VPC where FortiGate Autoscale will be deployed.
The VPC must have the option DNS hostnames enabled and each of the
two Availability Zones in the VPC must have at least 1 public subnet and at
least 1 private subnet.
VPC CIDR (VPCCIDR)
Requires
input
The CIDR block of the selected existing VPC. This can be found in
parentheses in the VPC ID parameter selection.
Autoscale subnet 1 ID
(PublicSubnet1)
Requires
input
The ID of the public subnet 1 located in Availability Zone 1 of the selected
existing VPC.
Autoscale subnet 2 ID
(PublicSubnet2)
Requires
input
The ID of the public subnet 2 located in Availability Zone 2 of the selected
existing VPC.
Private subnet 1
(PrivateSubnet1)
Requires
input
The ID of the private subnet 1 located in Availability Zone 1 of the selected
existing VPC. This subnet will be protected by the FortiGates in the public
subnet of the same Availability Zone.
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Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Private subnet 2
(PrivateSubnet2)
Requires
input
The ID of the private subnet 2 located in Availability Zone 2 of the selected
existing VPC. This subnet will be protected by the FortiGates in the public
subnet of the same Availability Zone.
Private subnet route table
(PrivateSubnetRouteTable)
Requires
input
Route table ID associated with the two private subnets.
Network configuration (Transit Gateway integration)
Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
Availability Zones
(AvailabilityZones)
Requires input
The list of Availability Zones to use for the subnets in the VPC. The
FortiGate Autoscale solution uses two Availability Zones from your list and
preserves the logical order you specify.
VPC CIDR
(VPCCIDR)
192.168.0.0/16
The Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) block for the FortiGate
Autoscale VPC.
Autoscale subnet 1
CIDR
(PublicSubnet1CIDR)
192.168.0.0/24
The CIDR block for the subnet located in Availability Zone 1 where
FortiGate Autoscale instances will be deployed to.
Autoscale subnet 2
CIDR
(PublicSubnet2CIDR)
192.168.1.0/24
The CIDR block for the subnet located in Availability Zone 2 where
FortiGate Autoscale instances will be deployed to.
FortiGate configuration
Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
Instance type
(FortiGateInstanceType)
c5.large
Instance type for the FortiGates in the Auto Scaling group. There are t2.small
and compute-optimized instances such as c4 and c5 available with different
vCPU sizes and bandwidths. For more information about instance types, see
Instance Types.
FortiOS version
(FortiOSVersion)
6.2.3
FortiOS version supported by FortiGate Autoscale for AWS.
FortiGate PSK secret
(FortiGatePskSecret)
Requires
input
A secret key for the FortiGate instances to securely communicate with each
other. Must contain numbers and letters and may contain special characters.
Maximum length is 128.
Changes to the PSK secret after FortiGate Autoscale for
AWS has been deployed are not reflected here. For new
instances to be spawned with the changed PSK secret, this
environment variable will need to be manually updated.
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Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
Admin port
(FortiGateAdminPort)
8443
A port number for FortiGate administration.
Minimum is 1. Maximum is 65535.
Do not use the FortiGate reserved ports 443, 541, 514, or 703.
Admin CIDR block
(FortiGateAdminCidr)
Requires
input
CIDR block for external admin management access.
0.0.0.0/0 accepts connections from any IP address. We
recommend that you use a constrained CIDR range to
reduce the potential of inbound attacks from unknown IP
addresses.
Key pair name
(KeyPairName)
Requires
input
Amazon EC2 Key Pair for admin access.
BGP ASN (BgpAsn)
65000
The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Autonomous System Number (ASN) of
the Customer Gateway of each FortiGate instance in the Auto Scaling group.
This value ranges from 64512 to 65534.
Only for deployments with Transit Gateway integration.
FortiGate Auto Scaling group configuration
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Desired capacity (BYOL)
(FgtAsgDesiredCapacityByol)
2
The number of FortiGate instances the BYOL Auto Scaling group
should have at any time.
For High Availability in BYOL-only and Hybrid use cases, ensure at
least 2 FortiGates are in the group.
For specific use cases, set to 0 for On-Demand-only, and >= 2 for
BYOL-only or hybrid licensing.
Minimum group size (BYOL)
(FgtAsgMinSizeByol)
2
Minimum number of FortiGate instances in the BYOL Auto Scaling
group.
For specific use cases, set to 0 for On-Demand-only, and >= 2 for
BYOL-only or hybrid licensing.
For BYOL-only and hybrid licensing deployments,
this parameter must be at least 2. If it is set to 1 and
the instance fails to work, the current FortiGate
configuration will be lost.
Maximum group size (BYOL)
(FgtAsgMaxSizeByol)
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Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
For specific use cases, set to 0 for On-Demand-only, and >= 2 for
BYOL-only or hybrid licensing. This number must be greater than or
equal to the Minimum group size (BYOL).
Desired capacity (On-Demand
instances)
(FgtAsgDesiredCapacityPayg)
0
The number of FortiGate instances the On-Demand-only Auto
Scaling group should have at any time.
For High Availability in an On-Demand-only use case, ensure at least
2 FortiGates are in the group.
For specific use cases, set to 0 for BYOL-only, >= 2 for On-Demandonly, and >= 0 for hybrid licensing.
Minimum group size (On-Demand
instances) (FgtAsgMinSizePayg)
0
Minimum number of FortiGate instances in the On-Demand-only
Auto Scaling group.
For specific use cases, set to 0 for BYOL-only, >= 2 for On-Demandonly, and >= 0 for hybrid licensing.
For On-Demand-only deployments, this parameter
must be at least 2. If it is set to 1 and the instance
fails to work, the current FortiGate configuration will
be lost.
Maximum group size (OnDemand instances)
(FgtAsgMaxSizePayg)
0
Scale-out threshold
(FgtAsgScaleOutThreshold)
80
Maximum number of FortiGate instances in the On-Demand-only
Auto Scaling group.
For specific use cases, set to 0 for BYOL-only, >= 2 for On-Demandonly, and >= 0 for hybrid licensing. This number must be greater than
or equal to the Minimum group size (On-Demand-only instances).
The threshold (in percentage) for the FortiGate Auto Scaling group to
scale out (add) 1 instance.
Minimum is 1. Maximum is 100.
Scale-in threshold
(FgtAsgScaleInThreshold)
25
The threshold (in percentage) for the FortiGate Auto Scaling group to
scale in (remove) 1 instance.
Minimum is 1. Maximum is 100.
Primary election timeout
(PrimaryElectionTimeout)
300
The maximum time (in seconds) to wait for the election of the
primary instance to complete.
Minimum is 30. Maximum is 3600.
Get license grace period
(GetLicenseGracePeriod)
600
The minimum time (in seconds) permitted before a distributed
license can be revoked from a non-responsive FortiGate and redistributed.
Minimum is 300.
Health check grace period
(FgtAsgHealthCheckGracePeriod)
300
The length of time (in seconds) that Auto Scaling waits before
checking an instance's health status.
Minimum is 60.
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Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Scaling cooldown period
(FgtAsgCooldown)
300
The Auto Scaling group waits for the cooldown period (in seconds) to
complete before resuming scaling activities.
Minimum is 60. Maximum is 3600.
Instance lifecycle timeout
(LifecycleHookTimeout)
480
The amount of time (in seconds) that can elapse before the
FortiGate Autoscale lifecycle hook times out.
Minimum is 60. Maximum is 3600.
Transit Gateway configuration (Transit Gateway integration)
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Transit Gateway support
(TransitGatewaySupportOptions)
create one
Create a Transit Gateway for the FortiGate Autoscale VPC to
attach to, or specify to use an existing one.
Transit Gateway ID
(TransitGatewayId)
Conditionally
requires
input
Required when Transit Gateway support is set to "use an existing
one". It is the ID of the Transit Gateway that the FortiGate
Autoscale VPC will be attached to.
Load balancing configuration (no Transit Gateway integration)
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Traffic protocol
(LoadBalancingTrafficProtocol)
HTTPS
The protocol used to load balance traffic.
Traffic port (LoadBalancingTrafficPort)
443
The port number used to balance web service traffic if the
internal web service load balancer is enabled.
Minimum is 1. Maximum is 65535.
Health check threshold
(LoadBalancingHealthCheckThreshold)
3
The number of consecutive health check failures required
before considering a FortiGate instance unhealthy.
Minimum 3.
Internal ELB options
(InternalLoadBalancingOptions)
add a
new
internal
load
balancer
(Optional) Add a predefined Elastic Load Balancer (ELB) to
route traffic to web service in the private subnets. You can
optionally use your own one or decide to not need one.
Health check path
(InternalTargetGroupHealthCheckPath)
/
(Optional) The destination path for health checks. This path
must begin with a '/' character, and can be at most 1024
characters in length.
Internal ELB DNS name
(InternalLoadBalancerDnsName)
Requires
input
(Optional) Specify the DNS Name of an existing internal load
balancer used to route traffic from a FortiGate to targets in a
specified target group. Leave it blank if you don't use an
existing load balancer.
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Failover management configuration
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Heart beat interval
(HeartBeatInterval)
30
The length of time (in seconds) that a FortiGate instance waits between
sending heartbeat requests to the Autoscale handler.
Minimum is 30. Maximum is 90.
Heart beat loss count
(HeartBeatLossCount)
3
Number of consecutively lost heartbeats. When the Heartbeat loss count
has been reached, the FortiGate is deemed unhealthy and failover
activities will commence.
Heart beat delay allowance
(HeartBeatDelayAllowance)
2
The maximum amount of time (in seconds) allowed for network latency of
the FortiGate heartbeat arriving at the Autoscale handler.
Minimum is 0.
Custom asset location configuration
Parameter label (name)
Default
Description
Use custom asset location
(UseCustomAssetLocation)
no
Set to yes to use a custom S3 location for custom assets such as licenses
and customized configsets.
Custom asset S3 bucket
(CustomAssetContainer)
Requires
input
Name of the S3 bucket that contains your custom assets. Required if 'Use
custom asset location' is set to 'yes'. Can only contain numbers, lowercase
letters, uppercase letters, and hyphens (-). It cannot start or end with a
hyphen (-)."
Custom asset folder
(CustomAssetDirectory)
Requires
input
The sub path within the 'custom asset container' that serves as the top level
directory of all your custom assets. If 'Use custom asset location' is set to
'yes', and this value is left empty, the 'custom asset container' will serve as
the top level directory. Can only contain numbers, lowercase letters,
uppercase letters, hyphens (-), and forward slashes (/). If provided, it must
end with a forward slash (/).
Deployment resources configuration
Parameter label
(name)
Default
Description
S3 bucket name
(S3BucketName)
Requires
input
Name of the S3 bucket (created in step 4 of Obtaining the deployment package
on page 41) that contains the FortiGate Autoscale deployment package. Can
only contain numbers, lowercase letters, uppercase letters, and hyphens (-). It
cannot start or end with a hyphen (-).
S3 resource folder
(S3KeyPrefix)
Requires
input
Name of the S3 folder (created in step 5 of Obtaining the deployment package on
page 41) that stores the FortiGate Autoscale deployment resources. Can only
contain numbers, lowercase letters, uppercase letters, hyphens (-), and forward
slashes (/). If provided, it must end with a forward slash (/).
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After entering all required parameters, click Next.
Configuring optional settings
1. After entering required parameters and clicking Next, you are directed to the Configure stack options page:
2. (Optional) Specify Tags and Permissions as desired:
a. Tags: Key-Value pairs for resources in your stack.
b. Permissions: An IAM role that AWS CloudFormation uses to create, modify, or delete resources in your stack.
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3. Advanced options follow:
4. It is recommended that you disable the Stack creation option Rollback on failure. This will allow for a better
troubleshooting experience. Other advanced options can be specified as desired.
5. When done, click Next.
6. On the Review page, review and confirm the template, the stack details, and the stack options. Under
Capabilities, select both check boxes.
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7. Click Create stack to deploy the stack. Creation status is shown in the Status column. To see the latest status,
refresh the view. It takes about 10 minutes to create the stack.
8. Deployment has completed when each stack (including the main stack and all nested stacks) has a status of
CREATE_COMPLETE.
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Locating deployed resources
To locate a newly deployed resource, it is recommended to search for it using the ResourceTagPrefix, also referred to
as the ResourceGroup Tag Key. Alternatively, the UniqueID can be used. For items that need a shorter prefix, the
CustomIdentifier can be used. These keys are found on the Outputs tab as shown below. Note that the UniqueID is at
the end of the ResourceTagPrefix.
To look up the newly deployed VPC using the ResourceGroup Tag Key:
1. In the AWS console, select Services > Network & Content Delivery > VPC.
2. In the left navigation tree, click Your VPCs.
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3. Click the filter box and under Tags, select ResourceGroup.
4. Select your ResourceTagPrefix from the list of Tags.
Your VPC will be displayed. The Name of VPC is of the format <ResourceTagPrefix>-fortigate-autoscale-vpc.
To look up the newly deployed VPC subnets using the ResourceGroup Tag Key:
1. In the AWS console, select Services > Network & Content Delivery > VPC.
2. In the left navigation tree, click VIRTUAL PRIVATE CLOUD > Subnets.
3. Click the filter box and select Tag Keys > ResourceGroup.
4. Select your ResourceTagPrefix from the list of Tag Keys.
Your VPC subnets will be displayed. The Name of each subnets will be of the format <ResourceTagPrefix>-fortigateautoscale-vpc-subnet#<#>.
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To look up the newly deployed DynamoDB tables using the UniqueID
1. In the AWS console, select Services > Database > DynamoDB.
2. In the left navigation tree, click Tables.
3. Click the filter box and enter the UniqueID.
The DynamoDB tables will be displayed. The Name of each DynamoDB table will be of the format
<ResourceTagPrefix>-<table-name>.
To look up the newly deployed Lambda Functions using the CustomIdentifier or the UniqueID:
1. In the AWS console, select Services > Compute > Lambda.
2. In the left navigation tree, click Functions.
3. Click the filter box and enter the CustomIdentifier or the UniqueID.
The Lambda Functions will be displayed. Each Function name will be of the format <CustomIdentifier>-<UniqueID>LambdaFunctionName.
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Click the Function name to go directly to the function.
Verifying the deployment
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS creates two Auto Scaling groups with instances as specified in the CFT parameters. One
of theses instances is the elected primary instance. Verify the following:
l
the Auto Scaling groups
l
the primary election
If deploying with Transit Gateway integration, you will also need to verify:
l
the Transit Gateway
To verify the Auto Scaling groups:
1. In the AWS console, select the Services > Compute > EC2.
2. In the left navigation tree, click AUTO SCALING > Auto Scaling Groups.
3. Click the filter box and look up the Auto Scaling groups using the Unique ID.
4. The name of each group will start with the prefix you specified in Resource tag prefix. Confirm that the number in
the Instances column is equal to or greater than the Desired capacity you specified.
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5. For each Auto Scaling group, select the check box to left of the Name, and then click the Instance Management
tab in the lower pane and confirm that the Lifecycle of each instance is InService.
6. In the left navigation tree, click INSTANCES > Instances.
7. Click the filter box and look up instances using the ResourceTagPrefix.
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8. Instances will be listed with their current state.
To verify the primary election:
The primary instance is noted in the AutoscaleRole column:
If the AutoscaleRole column is not displayed, click the Preferences cog and locate the Tag columnsdropdown. Select
AutoscaleRole and then click Confirm.
To verify the Transit Gateway:
1. In the AWS console, select the Services > Network & Content Delivery > VPC.
2. In the left navigation tree, click TRANSIT GATEWAYS > Transit Gateways.
3. Filter by the Tag Key ResourceGroup. There should be one result.
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4. In the left navigation tree, click VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) > Customer Gateways.
5. Filter by the Tag Key ResourceGroup. There should be one customer gateway per running FortiGate instance (2 at
the start).
6. In the left navigation tree, click VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) > Site-to-Site VPN Connections.
7. Filter by the Tag Key ResourceGroup. There should be two items, 1 per FortiGate instance, each with a
corresponding Transit Gateway attachment.
8. In the left navigation tree, click TRANSIT GATEWAYS > Transit Gateway Attachments.
9. Filter by the Tag Key ResourceGroup. There should be one VPC, and one VPN per running FortiGate instance in
the Auto Scaling group. (2 at the start, one primary and one secondary). The VPN name will contain the public IP
address of the VPN.
10. In the left navigation tree, click TRANSIT GATEWAYS > Transit Gateway Route Tables.
11. Filter by the Tag Key ResourceGroup. There should be two items, one for inbound and one for outbound. For
diagrams, refer to the Appendix on page 74.
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Connecting to the primary FortiGate
To connect to the primary FortiGate instance, you will need a login URL, a username, and a password.
1. Construct a login URL in this way: https://<IPAddress>:<Port>/, where:
l
l
Port refers to the Admin port specified in the section FortiGate configuration on page 49.
IPAddress refers to the Public IPv4 address of the FortiGate and is listed on the Details tab for the instance.
In the EC2 Management console, locate the primary instance as described in the section To verify the primary
election: on page 62. Click the Instance ID for the primary instance.
Make note of the InstanceID as you will need it to log in.
2. Open an HTTPS session in your browser and go to the login URL. Your browser will display a certificate error
message. This is normal because the default FortiGate certificate is self-signed and not recognized by browsers.
Proceed past this error. At a later time, you can upload a publicly signed certificate to avoid this error.
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3. Log in with the username admin and the Instance ID of the primary FortiGate instance.
As the primary FortiGate propagates the password to all secondary FortiGate instances, this is the
initial password for all FortiGate instances.
You will need this initial password if failover occurs prior to the password being changed, as the
newly elected primary FortiGate will still have the initial password of the previous primary .
4. You will be prompted to change the password at the first-time login. It is recommended that you do so at this time.
You should only change the password on the primary FortiGate. The primary FortiGate
will propagate the password to all secondary FortiGates. Any password changed on a
secondary FortiGate will be overwritten.
5. You will now see the FortiGate dashboard. The information displayed in the license widget of the dashboard
depends on your license type.
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Attaching a VPC to the Transit Gateway
You can attach an existing VPC to the FortiGate Autoscale with Transit Gateway environment by manually creating a
Transit Gateway attachment and adding the necessary routes, propagations, and associations:
1. Create a Transit Gateway attachment.
2. Create a route to the Transit Gateway.
3. Create a propagation in the inbound route table.
4. Create an association in the outbound route table.
The CIDR block for the VPC you are attaching must differ from that of the FortiGate
Autoscale VPC.
In the instructions that follow, the VPC transit-gateway-demo-vpc01 with CIDR 10.0.0.0/16 will be attached to the
FortiGate Autoscale with Transit Gateway environment.
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To create a Transit Gateway attachment:
1. In the left navigation tree, click TRANSIT GATEWAYS > Transit Gateway Attachment.
2. Click Create Transit Gateway Attachment.
3. Specify information as follows:
a. Transit Gateway ID: Select from the dropdown menu
b. Attachment type: VPC
c. Attachment name tag: Enter a tag of your choice
d. VPC ID: Select from the dropdown menu
e. Subnet IDs: This option appears once the VPC ID has been selected. Check the Availability Zone check box
(es) and choose 1 subnet per Availability Zone.
For everything else, use the default settings.
4. Click Create attachment.
5. Wait for the State to change from pending to available.
The Name is what you specified for the Attachment name tag.
6. When the State is available, click on the Resource ID to go to the VPC.
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To create a route to the Transit Gateway:
1. In the VPC, click on the Route table.
2. Click the Routes tab and then click Edit routes.
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3. Click Add route and specify the Destination, for example, 10.1.0.0/16. Under Target, select Transit Gateway.
4. Then dropdown will change to display available Transit Gateways. Select the one created by the deployment stack
and then click Save routes.
If you want to route all traffic to the Transit Gateway, you should add a new route for
destination 0.0.0.0/0. If this route already exists, simply remove the route and add a new one
for the same destination with the target set to the Transit Gateway created by the deployment
stack.
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To create a propagation in the inbound route table:
1. In the left navigation tree, click Transit Gateways > Transit Gateway Route Tables.
2. Select the <ResourceTagPrefix>-transit-gateway-route-table-inbound route table.
3. Click the Propagations tab and then click Create propagation.
4. From Choose attachment to propagate, select the attachment created in the section To create a Transit Gateway
attachment: on page 67.
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5. Click Create propagation and then click Close.
6. The new propagation with Resource type VPC is now listed on the Propagations tab.
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7. Click on the Routes tab to see that the route for your VPC has been automatically propagated.
To create an association in the outbound route table:
1. In the left navigation tree, click Transit Gateways > Transit Gateway Route Tables.
2. Select the <ResourceTagPrefix>-transit-gateway-route-table-outbound route table.
3. Click the Associations tab and then click Create association.
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4. From Choose attachment to associate, select the attachment created in the section To create a Transit Gateway
attachment: on page 67.
5. Click Create association and then click Close.
6. The new association with Resource type VPC is now listed on the Associations tab.
The VPC is now connected to the FortiGate Autoscale Transit Gateway. For a technical view of attaching VPCs to the
FortiGate Autoscale Transit Gateway, please refer to the architectural diagram .
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Troubleshooting
CREATE_FAILED error in CloudFormation stack
If you encounter a CREATE_FAILED error when you launch the Quick Start, it is recommended that you relaunch the
template with Rollback on failure set to Disabled. (This setting is under Advanced options in the AWS CloudFormation
console, Configuring option settings page.) With this setting, the stack’s state is retained and the instance is left
running, so you can troubleshoot the issue.
When you set Rollback on failure to Disabled, you continue to incur AWS charges for this
stack. Please make sure to delete the stack when you finish troubleshooting.
For additional information, see Troubleshooting AWS CloudFormation on the AWS website.
The deployment will also fail if you select an instance type that is not supported in the region that was selected. Your
desired instance type is available in your region if it is listed on the Instance types page for your region.
The election of the primary FortiGate was not successful
If the election of the primary FortiGate is not successful, reset the elected primary FortiGate. If the reset does not solve
the problem, please contact support.
How to reset the elected primary FortiGate
To reset the elected primary FortiGate, navigate to the DynamoDB table <ResourceTagPrefix>FortiGatePrimaryElection. Click the Items tab and delete the only item in the table.
A new primary FortiGate will be elected and a new record will be created as a result.
For details on locating the DynamoDB table <ResourceTagPrefix>-FortiGatePrimaryElection, refer to the section
Locating deployed resources on page 57.
Appendix
FortiGate Autoscale for AWS features
Major components
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The BYOL Auto Scaling group. This Auto Scaling group contains 0 to many FortiGates of the BYOL licensing
model and will dynamically scale-out or scale-in based on the scaling metrics specified by the parameters Scale-out
threshold and Scale-in threshold. For each instance you must provide a valid license purchased from FortiCare.
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For BYOL-only and hybrid licensing deployments, the Minimum group size
(FgtAsgMinSizeByol) must be at least 2. These FortiGates are the main instances and are
fixed and running 7x24. If it is set to 1 and the instance fails to work, the current FortiGate
configuration will be lost.
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The On-Demand Auto Scaling group. This Auto Scaling group contains 0 to many FortiGates of the On-Demand
licensing model and will dynamically scale-out or scale-in based on the scaling metrics specified by the parameters
Scale-out threshold and Scale-in threshold.
For On-Demand-only deployments, the Minimum group size (FgtAsgMinSizePayg) must
be at least 2. These FortiGates are the main instances and are fixed and running 7x24. If
it is set to 1 and the instance fails to work, the current FortiGate configuration will be lost.
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The “assets” folder in the S3 Bucket.
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The configset folder contains files that are loaded as the initial configuration for a new FortiGate instance.
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baseconfig is the base configuration. This file can be modified as needed to meet your network
requirements. Placeholders such as {SYNC_INTERFACE} are explained in the Configset placeholders on
page 75 table below
httproutingpolicy and httpsroutingpolicy are provided as part of the base configset - for a common use
case - and specify the FortiGate firewall policy for VIPs for http routing and https routing respectively. This
common use case includes a VIP on port 80 and a VIP on port 443 with a policy that points to an internal
load balancer. The port numbers are configurable and can be changed during CFT deployment.
Additional VIPs can be added here as needed.
In FortiOS 6.2.3, any VIPs created on the primary instance will not sync to the
secondary instances. Any VIP you wish to add must be added as part of the base
configuration.
If you set the Internal ELB options parameter to do not need one, then you
must include your VIP configuration in the base configuration.
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The ... >license-files > fortigate folder contains BYOL license files.
Tables in DynamoDB. These tables are required to store information such as health check monitoring, primary
election, state transitions, etc. These records should not be modified unless required for troubleshooting purposes.
Networking Components These are the network load balancers, the target group, and the VPC and subnets. You
are expected to create your own client and server instances that you want protected by the FortiGate.
Configset placeholders
When the FortiGate requests the configuration from the Auto Scaling Handler function, the placeholders in the table
below will be replaced with actual values about the Auto Scaling group.
Placeholder
Type
Description
{SYNC_
INTERFACE}
Text
The interface for FortiGates to synchronize information.
Specify as port1, port2, port3, etc.
All characters must be lowercase.
{CALLBACK_URL}
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The endpoint URL to interact with the auto scaling handler script.
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Placeholder
Type
Description
Automatically generated during CloudFormation deployment.
{PSK_SECRET}
Text
The Pre-Shared Key used in FortiOS.
Specified during CloudFormation deployment.
{ADMIN_PORT}
Number
A port number specified for admin login.
A positive integer such as 443 etc.
Specified during CloudFormation deployment.
{HEART_BEAT_
INTERVAL}
Number
The time interval (in seconds) that the FortiGate waits between sending
heartbeat requests to the Autoscale handler function.
Auto Scaling Handler environment variables
Variable name
Description
UNIQUE_ID
Reserved, empty string.
CUSTOM_ID
Reserved, empty string.
RESOURCE_TAG_
PREFIX
The value of the CFT parameter Resource tag prefix which is described in the section
Resource tagging configuration on page 47.
Deployment templates
Deploying FortiGate Autoscale for AWS requires the use of deployment templates. There are two types of templates:
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Entry template. This template could run as the entry point of a deployment.
Dependency template. This template is automatically run by the deployment process as a Nested Stack. It cannot
be run as an entry template. A dependency template is run based on user selected options.
Following are descriptions of the templates included in the FortiGate Autoscale for AWS deployment package.
Template
Type
Description
autoscale-newvpc.template.yaml
Entry
template
Deploys the Auto Scaling solution to a new VPC.
autoscale-existingvpc.template.yaml
Entry
template
Deploys the Auto Scaling solution to an existing VPC.
autoscale-tgw-newvpc.template.yaml
Entry
template
Deploys the Auto Scaling solution with Transit Gateway Integration to a
new VPC.
autoscalemain.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Does the majority of the work for deploying FortiGate Autoscale.
copyobjects.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates an S3 bucket in the same region where the stack is launched
and copies deployment related objects to this S3 bucket.
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Template
Type
Description
create-autoscalehandler.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates a FortiGate Autoscale Handler Lambda function and an API
Gateway.
create-dbtable.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates all necessary DynamoDB tables for the FortiGate Autoscale
solution.
createfortianalyzer.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Deploys a single FortiAnalyzer instance for certain purposes such as
storing logs from FortiGates.
createfortigate.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Deploys a FortiGate EC2 instance to a subnet using a given FortiGate
AMI, security group, and instance profile.
create-hybrid-auto-scalinggroup.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Deploys the hybrid licensing FortiGate Auto Scaling groups.
create-loadbalancer.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Deploys network traffic Load Balancers and components for FortiGate
Autoscale.
create-newvpc.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates a new VPC in which to deploy the FortiGate Autoscale solution.
create-transit-gatewaycomponents.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates a Transit Gateway for FortiGate Autoscale for AWS.
create-tgw-vpnhandler.template.yaml
Dependency
template
Creates a service for Transit Gateway VPN management.
Cloud-init
In Auto Scaling, a FortiGate uses the cloud-init feature to pre-configure the instances when they first come up.
During template deployment, an internal API Gateway endpoint will be created.
A FortiGate sends requests to the endpoint to retrieve necessary configuration after initialization.
Use this FOS CLI command to display information for your devices:
# diagnose debug cloudinit show
VPN output can be retrieved with this FOS CLI command:
# diagnose vpn tun list
Architectural diagrams
The following diagrams illustrate the different aspects of the architecture of FortiGate Autoscale for AWS.
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Autoscale handler flowchart
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Primary election
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FortiGate Autoscale VPC (BYOL-only or On-Demand-only)
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FortiGate Autoscale VPC (hybrid licensing)
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FortiGate Autoscale VPC attached to a Transit Gateway
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FortiGate Autoscale VPC integration with Transit Gateway
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Route propagation
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Route associations
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Document history
Template
Details
3.0 (latest)
Supports any combination of BYOL and On-Demand instances as well as the option for Transit
Gateway integration. Requires FortiOS 6.2.3.
2.0
Added support for Hybrid Licensing (any combination of BYOL and/or On-Demand instances) with
no Transit Gateway integration. Transit Gateway support is only for On-Demand instances.
Documentation is no longer maintained and is only available as a PDF:
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1.0
Deploying auto scaling on AWS without Transit Gateway integration 2.0
l Requires FortiOS 6.2.3.
Deploying auto scaling on AWS with Transit Gateway integration 1.0
l Requires FortiOS 6.2.1.
Supports auto scaling for On-Demand instances; does not support Transit Gateway integration.
Requires FortiOS 6.0.6 or FortiOS 6.2.1.
Documentation is no longer maintained and is only available as a PDF:
l
Deploying auto scaling on AWS 1.0
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Single FortiGate-VM deployment
You can deploy the FortiGate-VM enterprise firewall for AWS as a virtual appliance in AWS (IaaS). This section shows
you how to install and configure a single instance FortiGate-VM in AWS to provide a full NGFW/unified threat
management security solution to protect your workloads in the AWS IaaS.
Networking is a core component in using AWS services, and using VPCs, subnets, and virtual gateways help you to
secure your resources at the networking level.
This section covers the deployment of simple web servers, but you can use this type of deployment for any type of public
resource protection, with only slight modifications. With this architecture as a starting point, you can implement more
advanced solutions, including multitiered solutions.
In the example, two subnets are created: Subnet1, which is used to connect the FortiGate-VM to the AWS virtual
gateway on the public-facing side, and Subnet2, which is used to connect the FortiGate-VM and the Windows server on
the private side.
Determining your licensing model
On-demand users do not need to register from the FortiGate-VM GUI console. If you are using an on-demand licensing
model, once you create the FortiGate-VM instance in AWS, contact Fortinet Customer Support with the following
information:
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Your FortiGate-VM instance serial number
Your Fortinet account email ID. If you do not have a Fortinet account, you can create one at Customer Service &
Support.
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If you are deploying a FortiGate-VM in the AWS marketplace with BYOL, you must obtain a license to activate it.
See Creating a support account on page 12.
Creating a VPC and subnets
This section shows you how to create an AWS VPC and create two subnets in it. For many steps, you have a choice to
make that can be specific to your own environment.
To create a VPC and subnets:
1. Log in to the AWS Management Console.
2. Go to Networking & Content Delivery > VPC.
3. Go to Virtual Private Cloud > Your VPCs, then select Create VPC.
4. In the Name tag field, set the VPC name.
5. In the CIDR block field, specify an IPv4 address range for your VPC.
6. In the Tenancy field, select Default.
7. Select Yes, Create.
8. In the Virtual Private Cloud menu, select Subnets, then select Create Subnet. Create a public subnet (in this
example, Subnet1) and a private subnet (Subnet2), as shown in this example. Both subnets belong to the VPC that
you created.
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Attaching the new VPC Internet gateway
If you are using the default VPC, the Internet gateway should already exist.
To attach the new VPC Internet gateway:
1. In the Virtual Private Cloud menu, select Internet Gateways, then select Create Internet Gateway.
2. In the Name tag field, set the Internet gateway name, then select Yes, Create.
3. Select the Internet gateway, then select Attach to VPC.
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4. Select the VPC that you created and select Yes, Attach. The Internet gateway state changes from detached to
attached.
Subscribing to the FortiGate
To subscribe to the FortiGate:
1. Go to the AWS Marketplace’s page for Fortinet FortiGate-VM (BYOL) or FortiGate-VM (on-demand). Select
Continue.
2. Select Manual Launch.
3. Select Launch with EC2 Console beside the region you want to launch.
4. Select an instance type, then select Next: Configure Instance Details.
5. Configure instance details:
a. In the Network field, select the VPC that you created.
b. In the Subnet field, select the public subnet.
c. In the Network interfaces section, you will see the entry for eth0 that was created for the public subnet. Select
Add Device to add another network interface (in this example, eth1), and select the private subnet. It is
recommended that you assign static IP addresses.
d. When you have two network interfaces, an EIP is not assigned automatically. You must manually assign one
later. Select Review and Launch, then select Launch.
6. Select an existing key pair or create a new key pair. Select the acknowledgment checkbox. Select Launch
Instances.
7. To easily identify the instance, set a name for it in the Name field.
8. Since FortiOS 6.2.2, on-demand FortiGate-VMs require connectivity to FortiCare to obtain a valid license. Without
connectivity to FortiCare, the FortiGate-VM shuts down for self-protection. Ensure the following:
a. Outgoing connectivity to https://directregistration.fortinet.com:443 is allowed in security groups and ACLs.
b. You have assigned a public IP address (default or EIP). If you have not enabled a public address during
instance creation, follow the remaining steps to assign an EIP and bring up the FortiGate-VM again.
9. Configure an EIP:
a. In the Network & Security menu, select Elastic IPs, then select one that is available for you to use or create
one. Select Actions > Associate Address. If you do not have one available to use, create one.
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b. In the Resource type section, select Network Interface.
c. In the Network interface field, select the interface ID of the network interface that you created for the public
subnet (in this example, eth0). In the Private IP field, select the IP address that belongs to the public subnet.
To find these values, go to the EC2 Management Console, select Instances, and select the interface in the
Network interfaces section in the lower pane of the page (Interface ID and Private IP Address fields). Select
Associate. A message is displayed indicating the address association was successful. Note that if the Internet
Gateway isn’t associated with a VPC, the elastic IP assignment will fail.
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Creating routing tables and associate subnets
Configure the routing tables. Since the FortiGate-VM has two interfaces, one for the public subnet and one for the
private subnet, you must configure two routing tables.
1. To configure the public subnet's routing table, go to Networking & Content Delivery > VPC in the
AWSmanagement console. In the VPC Dashboard, select Your VPCs, and select the VPC you created. In the
Summary tab in the lower pane, select the route table ID located in the Route table field. To easily identify the
route table, set a name for it in the Name field.
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2. In the Routes tab, select Edit, then select Add another route. In the Destination field, type 0.0.0.0/0. In the Target
field, type igw and select the Internet Gateway from the auto-complete suggestions. Select Save. The default
route on the public interface in this VPC is now the Internet Gateway.
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3. In the Subnet Associations tab, select Edit, and select the public subnet to associate it with this routing table.
Select Save.
4. To configure the routing table for the private subnet, select Create Route Table. To easily identify the route table,
set a name for it in the Name field. Select the VPC you created. Select Yes, Create.
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5. In the Routes tab, select Edit, then select Add another route. In the Destination field, type 0.0.0.0/0. In the Target
field, enter the interface ID of the private network interface. To find the interface ID, go to the EC2 Management
Console, select Instances, and select the interface in the Network interfaces section in the lower pane of the page
(Interface ID field). Select Save. The default route on the private subnet in this VPC is now the private network
interface of the FortiGate.
6. In the Subnet Associations tab, select Edit, select the private subnet to associate it with this routing table. Select
Save. Two routing tables, one for the public segment and one for the private segment, have now been created with
default routes.
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7. In the EC2 Management Console, select Instances, and select the network interface that you created for the
private subnet (in this example, eth1) in the Network interfaces section in the lower pane. Select the interface ID.
8. Select the network interface, select the Actions dropdown list, select Change Source/Dest. Check. Select
Disabled. Select Save.
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If you have multiple network interfaces, Source/Dest. Check needs to be disabled in each interface.
You can confirm by looking at the interface information shown as false.
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Connecting to the FortiGate-VM
To connect to the FortiGate-VM, you need your login credentials and its public DNS address.
The default username is admin and the default password is the instance ID.
1. You can find the public DNS address in the EC2 management console. Select Instances and look at the Public
DNS (IPv4) field in the lower pane. If you do not see the DNS address, you may need to enable DNS host
assignment on your VPC. In this case, go back to the VPC management console, select Your VPCs, and select
your VPC. Select the Action dropdown list, and select Edit DNS Hostnames. Select Yes. Select Save.
2. Open an HTTPS session using the public DNS address of the FortiGate-VM in your browser (https://<public DNS>).
You will see a certificate error message from your browser, which is normal because the default FortiGate
certificate is self-signed and isn’t recognized by browsers. Proceed past this error. At a later time, you can upload a
publicly-signed certificate to avoid this error. Log in to the FortiGate-VM with your username and password (the
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login credentials mentioned above).
3. If you’re using a BYOL license, upload your license (.lic) file to activate the FortiGate-VM. The FortiGate-VM will
automatically restart. After it restarts, log in again.
4. You will now see the FortiGate-VM dashboard. Depending on your license type, the information in the license
widget on the dashboard may vary.
5. Select Network > Interfaces, and edit the interfaces, if required. If the IP address or subnet mask is missing for
port 1 or port 2, configure these values.
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Setting up a Windows Server in the protected network
1. In the AWS management console, select EC2. Select Launch Instance, then select the Microsoft Windows Server
2012 R2 that applies to your environment. You will use this to test connectivity with remote desktop access.
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2. In the Configure Instance Details step, in the Network field, select the FortiGate-VM's VPC. In the Subnet field,
select the private subnet.
3. In the Configure Security Group step, configure a security group for the Windows server so that it allows Internet
access. In this example, we use Remote Desktop TCP port 3389, and other ports are optional. Select Review and
Launch.
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4. Select a key pair, select the acknowledgment checkbox, and select Launch Instances.
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Deploying and configuring FortiGate-VM active-active HA
See GitHub for details on this configuration. Although GitHub only refers to 6.0, you can deploy this HA configuration for
6.4.
Deploying and configuring ELB-based HA/load balancing
FortiGate-VM can achieve HA using AWS ELB. You can deploy two FortiGate-VMs and associate them with an ELB,
and traffic is balanced between the two. If one FortiGate-VM fails, the other handles traffic. This provides more security
and reliability to the existing cloud infrastructure.
External and internal ELBs are required if you want to serve incoming and outgoing traffic for protected VMs. An external
ELB is normally accessible from the Internet and distributes traffic as it enters a VPC. An internal ELB has similar
capabilities but is only accessible within a VPC.
Like other load balancers, ELB can be configured as an external ELB that is accessible from the Internet and distributes
traffic as it enters a VPC, or as an internal ELB which has similar functions and is only accessible inside a VPC. This
section helps you get started with AWS ELB and FortiGate-VM configuration in an AWS environment.
Using this configuration, an IT administrator can place an application server inside a private subnet. The application
server can provide web applications, terminal services, or general purpose Internet service. The access is fully protected
and logged by the FortiGate-VM.
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The design shows that application servers are fully separated between two subnets for active-active configuration. The
load is divided evenly in this configuration.
You can protect and turn multiple AZs highly available depending on how you design the topology.
You can also combine AWS Route 53 to use DNS name together with ELB.
Creating two subnets on your Amazon VPC
1. Log into AWS with your EC2 credentials and select VPC.
2. Select Start VPC Wizard to create a new VPC.
3. Select VPC with a Single Public Subnet.
4. Fill in the information as required and select Create VPC.
5. You have created a VPC with a single public subnet available. In this example, the subnet is referred to as FortinetVPC. To deploy the FortiGate-VM, you must also create a private subnet. Go to Subnet and select Create Subnet.
6. Fill in the information as required and select Yes, Create. In this example, the subnet will be referred to as
"Application Subnet 1".
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Creating a security group for the FortiGate-VM
1. Go to Security Groups and select Create Security Group. Set it to Fortinet-VPC. Select Yes, Create. In this
example, this security group is referred to as Allow everything.
2. Edit the Allow everything group. Select the Inbound Rules tab and then select Edit.
3. Set Type to ALL TCP, Protocol to TCP (6), Port Range to ALL, and Source to 0.0.0.0/0.
4. Select Save.
Allocating EIPs for the FortiGate-VM and for public access
1. Go to Elastic IPs and select Allocate New Address.
2. Select Yes, Allocate to allocate an IP address.
3. Repeat to add two more address.
Deploying the FortiGate-VM
In this example, the FortiGate-VM instance is referred to as FortiGate 1.
1. Go to Services > EC2 and select Key Pairs. Select Create Key Pair, fill in the key pair name, and select Create.
This saves the key pair to your system. Remember where this file is, as it is used later.
2. Go to the EC2 Dashboard and select Launch Instance.
3. Select AWS Marketplace and search for Fortinet. Locate and select FortiGate-VM (BYOL).*
4. Configure the FortiGate-VM deployment:
a. Select General purpose m3.medium as the instance type and select Next: Configure instance Details.
b. Set Network to Fortinet-VPC and Subnet to the public subnet.
c. Under Network Interface, set eth0 to the public subnet and eth1 to Fortinet-VPC.
d. Select Next: Add Storage.
e. Review your storage options. This storage is used for logging. If you want more storage for logging, change
the size from 10 to the desired value. Select Next: Tag Instance.
f. Enter a Name tag and select Configure Security Group.
g. Enable Select an existing security group and select the Allow everything security group. This allows the
FortiGate-VM security features to be used, rather than the basic protection from Amazon.
5. Select Review and Launch. A review page will be shown with your configuration.
6. Review the settings and, if the configuration is correct, select Launch.
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7. Select the Fortinet-AWS-Keypair that you previously created.
8. Review the information, then select Launch Instance to deploy the FortiGate-VM.
Assigning an IP address to the FortiGate-VM
1. Go to Network Interface and note the Network Interface ID of the private interface and the FortiGate-VM ID. In
the example, these are eni-b25771d7 and eni-bd5771d8, respectively.
2. Go to Elastic IPs and select one of the IPs. Select Associate Address, then enter the network interface ID of the
FortiGate-VM. Select Associate.
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Creating a default route
1. Go to VPC Dashboard > Route Tables and select Create Route Table. Set VPC to the private subnet and select
Yes, Create.
2. Select the new route, then select the Routes tab, then select Edit. Select Add another route and set Destination to
0.0.0.0/0 and Target to the network interface ID of the private interface.
3. Select the Subnet Associations tab, enable the private subnet, and select Save.
Configuring the FortiGate-VM
1. Log into the FortiGate-VM GUI using the default admin account. The default admin account has the username
admin and no password. The license activation screen appears.
2. Select Choose File, select your license file, and select OK. The system restarts. After a few minutes, the login
screen appears. Log back into the FortiGate-VM.
3. Using your terminal, enter the following commands to log into the server and enable disk logging:
ssh -i ./Fortinet-AWS-Keypair.pem admin@ FortiGate-VM64-AWS #execute update-now FortiGateVM64-AWS #execute formatlogdisk
4. Go to System > Admin > Administrators and edit the default admin account. Select Change Password and enter
a new password.
5. Go to System > Network > Interfaces and edit an internal interface (in the example, port2). Set Addressing Mode
to DHCP.
6. This port's IP address has changed to the IP you entered using the terminal (in the example, 10.0.1.5).
7. Go to Firewall Objects > Virtual IPs > Virtual IPs and create a new virtual IP that will map RDP (TCP port 3389) to
a Windows server that will be deployed in the next step.
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8. Go to Policy > Policy > Policy and create a new policy allowing traffic from the Internet-facing interface to the
internal interface.
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9. Create a second policy allowing traffic from the internal interface to the Internet-facing interface.
Deploying the Windows Server
1. Connect to AWS and go to Network Interfaces. Right-click the private network interface, select Change
Source/Dest Check, and select Disable. AWS now lets packets pass through instead of filtering them.
2. Go to EC2 instances and select Launch Instance.
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3. Select t2.micro for the instance type and select Next: Configure Instance Details.
4. Set Network to Fortinet-VPC, subnet to Application Subnet 1, and Network Interfaces to eth0. Select Next: Add
Storage.
5. If necessary, change your storage option.
6. Select Next: Tag Instance. Enter a Name tag, then select Next: Configure Security Group.
7. Enable Select an existing security group and select the Allow everything group.
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8. Select Review and Launch.
9. After you have reviewed the configuration, select the Fortinet-AWS-Keypair that you previously created.
10. Review the information, then select Launch Instance to deploy the server.
11. Go to EC2 instance and select the new subnet. Select Get Windows Password.
Click on Key Pair Path Browse and select the key pair file created earlier.
Select Decrypt Password to receive the administrator password for RDP connection.
12. Test the connection to your RDP server using your terminal and the following command:
C:\> mstsc /v: /admin
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Creating a second subnet and deploying a second FortiGate-VM
Repeat the above instructions to create a second AWS subnet and deploy a second FortiGate-VM on the subnet.
Creating an ELB between the FortiGate-VMs
1. Go to the EC2 Dashboard, click Load Balancers, then Create Load Balancer.
2. Create a load balancer for RDP traffic within Fortinet-VPC. Select Continue.
3. Set the Ping Protocol to use HTTPS. Select Continue.
4. Use the + on Public Subnet and add it into the Selected Subnets list. Select Continue.
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5. Select Allow every traffic. Select Continue.
6. Select both FortiGate-VMs. Select Continue.
7. Leave Tags as default and select Continue. A review page will appear. After you have reviewed the configuration,
select Create.
8. Now that the ELB is created, you can use a domain name to test your connection via an RDP client.
Results
Go to the EC2 dashboard and right-click FortiGate 1. Select Instance State > Stop to stop this instance.
Connect via RDP to the Windows Server. All connections use the subnet for FortiGate 2.
You can also connect using your ELB DNS name. Connections only use the subnet for FortiGate 2.
Start FortiGate 2 and wait until the ELB status is 2/2. Connect to the server using multiple sources.
The load is balanced between the FortiGate-VM instances.
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Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA on AWS within one zone
This guide provides sample configuration of active-passive FortiGate-VM high availability (HA) on AWS within one zone.
FortiGate's native HA feature (without using an AWS supplementary mechanism) can be configured with two FortiGate
instances: one acting as the primary node and the other as the secondary node, located in two different availability
zones (AZs) within a single VPC. This is called "Unicast HA" specific to the AWS environment in comparison to an
equivalent feature provided by physical FortiGate units. The FortiGates run heartbeats between dedicated ports and
synchronize OS configurations. When the primary node fails, the secondary node takes over as the primary node so
endpoints continue to communicate with external resources over the FortiGate.
These paired FortiGate instances act as a single logical instance and share interface IP addressing. The main benefits
of this solution are:
l
l
l
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Fast failover of FortiOS and AWS SDN without external automation/services
Automatic AWS SDN updates to EIPs and route targets
Native FortiOS configuration sync
Ease of use as the cluster is treated as single logical FortiGate
The following depicts the network topology for this sample deployment:
The following depicts a failover event for this sample deployment:
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The following lists the IP address assignments for this sample deployment for FortiGate A:
Port
AWS primary address
AWS secondary address
port1
10.0.0.11
10.0.0.13
port2
10.0.1.11
10.0.1.13
port3
10.0.2.11
N/A
port4
10.0.3.11
N/A
The following lists the IP address assignments for this sample deployment for FortiGate B:
Port
AWS primary address
port1
10.0.0.12
port2
10.0.1.12
port3
10.0.2.12
port4
10.0.3.12
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To check the prerequisites:
l
l
Ensure that two FortiGates exist in the same VPC and AZ. The two FortiGates must also have the same build of
FortiOS (FGT_VM64_AWS or FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND) installed.
If using FGT_VM64_AWS, ensure that both FortiGates have valid licenses.
To configure FortiGate-VM HA in AWS:
1. In the AWS management console, create a VPC. The VPC in this example has been created with 10.0.0.0/16
CIDR.
2. Create four subnets. In this example, the four subnets are as follows:
a. Public WAN: 10.0.0.0/24
b. Internal network: 10.0.1.0/24
c. Heartbeat network: 10.0.2.0/24
d. Management network: 10.0.3.0/24
3. Create a single, open security group as shown below:
4. Create an IAM role. The IAM role is necessary for HA failover. Ensure that the IAM role can read and write EC2
information to read, detach, and reattach network interfaces and edit routing tables.
5. Create five elastic IP addresses. Five elastic IP addresses are needed to set up the environment, but we will be left
with three IP addresses at the end:
a. One public WAN IP address. This will be attached to the instance NIC1's secondary IP address.
b. One FortiGate A management IP address
c. One FortiGate B management IP address
d. Two temporary IP addresses
6. Create two FortiGate instances. You can use any instance type with at least four vCPUs, since four NICs are
required:
a. Configure FortiGate A:
i. Attach the IAM role created earlier.
ii. Create the instance in the VPC created earlier and in the public WAN subnet, with no ephemeral public IP
address.
iii. Configure an internal IP address of 10.0.0.11, and a secondary IP address of 10.0.0.13.
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iv. Attach a security group.
b. Configure FortiGate B by repeating the steps for FortiGate A above. For FortiGate B, configure an internal IP
address of 10.0.0.12, and no internal IP address.
c. Attach three NICs to each FortiGate according to the IP assignment in the appropriate subnet:
i. FortiGate A:
i. port2 (AWS primary 10.0.1.11/AWS secondary 10.0.1.13) (internal network)
ii. port3 (AWS primary 10.0.2.11) (Heartbeat network)
iii. port4 (AWS primary 10.0.3.11) (management network)
ii. FortiGate B:
i. port2 (AWS primary 10.0.1.12) (internal network)
ii. port3 (AWS primary 10.0.2.12) (Heartbeat network)
iii. port4 (AWS primary 10.0.3.12) (management network)
7. Attach the two temporary elastic IP addresses to the port1 primary IP addresses of FortiGate A and FortiGate B.
This allows access to the FortiGates via SSH for configuration purposes. The default password for the FortiGates is
their instance IDs. The following shows the temporary elastic IP address assigned to FortiGate A:
The following shows the temporary elastic IP address assigned to FortiGate B:
To configure FortiGate A using the CLI:
Run the following commands in the FortiOS CLI on FortiGate A:
config sys glo
set hostname master
end
config system interface
edit port1
set mode static
set ip 10.0.0.13 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias external
next
edit port2
set mode static
set ip 10.0.1.13 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias internal
next
edit port3
set mode static
set ip 10.0.2.11 255.255.255.0
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set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias hasync
next
edit port4
set mode static
set ip 10.0.3.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias hamgmt
next
end
config router static
edit 1
set device port1
set gateway 10.0.0.1
next
end
config system dns
set primary 8.8.8.8
end
config firewall policy
edit 0
set name "outgoing"
set srcintf "port2"
set dstintf "port1"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
set logtraffic disable
set nat enable
next
end
config system ha
set group-name "test"
set mode a-p
set hbdev "port3" 50
set session-pickup enable
set ha-mgmt-status enable
config ha-mgmt-interfaces
edit 1
set interface "port4"
set gateway 10.0.3.1
next
end
set override disable
set priority 1
set unicast-hb enable
set unicast-hb-peerip 10.0.2.12
end
To configure FortiGate B using the CLI:
Run the following commands in the FortiOS CLI on FortiGate B:
config sys glo
set hostname slave
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end
config system interface
edit port1
set mode static
set ip 10.0.0.12 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias external
next
edit port2
set mode static
set ip 10.0.1.12 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias internal
next
edit port3
set mode static
set ip 10.0.2.12 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias hasync
next
edit port4
set mode static
set ip 10.0.3.12 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias hamgmt
next
end
config router static
edit 1
set device port1
set gateway 10.0.0.1
next
end
config system dns
set primary 8.8.8.8
end
config firewall policy
edit 0
set name "outgoing"
set srcintf "port2"
set dstintf "port1"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
set logtraffic disable
set nat enable
next
end
config system ha
set group-name "test"
set mode a-p
set hbdev "port3" 50
set session-pickup enable
set ha-mgmt-status enable
config ha-mgmt-interfaces
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edit 1
set interface "port4"
set gateway 10.0.3.1
next
end
set override disable
set priority 1
set unicast-hb enable
set unicast-hb-peerip 10.0.2.11
end
After completing configuration of FortiGate B, remove the two temporary IP addresses. You can connect to the
FortiGates via the management ports instead.
To configure the routing tables in AWS:
You must configure three routing tables.
The following shows the public WAN routing table:
The following shows the internal network routing table. Ensure to point the 0.0.0.0/0 CIDR to FortiGate A's port2 NIC.
The following shows the Heartbeat and management networks' routing table:
To test FortiGate-VM HA:
1. Run get system ha status to check that the FortiGates are in sync:
master # get sys ha stat
HA Health Status: OK
Model: FortiGate-VM64-AWSONDEMAND
Mode: HA A-P
Group: 0
Debug: 0
Cluster Uptime: 0 days 0:42:46
Cluster state change time: 2019-01-15 17:23:02
Master selected using:
<2019/01/15 17:23:02> FGTAWS000F19C1A0 is selected as the master because it has the
largest value of uptime.
<2019/01/15 17:09:47> FGTAWS000F19C1A0 is selected as the master because it's the only
member in the cluster.
ses_pickup: enable, ses_pickup_delay=disable
override: disable
unicast_hb: peerip=10.0.2.12, myip=10.0.2.11, hasync_port='port3'
Configuration Status:
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FGTAWS000F19C1A0(updated 4 seconds ago): in-sync
FGTAWS000ECBF4EF(updated 4 seconds ago): in-sync
System Usage stats:
FGTAWS000F19C1A0(updated 4 seconds ago):
sessions=2, average-cpu-user/nice/system/idle=0%/0%/0%/100%, memory=5%
FGTAWS000ECBF4EF(updated 4 seconds ago):
sessions=0, average-cpu-user/nice/system/idle=0%/0%/0%/100%, memory=5%
HBDEV stats:
FGTAWS000F19C1A0(updated 4 seconds ago):
port3: physical/1000full, up, rx-bytes/packets/dropped/errors=3135309/12092/0/0,
tx=9539178/17438/0/0
FGTAWS000ECBF4EF(updated 4 seconds ago):
port3: physical/1000full, up, rx-bytes/packets/dropped/errors=9300105/17602/0/0,
tx=3293016/11828/0/0
Master: master , FGTAWS000F19C1A0, HA cluster index = 0
Slave : slave , FGTAWS000ECBF4EF, HA cluster index = 1
number of vcluster: 1
vcluster 1: work 10.0.2.11
Master: FGTAWS000F19C1A0, HA operating index = 0
Slave : FGTAWS000ECBF4EF, HA operating index = 1
2. Ensure that failover functions as configured:
a. Turn on debug mode on FortiGate B:
slave # di de en
slave # di de application awsd -1
Debug messages will be on for unlimited time.
b. Shut down the primary FortiGate A. In the event of a successful failover, FortiGate B's CLI shows the
following:
slave # Become HA master
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port1 ip 10.0.0.13
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port2 ip 10.0.1.13
awsd get instance id i-0ecbf4ef4c14ba1bb
awsd get iam role WikiDemoHARole
awsd get region us-east-1
awsd doing ha failover for vdom root
awsd moving secondary ip for port1
awsd moving secip 10.0.0.13 from eni-016c35b5d998a3995 to eni-0d318aeb7cdfe72fb
awsd move secondary ip successfully
awsd associate elastic ip allocation eipalloc-0e5ff7daabd5f46dc to 10.0.0.13 of eni
eni-0d318aeb7cdfe72fb
awsd associate elastic ip successfully
awsd moving secondary ip for port2
awsd moving secip 10.0.1.13 from eni-0f19c02934d82c086 to eni-004d87ffb05329b28
awsd move secondary ip successfully
awsd update route table rtb-0bc0aaaea8fe56192, replace route of dst 0.0.0.0/0 to eni004d87ffb05329b28
awsd update route successfully
c. Verify on AWS that the public and internal networks' secondary IP addresses moved, and that the routing table
changes to point to FortiGate B's internal network ENI.
3. Initiate an SSH session (or another protocol with similar long keep-alive session characteristics) to an external IP
address on Ubuntu or an internal VM used for testing purposes. Test failover again and check that the session
continues to function without needing to reconnect, and that the session list on the primary and failed over
secondary FortiGates are synced.
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Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA AWS between multiple
zones
This guide provides sample configuration of active-passive FortiGate-VM high availability (HA) on AWS between
multiple zones.
You can configure FortiGate's native HA feature (without using an AWS supplementary mechanism) with two FortiGate
instances: one acting as the master/primary node and the other as the slave/secondary node, located in two different
availability zones (AZs) within a single VPC. This is called "Unicast HA" specific to the AWS environment in comparison
to an equivalent feature provided by physical FortiGate units. The FortiGates run heartbeats between dedicated ports
and synchronize OS configurations. When the primary node fails, the secondary node takes over as the primary node so
endpoints continue to communicate with external resources over the FortiGate.
This feature is important because it solves a critical issue of High Availability, which is the ability to recover in the event
of a catastrophic failure. In the case that both FortiGates are located in the same Availability Zone and that AZ happens
to fail, then both FortiGates would go down and HA would be useless. Thus, there is a need to support HA configuration
where both FortiGates are in separate AZs.
These paired FortiGate instances act as a single logical instance and share interface IP addressing. The main benefits
of this solution are:
l
l
l
l
Fast failover of FortiOS and AWS SDN without external automation/services
Automatic AWS SDN updates to EIPs and route targets
Native FortiOS configuration sync
Ease of use as the cluster is treated as single logical FortiGate
The following depicts the network topology for this sample deployment:
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The following lists the IP address assignments for this sample deployment for FortiGate A:
Port
AWS primary address
Subnet
port1
10.0.0.11
10.0.0.0/24 EIP
port2
10.0.1.11
10.0.1.0/24
port3
10.0.2.11
10.0.2.0/24
port4
10.0.3.11
10.0.3.0/24 EIP
The following lists the IP address assignments for this sample deployment for FortiGate B:
Port
AWS primary address
Subnet
port1
10.0.10.11
10.0.10.0/24 EIP
port2
10.0.11.11
10.0.11.0/24
port3
10.0.12.11
10.0.12.0/24
port4
10.0.13.11
10.0.13.0/24 EIP
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IPsec VPN phase 1 configuration does not synchronize between primary and secondary
FortiGates across AZs. Phase 2 configuration does synchronize.
To check the prerequisites:
l
l
l
Ensure that two FortiGates exist in the same VPC but different AZs. The two FortiGates must also have the same
FortiOS build (FGT_VM64_AWS or FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND) installed.
If using FGT_VM64_AWS, ensure that both FortiGates have valid licenses.
The following summarizes minimum sufficient IAM roles for this deployment:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": [
"ec2:Describe*",
"ec2:AssociateAddress",
"ec2:AssignPrivateIpAddresses",
"ec2:UnassignPrivateIpAddresses",
"ec2:ReplaceRoute"
],
"Resource": "*",
"Effect": "Allow"
}
]
}
To configure FortiGate-VM HA in AWS:
1. In the AWS management console, create a VPC. The VPC in this example has been created with 10.0.0.0/16
CIDR.
2. Create eight subnets. In this example, the eight subnets are as follows:
a. Four in AZ A:
i. Public WAN: 10.0.0.0/24
ii. Internal network: 10.0.1.0/24
iii. Heartbeat network: 10.0.2.0/24
iv. Management network: 10.0.3.0/24
b. Four in AZ B:
i. Public WAN: 10.0.10.0/24
ii. Internal network: 10.0.11.0/24
iii. Heartbeat network: 10.0.12.0/24
iv. Management: 10.0.13.0/24
3. Create a single, open security group as shown below:
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4. Create an IAM role. The IAM role is necessary for HA failover. Ensure that the IAM role can read and write EC2
information to read, detach, and reattach network interfaces and edit routing tables.
5. Create three elastic IP addresses:
a. One public WAN IP address. This will be attached to the instance NIC1's secondary IP address.
b. One FortiGate A management IP address
c. One FortiGate B management IP address
6. Create two FortiGate instances. You can use any instance type with at least four vCPUs, since four NICs are
required:
a. Configure FortiGate A:
i. Attach the IAM role created earlier.
ii. Create the instance in the VPC created earlier and in the public WAN subnet, with no ephemeral public IP
address.
iii. Configure an internal IP address of 10.0.0.11.
iv. Attach a security group.
b. Configure FortiGate B by repeating the steps for FortiGate A above. For FortiGate B, configure the instance in
the public WAN subnet in AZ B, and configure an internal IP address of 10.0.10.11.
c. Attach three NICs to each FortiGate according to the IP assignment in the appropriate subnet:
i. FortiGate A:
i. port2 (AWS primary 10.0.1.11) (internal network)
ii. port3 (AWS primary 10.0.2.11) (Heartbeat network)
iii. port4 (AWS primary 10.0.3.11) (management network)
ii. FortiGate B:
i. port2 (AWS primary 10.0.11.11) (internal network)
ii. port3 (AWS primary 10.0.12.11) (Heartbeat network)
iii. port4 (AWS primary 10.0.13.11) (management network)
7. Attach the two elastic IP addresses to the port1 primary IP addresses of FortiGate A and FortiGate B. This allows
access to the FortiGates via SSH for configuration purposes. The default password for the FortiGates is their
instance IDs. The following shows the elastic IP address assigned to FortiGate A:
The following shows the elastic IP address assigned to FortiGate B:
To configure FortiGate A using the CLI:
Run the following commands in the FortiOS CLI on FortiGate A:
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config sys glo
set hostname master
end
config system interface
edit port1
set mode static
set ip 10.0.0.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias external
next
edit port2
set mode static
set ip 10.0.1.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias internal
next
edit port3
set mode static
set ip 10.0.2.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias hasync
next
edit port4
set mode static
set ip 10.0.3.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh
set alias hamgmt
next
end
config router static
edit 1
set device port1
set gateway 10.0.0.1
next
edit 2
set device port2
set gateway 10.0.1.1
set dst 10.0.11.0/24
next
end
config firewall policy
edit 0
set name "outgoing"
set srcintf "port2"
set dstintf "port1"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
set logtraffic disable
set nat enable
next
end
config system ha
set group-name "test"
set mode a-p
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set hbdev "port3" 50
set session-pickup enable
set ha-mgmt-status enable
config ha-mgmt-interfaces
edit 1
set interface "port4"
set gateway 10.0.3.1
next
end
set override disable
set priority 255
set unicast-hb enable
set unicast-hb-peerip 10.0.12.11
end
To configure FortiGate B using the CLI:
Run the following commands in the FortiOS CLI on FortiGate B:
config sys glo
set hostname slave
end
config system interface
edit port1
set mode static
set ip 10.0.10.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias external
next
edit port2
set mode static
set ip 10.0.11.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias internal
next
edit port3
set mode static
set ip 10.0.12.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias hasync
next
edit port4
set mode static
set ip 10.0.13.11 255.255.255.0
set allowaccess https ping ssh fgfm
set alias hamgmt
next
end
config router static
edit 1
set device port1
set gateway 10.0.10.1
next
edit 2
set device port2
set gateway 10.0.11.1
set dst 10.0.1.0/24
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next
end
config firewall policy
edit 0
set name "outgoing"
set srcintf "port2"
set dstintf "port1"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
set logtraffic disable
set nat enable
next
end
config system ha
set group-name "test"
set mode a-p
set hbdev "port3" 50
set session-pickup enable
set ha-mgmt-status enable
config ha-mgmt-interfaces
edit 1
set interface "port4"
set gateway 10.0.13.1
next
end
set override disable
set priority 1
set unicast-hb enable
set unicast-hb-peerip 10.0.2.11
end
After completing configuration of FortiGate B, remove the EIP to the FortiGate B public IP address. You can connect to
the FortiGates via the management ports instead.
To configure the routing tables in AWS:
You must configure three routing tables.
The following shows the public WAN routing table. Ensure to point the 0.0.0.0/0 CIDR to the Internet gateway:
The following shows the internal network routing table. Ensure to point the 0.0.0.0/0 CIDR to FortiGate A's port2 NIC.
The following shows the Heartbeat and management networks' routing table:
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To configure a VDOM exception:
You must configure a VDOM exception to prevent interface synchronization between the two FortiGates. FortiOS 6.4.1
and later versions support the following commands. FortiOS 6.4.0 does not support these commands.
config system vdom-exception
edit 1
set object system.interface
next
edit 2
set object router.static
next
edit 3
set object firewall.vip
next
end
To test FortiGate-VM HA:
1. Run get system ha status to check that the FortiGates are in sync:
master # get sys ha stat
HA Health Status: OK
Model: FortiGate-VM64-AWSONDEMAND
Mode: HA A-P
Group: 0
Debug: 0
Cluster Uptime: 3 days 1:50:18
Cluster state change time: 2019-01-31 18:20:47
Master selected using:
<2019/01/31 18:20:47> FGTAWS0006AB1961 is selected as the master because it has the
largest value of override priority.
<2019/01/31 18:20:47> FGTAWS0006AB1961 is selected as the master because it's the only
member in the cluster.
ses_pickup: enable, ses_pickup_delay=disable
override: disable
unicast_hb: peerip=10.0.12.11, myip=10.0.2.11, hasync_port='port3'
Configuration Status:
FGTAWS0006AB1961(updated 3 seconds ago): in-sync
FGTAWS000B29804F(updated 4 seconds ago): in-sync
System Usage stats:
FGTAWS0006AB1961(updated 3 seconds ago):
sessions=18, average-cpu-user/nice/system/idle=0%/0%/0%/100%, memory=10%
FGTAWS000B29804F(updated 4 seconds ago):
sessions=2, average-cpu-user/nice/system/idle=0%/0%/0%/100%, memory=10%
HBDEV stats:
FGTAWS0006AB1961(updated 3 seconds ago):
port3: physical/00, up, rx-bytes/packets/dropped/errors=430368/1319/0/0,
tx=560457/1280/0/0
FGTAWS000B29804F(updated 4 seconds ago):
port3: physical/00, up, rx-bytes/packets/dropped/errors=870505/2061/0/0,
tx=731630/2171/0/0
Master: master , FGTAWS0006AB1961, HA cluster index = 1
Slave : slave , FGTAWS000B29804F, HA cluster index = 0
number of vcluster: 1
vcluster 1: work 10.0.2.11
Master: FGTAWS0006AB1961, HA operating index = 0
Slave : FGTAWS000B29804F, HA operating index = 1
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2. Ensure that failover functions as configured:
a. Turn on debug mode on FortiGate B:
slave # di de en
slave # di de application awsd -1
Debug messages will be on for unlimited time.
b. Shut down the primary FortiGate A. In the event of a successful failover, FortiGate B's CLI shows the
following:
slave # Become HA master
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port1 ip 10.0.10.11
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port2 ip 10.0.11.11
awsd get instance id i-0b29804fd38976af4
awsd get iam role WikiDemoHARole
awsd get region us-east-1
awsd get vpc id vpc-0ade7ea6e64befbfc
awsd doing ha failover for vdom root
awsd associate elastic ip for port1
awsd associate elastic ip allocation eipalloc-06b849dbb0f76555f to 10.0.10.11 of eni
eni-0ab045a4d6dce664a
awsd associate elastic ip successfully
awsd update route table rtb-0a7b4fec57feb1a21, replace route of dst 0.0.0.0/0 to eni0c4c085477aaff8c5
awsd update route successfully
c. Verify on AWS that the public and internal networks' secondary IP addresses moved to the new primary
FortiGate, and that the routing table changes to point to the secondary FortiGate's internal network ENI.
Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA AWS between multiple
zones manually with Transit Gateway integration
This guide provides sample configuration of a manual build of an AWS Transit Gateway (TGW) with two virtual private
cloud (VPC) spokes and a security VPC. The security VPC contains two FortiGate-VMs to inspect inbound and outbound
traffic.
Before deploying FortiGate high availability (HA) for AWS with TGW integration, familiarity with the following
AWS services is recommended:
l
Transit Gateway
l
Elastic Cloud Compute (EC2)
l
VPC
If you are new to AWS, see Getting Started with AWS.
This deployment consists of the following steps:
1. Creating VPCs and subnets on page 132
2. Creating a Transit Gateway and related resources on page 134
3. Creating an Internet gateway on page 135
4. Creating VPC route tables on page 135
5. Deploying FortiGate-VM from AWS marketplace on page 136
6. Adding network interfaces and elastic IP addresses to the FortiGate-VMs on page 137
7. Configuring the FortiGate-VMs on page 139
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8. Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy on page 140
9. Testing FortiGate-VM HA failover on page 141
Creating VPCs and subnets
Each VPC requires private subnets:
l
l
Each spoke VPC must each have one private subnet.
The security VPC hub must have eight subnets: four per availability zone (AZ). Each AZ contains a subnet for
management, private interface, public interface, and one Transit Gateway attachment.
Create the spoke and security subnets in different AZs to demonstrate cross-AZ functionality. The example shows the
following:
l
l
l
Spoke 1 (A) has one subnet in the us-west-2a AZ.
Spoke 2 (B) has one subnet in the us-west-2b AZ.
The security hub has four subnets for each AZ in both the us-west-2a and us-west-2b AZs.
To create VPCs and subnets:
1. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
2. Select Your VPCs and click the Create VPC button.
3. In the Name tag field, enter the desired name.
4. In the IPv4 CIDR block and IPv6 CIDR block fields, specify the desired CIDR for the spoke VPC.
5. Click Create.
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6. Repeat the process to create another spoke VPC and a security VPC.
7. Create subnets:
a. In the AWS console, go to the VPC service.
b. Select Subnets, then click the Create Subnet button.
c. In the Name tag field, enter the desired name.
d. In the VPC field, enter the VPC ID of the desired spoke or security VPC.
e. From the Availability Zone dropdown list, select the desired AZ.
f. In the IPv4 CIDR block, enter the desired CIDR block. Using default /24-sized subnets is recommended.
g. Click Create.
h. Repeat the process until you have the ten subnets.
After completion of this process, the example has configured the following subnets:
l
l
l
l
AZ A subnets in security VPC:
l Public: 10.0.0.0/24
l Internal: 10.0.1.0/24
l Heartbeat: 10.0.2.0/24
l Management: 10.0.3.0/24
AZ B subnets in security VPC:
l Public: 10.0.10.0/24
l Internal: 10.0.11.0/24
l Heartbeat: 10.0.12.0/24
l Management: 10.0.13.0/24
AZ A subnet in spoke 1 VPC: 10.1.1.0/24
AZ B subnet in spoke 2 VPC: 10.2.1.0/24
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Creating a Transit Gateway and related resources
To create a Transit Gateway and related resources:
1. Create a Transit Gateway (TGW):
a. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
b. Select Transit Gateways, then click the Create Transit Gateway button.
c. In the Name tag field, enter the desired name.
d. Deselect Default route table association and Default route table propagation to prevent undesired association
into the security route.
e. Configure other fields as desired, then click Create.
f. Wait for the Transit Gateway state to change from Pending to Available before proceeding.
2. Create two TGW route tables: one for the security VPC and another for the spokes:
a. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
b. Select Transit Gateway Route Tables, then click the Create Transit Gateway Route Table button.
c. In the Name tag field, enter the desired name.
d. From the Transit Gateway ID dropdown list, select the Transit Gateway ID.
e. Click Create.
f. Repeat the process for the spoke route table.
3. Create three TGW attachments, one for each VPC:
a. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
b. Select Transit Gateway Attachments, then click the Create Transit Gateway Attachment button.
c. From the Transit Gateway ID dropdown list, select the Transit Gateway ID.
d. In the Attachment type field, select VPC.
e. In the Attachment name tag field, enter the desired name.
f. In the VPC ID field, enter the security VPC ID for the first attachment. This is TGW_Sec_VPC_Attachment in
the screenshot.
g. For Subnet IDs, specify both AZs and select one of the subnets that you created in each AZ as attachment
subnets.
h. Repeat the process for the other two VPC IDs, spokes A and B. For the subnet VPC attachment, select the
corresponding AZ for each, then the Subnet ID dropdown list shows the spoke subnet that you created.
i. Wait for the State to become Available.
4. Create TGW associations:
a. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
b. Select Transit Gateway Route Tables, then select the spoke route table.
c. On the Associations tab, click the Create Association button.
d. From the Choose attachment to associate dropdown list, select the spoke 1 VPC.
e. Click Create association.
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f. Repeat the process for spoke B, which will be the second association for the route table.
g. Wait for both associations to achieve the Associated state before proceeding.
h. Next, select the security route table.
i. Repeat the same as above, and select the security VPC attachment from the Choose attachment to
associate dropdown list. Click Create association.
Creating an Internet gateway
To create an Internet gateway:
1. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
2. Click the Create Internet Gateway button.
3. In the Name tag field, enter the desired name.
4. Click Create.
5. Attach the Internet gateway to the security VPC by selecting the Internet gateway and selecting Attach to VPC
from the Actions menu.
6. Select the security VPC in the VPC dropdown list and click the Attach button to save.
Creating VPC route tables
To create a VPC route table:
1. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
2. Configure two spoke VPC route tables:
a. Select Route Tables, then click the Create route table button.
b. Configure the desired name, then select the spoke A VPC. Click the Create button.
c. Repeat the process for the spoke B VPC.
d. Select the spoke A VPC route table. On the Routes tab, click the Edit routes button.
e. Click Add Route.
f. In the Destination field, specify 0.0.0.0/0.
g. For the Target, specify the Transit Gateway (TGW). Click Save Routes.
h. On the Subnet Associations tab, click the Edit subnet associations button.
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i. Select the spoke subnet that you just created, then click Save.
j. Repeat the process for the spoke B route table.
3. Configure the security VPC external route table:
a. Click the Create route table button.
b. Configure Sec_VPC_External as the name. This will be the Internet-facing route table. Select the security
VPC.
c. Click the Create button.
d. Select the security VPC external route table. On the Routes tab, click the Edit routes button.
e. In the Destination field, specify 0.0.0.0/0.
f. For the Target, specify the Internet Gateway.
g. Click Save Routes.
h. On the Subnet Associations tab, click the Edit subnet associations button.
i. Add the management and public subnets for both VPC A and B, then click the Save button.
4. Configure the security VPC internal route table:
a. Click the Create route table button.
b. Configure Sec_VPC_Internal as the name. This will be the route for internal traffic targeting the TGW. Select
the security VPC.
c. Click the Create button.
d. Select the security VPC internal route table. On the Routes tab, click the Edit routes button.
e. Click Save Routes.
f. On the Subnet Associations tab, click the Edit subnet associations button.
g. Select the internal subnets for both VPC A and B, then click the Save button.
Deploying FortiGate-VM from AWS marketplace
To deploy the FortiGate-VM from the AWS marketplace:
1. On the AWS marketplace, find a FortiGate-VM listing and version available for selection. This example uses
FortiGate-VM On-Demand 6.2.1, ami-0439b030915c59e67, on c5.xlarge instances. Available versions may
change.
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Deploying a high availability (HA) pair requires four network interfaces. Instances smaller
than x.large do not support four network interfaces and do not work for this deployment
type.
2. Launch the FortiGate-VM through Elastic Compute Cloud.
3. Deploy the VM with only one network interface with public IP address assignment enabled.
4. Repeat the steps for the second VM instance in a second availability zone.
5. To enable management access to the FortiGate-VMs and HA traffic flow, open the security group attached to the
FortiGate-VMs:
a. In the AWS console, select Security Groups.
b. Click the Create Security Group button.
c. Add a rule with a source of 0.0.0.0/0 for all traffic types.
d. Assign the rule to all interfaces on both FortiGate-VMs. The next step in the process, Adding network
interfaces and elastic IP addresses to the FortiGate-VMs on page 137, explains creating additional network
interfaces. You can tighten the security group later.
Adding network interfaces and elastic IP addresses to the FortiGate-VMs
To add network interfaces and elastic IP addresses to the FortiGate-VMs:
1. Add network interfaces:
a. In the AWS console, open the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) service.
b. Select Network Interfaces, then click the Create Network Interface button.
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c. Provide a description of the interface, specify the private subnet in availability zone A and specify the security
group created in Deploying FortiGate-VM from AWS marketplace on page 136.
d. Click Yes, Create.
e. Click the newly created interface. From the Actions dropdown list, select Change Source/Dest Check.
Disable Source/Dest Check and save.
f. From the Actions dropdown list, select Attach.
g. From the dropdown list, select the first FortiGate-VM. Click Attach.
h. Repeat the process for the second FortiGate-VM.
2. Repeat step 1 for the secondary FortiGate-VM. Each FortiGate-VM will be attached with four network interfaces:
Port
Purpose
Port1 (eth0)
Public network IP address. Elastic IP address (EIP) only for primary FortiGate
in high availability group.
Port2 (eth1)
Private network IP address
Port3 (eth2)
Heartbeat network IP address
Port4 (eth3)
Management network IP address. EIP on each FortiGate.
3. Add elastic IP addresses (EIPs):
a. In the AWS console, open the EC2 service.
b. Select Elastic IPs, then click the Allocate new address button.
c. Accept the defaults, then click the Allocate button.
d. Repeat steps a-c twice for a total of three EIPs:
l One EIP is for port1 that will move to the secondary FortiGate-VM during failover.
l Two EIPs are for high availability (HA) management ports.
4. Attach three EIPs as follows:
a. Port 1 of the primary FortiGate by selecting Network Interface as the Resource Type and its eth0 ENI network
interface to associate.
b. Port 4 of the primary FortiGate by selecting Network Interface as the Resource Type and its eth3 ENI network
interface to associate.
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c. Port 4 of the secondary FortiGate by selecting Network Interface as the Resource Type and its eth 3ENI
network interface to associate.
The primary FortiGate port 1 EIP will fail over to the secondary FortiGate in case of failure.
Port4 elastic IPs are not accessible until you form an HA cluster.
Configuring the FortiGate-VMs
To configure the FortiGate-VMs:
1. Log in to the primary FortiGate-VM:
a. In the browser, enter https:// followed by the by the port1 (eth0) public IP address.
b. Click Advanced, then proceed with the warning.
c. Enter admin and the instance ID as the username and password, respectively, for the primary FortiGate-VM,
and proceed to change the default password.
2. Configure the primary FortiGate-VM:
a. Go to Network > Interfaces. Confirm all four port IP address settings.
b. Go to Network > Static Routes. Set the static route for port1 and port2 to the corresponding gateway on each
FortiGate-VM. Usually the last number is 1 for the same subnet (i.e. 10.0.0.1) on AWS.
c. Ensure that the 10.0.0.0/8 route has a lower admin distance to avoid local traffic being forwarded to port1.
d. Go to System > HA. Configure high availability (HA) settings. After enabling active-passive mode, you can
only access the FortiGate-VM through the HA management port (elastic IP address on port4).
i. From the Mode dropdown list, select Active-Passive.
ii. In the Device priority field, enter a value that will be higher than the one you configure for the secondary
node.
iii. Configure the Group name and Password fields.
iv. Enable Session pickup.
v. For Heartbeat interfaces, select port3.
vi. Enable Management Interface Reservation. From the Interface dropdown list, select port4. Specify the
gateway for the same subnet.
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vii. Enable Unicast Heartbeat. Specify the port3 IP address of the peer FortiGate.
3. Log in to and configure the secondary FortiGate-VM by repeating steps 1-2. When configuring device priority in
HA settings, set a lower value than that of the primary node.
4. Configure policies to forward internal traffic out from port1. You only need to configure such policies on the primary
FortiGate-VM, as the policy configuration will synchronize between the FortiGate-VMs.
5. (Optional) You an configure an AWS SDN connector to allow population of dynamic objects such as policy objects.
See Configuring the SDN connector to populate dynamic objects on page 144.
Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy
To update the route table and add an IAM policy:
1. Update the route table:
a. After configuring the internal network ports, you must route all internal traffic to the elastic network interface
(ENI) of the primary FortiGate-VM port2. In the AWS console, open the Elastic Cloud Compute service.
b. Select Instances, then select the primary FortiGate-VM.
c. On the Description tab, select port2 (eth1) and copy the interface ID.
d. Save the content into a text editor.
e. In the AWS console, open the VPC service.
f. Select Route Tables, then select the Sec_VPC_Internal route table.
g. On the Routes tab, click the Edit Routes button.
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h. Add the following two rules:
Destination
Target
0.0.0.0/0
Paste the ENI copied in step 1.
10.0.0.0/8
Transit Gateway
i. Click Save. Check that the internal port2 subnets for both A and B are associated with this routing table.
2. Both firewalls need an IAM policy attached to make API calls to AWS to move the elastic IP address on port1 and
network interface on port2 between primary and secondary FortiGate-VMs. Go to the AMI service and create a role
with the following policy: {
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": [
"ec2:Describe*",
"ec2:AssociateAddress",
"ec2:AssignPrivateIpAddresses",
"ec2:UnassignPrivateIpAddresses",
"ec2:ReplaceRoute"
],
"Resource": "*",
"Effect": "Allow"
}
]
}
3. Attach the AMI role to both FortiGate-VMs by selecting the FortiGate EC2 instance and selecting Attach/Replace
IAM Role in the Actions menu.
Testing FortiGate-VM HA failover
The following prerequisites are required for successful failover:
l
l
l
l
Two FortiGates exist in the same virtual private cloud and different availability zones. The two FortiGates must
also have the same FortiOS build (FGT_VM64_AWS or FGT_VM64_AWSONDEMAND) installed and the same
instance shape. In this example, both FortiGate-VM instances were deployed as C5.xlarge.
The high availability (HA) management port can resolve DNS and make API calls to AWS. The HA management
port is not blocked by the security group and routed to the Internet gateway on all cluster members.
If using FortiGate-VM BYOL instances, both FortiGate-VMs have valid licenses.
Minimum sufficient IAM roles as shown in Updating the route table and adding an IAM policy on page 140
To test FortiGate-VM HA failover:
1. To ensure that the FortiGate-VMs are in sync, run get system ha status:
master # get sys ha stat
HA Health Status: OK
Model: FortiGate-VM64-AWSONDEMAND
Mode: HA A-P
Group: 0
Debug: 0
Cluster Uptime: 1 days 1:50:18
Cluster state change time: 2019-01-31 18:20:47
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Master selected using:
<2019/01/31 18:20:47> FGTAWS0006AB1961 is selected as the master because it has the largest
value of override priority.
<2019/01/31 18:20:47> FGTAWS0006AB1961 is selected as the master because it's the only
member in the cluster.
ses_pickup: enable, ses_pickup_delay=disable
override: disable
Master: FGTAWS0006AB1961, HA operating index = 0
Slave : FGTAWS000B29804F, HA operating index = 1
2. Enable debug mode on the secondary FortiGate:
diagnose debug enable
diagnose debug application awsd -1
Debug messages will be on for unlimited time.
3. Shut down the primary FortiGate. In the event of a successful failover, the secondary FortiGate CLI shows the
following:
slave # Become HA master
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port1 ip 10.0.10.11
send_vip_arp: vd root master 1 intf port2 ip 10.0.11.11
awsd get instance id i-0b29804fd38976af4
awsd get iam role WikiDemoHARole
awsd get region us-west-2
awsd get vpc id vpc-0ade7ea6e64befbfc
awsd doing ha failover for vdom root
awsd associate elastic ip for port1
awsd associate elastic ip allocation eipalloc-06b849dbb0f76555f to 10.0.10.11 of eni eni0ab045a4d6dce664a
awsd associate elastic ip successfully
awsd update route table rtb-0a7b4fec57feb1a21, replace route of dst 0.0.0.0/0 to eni0c4c085477aaff8c5
awsd update route successfully
4. Verify on AWS that the public EIP on port1 and the Sec_VPC_Internal route table point to the new primary
FortiGate port2 ENI.
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See the following:
l
Single FortiGate-VM deployment
l
Active-passive HA cluster deployment in the same availability zone
l
Active-passive HA cluster deployment across two availability zones
l
Active-active FortiGate-VM pair deployment using internal and external network load balancers
l
AWS Transit Gateway hub-spoke FortiGate-VM deployment across two availability zones
Support
For issues, see this GitHub project's Issues tab. For other questions related to the GitHub project, contact
github@fortinet.com.
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Certificate-based Security Fabric connector integration
Configuring the SDN connector to populate dynamic objects
It is recommended to configure the SDN Connector using the GUI, then check the configuration using the CLI:
Configuring the AWS SDN Connector using the GUI
1. Go to Security Fabric > Fabric Connectors. Click Create New.
2. Under SDN, select Amazon Web Services (AWS). Note you can create only one SDN Connector per connector
type.
3. In the AWS access key ID field, enter the key created in the AWS management portal.
4. In the AWS secret access key field, enter the secret access key accompanying the above access key.
5. In the AWS region name field, enter the region name. Refer to AWS Regions and Endpoints for the desired
region name.
6. In the AWS VPC ID field, enter the VPC ID within the specified region you desire to cover with the SDN Connector.
7. In the Update Interval field, enter the desired number of seconds. You can enter any value between 1 and 3600
seconds. The default value is 60 seconds.
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8. Toggle the Status on or off.
9. Click OK.
Checking the configuration using the CLI
To check the configuration, open the CLI console and enter the following commands:
config system sdn-connector
edit "<connector-name>"
show
The output resembles the following:
config system sdn-connector
edit "<connector-name>"
set access-key "<example-access-key>"
set secret-key ENC <example-secret-key>
set region "us-west-2"
set vpc-id "vpc-e1e4b587"
set update-interval 1
next
end
If you see that the Fabric connector is not enabled in Security Fabric > Fabric Connectors in the FortiOS GUI, try
running the following commands to enable the Fabric Connector:
diagnose deb application awsd -1
diagnose debug enable
The output may display an error like the following:
FGT # awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN prepare to update
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN start updating
aws curl response err, 403
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<Response><Errors><Error><Code>UnauthorizedOperation</Code><Message>You are not authorized to
perform this operation.</Message></Error></Errors><RequestID>8403cc11-b185-41da-ad6d23bb4db7d00a</RequestID></Response>
awsd curl failed 403
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN failed to get instance list
aws curl response err, 403
{"Message":"User: arn:aws:iam::956224459807:user/jcarcavallo is not authorized to perform:
eks:ListClusters on resource: arn:aws:eks:us-east-1:956224459807:cluster/*"}
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN get EKS cluster list failed
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN list EKS cluster failed
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN start updating IP addresses
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN finish updating IP addresses
awsd reap child pid: 569
In this case, you must configure power user access for the current administrator in the AWS management console:
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After configuring power user access, run the following commands:
diagnose deb application awsd -1
diagnose debug enable
The output should display without error, as follows:
FGT # AWSD: update sdn connector AWS_SDN status to enabled
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN prepare to update
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN start updating
awsd get ec2 instance info successfully
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN start updating IP addresses
awsd sdn connector AWS_SDN finish updating IP addresses
awsd reap child pid: 893
The AWS connector is now enabled:
Creating an address
You can create an address using the GUI or CLI. Either way, the process consists of the following steps:
1. Creating an address, which is used as an address group or single address to be used for source/destination of
firewall policies. The address is based on IP addresses. The address contains IP addresses of AWS instances that
are currently running.
2. When changes occur on the instances, the SDN connector populates and updates the changes automatically based
on the specified filtering condition so administrators do not need to reconfigure the address’s content manually.
3. Appropriate firewall policies using the address are applied to the instances that are members of it.
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Creating an address using the GUI
To create an address using the GUI:
1. In FortiOS, go to Policy & Objects > Addresses. Click Create New, then select Address.
2. Enter the address name. From the Type dropdown list, select Dynamic.
3. From the Sub Type dropdown list, select Fabric Connector Address.
4. From the SDN Connector dropdown list, select the AWS Fabric connector.
5. In the Filter fields, enter the desired filters. This means the Fabric connector automatically populates and updates
only instances belonging to the specified VPC that match this filtering condition. You can use the following keys:
Description
Key
Example value
Architecture
architecture
x86
Autoscaling group
AutoScaleGroup
10703c-4f731e90-fortigate-paygauto-scaling-group
AZ
placement.availabilityzone
us-east-1a
Group name
placement.groupname
Image ID
imageId
ami-123456
Instance ID
instanceId
i-12345678
Instance type
instanceType
t2.micro
Key name
keyName
Kubernetes cluster
k8s_cluster
Kubernetes label and its name
k8s_label.Name
Kubernetes namespace
k8s_namespace
Kubernetes node name
k8s_nodename
Kubernetes pod name
k8s_podname
Kubernetes region
k8s_region
Kubernetes service name
k8s_servicename
Kubernetes zone
k8s_zone
Private DNS name
privateDnsName
ip-172-31-10-211.us-west2.compute.internal
Public DNS name
publicDnsName
ec2-54-202-168-254.us-west2.compute.amazonaws.com
Security group ID
SecurityGroupId
Subnet ID
subnetId
Tag and its name. This key supports
a maximum of eight tags.
tag.Name
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Description
Key
Tenancy placement
placement.tenancy
VPC ID
VpcId
Example value
For example, to automatically populate instances that belong to a certain subnet within the VPC, you can create a
filtering condition using subnetID. First, check the subnet ID in the AWS management portal.
In this example, you would enter subnetId=subnet-fb2506a0 in the Filter field.
You can set the filtering condition using multiple entries with the and and or button for each entry. When you use
both and and or, FortiOS interprets and before or. For example, you can enter subnetId=subnet-fb2506a0 and
tag.Name=abc123. In this case, an IP address of the instance that matches both the subnet ID and the tag “Name”
shows up. Filters support wildcard values.
6. From the Interface dropdown list, select an interface where the Fabric connector covers where relevant.
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7. Click OK. Once saved, FortiOS lists the address under Policy & Objects > Addresses.
Creating an address using the CLI
To create an address using the CLI:
1. Open the FortiOS CLI with administrator credentials.
2. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses. Create a new address, or select an existing address. Right-click the address
and select Edit in CLI.
3. Configure the filtering rule. This means the Fabric connector automatically populates and updates only instances
belonging to the specified VPC that match this filtering condition. You can use the following keys:
Description
Key
Example value
Architecture
architecture
x86
Autoscaling group
AutoScaleGroup
10703c-4f731e90-fortigate-paygauto-scaling-group
AZ
placement.availabilityzone
us-east-1a
Group name
placement.groupname
Image ID
imageId
ami-123456
Instance ID
instanceId
i-12345678
Instance type
instanceType
t2.micro
Key name
keyName
Kubernetes cluster
k8s_cluster
Kubernetes label and its name
k8s_label.Name
Kubernetes namespace
k8s_namespace
Kubernetes node name
k8s_nodename
Kubernetes pod name
k8s_podname
Kubernetes region
k8s_region
Kubernetes service name
k8s_servicename
Kubernetes zone
k8s_zone
Private DNS name
privateDnsName
ip-172-31-10-211.us-west2.compute.internal
Public DNS name
publicDnsName
ec2-54-202-168-254.us-west2.compute.amazonaws.com
Security group ID
SecurityGroupId
Subnet ID
subnetId
Tag and its name. This key supports
tag.Name
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Description
Key
Example value
a maximum of eight tags.
Tenancy placement
placement.tenancy
VPC ID
VpcId
For example, to automatically populate instances that belong to a certain subnet within the VPC, you can create a
filtering condition using subnetID. First, check the subnet ID in the AWS management portal.
4. Enter set filter "subnetId=subnet-fb2506a0", as well as other commands to configure the address
as desired. In this example, the subnet is 10.0.2.0/24. At this point, show shows the following:
Three instances with IP addresses 10.0.2.111, 10.0.2.112, and 10.0.2.114 have just been populated and are
updated automatically as you set the filtering condition above and the update interval specified in the GUI has been
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reached. Since these three instances have been up and running in the specified VPC, the Fabric connector found
them through APIs that FortiOS called to AWS.
You can set the filtering condition using multiple entries with & (and) and | (or) button for each entry. When you use
both & and |, FortiOS interprets & before |. For example, you can enter subnetId=subnet-fb2506a0 &
tag.Name=abc123. In this case, an IP address of the instance that matches both the subnet ID and the tag
“Name” shows up. Filters support wildcard values.
(Connectivity test) Adding an EC2 instance to test automatic population
1. Assume you want to boot up another instance with an IP address of 10.0.2.113, which is currently stopped. In the
AWS management portal, start the instance.
2. Verify that the instance is running.
3. At this point, running show again shows the SDN Connector has automatically populated and added the
10.0.2.113 instance.
Therefore, administrators do not need to add this instance to the Address manually. When a firewall policy is
applied to this Address, 10.0.2.113 is automatically covered. The filtering condition can be set using multiple
entries with AND ("&") or OR ("|"). When both ANDand OR are used, ANDis interpreted before OR. Check the syntax
by entering set filter ?.
For example, you can enter subnetID=subnet-fb2506a0 & tag.Name=abc123. In this case, an IP
address of the instance that matches both the subnet ID and the tag "Name" shows up. Note wildcards are not
allowed in values.
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Creating a firewall policy
Finally, you can use this address to configure a firewall policy as a source or destination. The following operation is not
SDN connector-specific, but shows a general method of creating a firewall policy. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy
and create a firewall rule.
Configuring an AWS Fabric connector using IAM roles
The following summarizes minimum sufficient IAM roles for this deployment:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Action": [
"ec2:Describe*"
],
"Resource": "*",
"Effect": "Allow"
}
]
}
See the FortiOS Cookbook.
AWS Kubernetes (EKS) Fabric connector
AWS Fabric connectors support dynamic address groups based on AWS Kubernetes (EKS) filters. The following
summarizes minimum permissions for this deployment:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "VisualEditor0",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"ec2:Describe*",
"eks:DescribeCluster",
"eks:ListClusters"
],
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
Once you have the proper permissions for EKS, you must follow the steps at Managing Users or IAM Roles for your
Cluster for EKS to properly pull data from the cluster. The following shows a successful pull of IP addresses from the
EKS cluster:
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awsd getting IPs from EKS cluster: dchao-cluster (us-west-2), endpoint:
https://F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west-2.eks.amazonaws.com
kube url: https://F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west2.eks.amazonaws.com/api/v1/services
kube host: F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west-2.eks.amazonaws.com:443:100.21.79.123
kube url: https://F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west2.eks.amazonaws.com/api/v1/nodes
kube host: F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west-2.eks.amazonaws.com:443:100.21.79.123
k8s node ip: 172.31.34.72, nodename: ip-172-31-34-72.us-west-2.compute.internal
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
k8s node ip: 18.237.109.243, nodename: ip-172-31-34-72.us-west-2.compute.internal
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
kube url: https://F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west-2.eks.amazonaws.com/api/v1/pods
kube host: F57B834C1ADA8ED7FA3CAFB36073D384.gr7.us-west-2.eks.amazonaws.com:443:100.21.79.123
k8s pod ip: 172.31.34.72, podname: aws-node-7kbm5, namespace: kube-system
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
k8s pod ip: 172.31.45.127, podname: coredns-6f647f5754-85m88, namespace: kube-system
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
k8s pod ip: 172.31.38.147, podname: coredns-6f647f5754-87ch7, namespace: kube-system
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
k8s pod ip: 172.31.34.72, podname: kube-proxy-ks9pw, namespace: kube-system
cluster: dchao-cluster, region: us-west-2, zone: us-west-2b
After configuring the above, follow the instructions in the FortiOS Cookbook to complete configuration.
Populating threat feeds with GuardDuty
AWS GuardDuty is a managed threat detection service that monitors malicious or unauthorized behaviors/activities
related to AWS resources. GuardDuty provides visibility of logs called "findings", and Fortinet provides a Lambda script
called "aws-lambda-guardduty", which translates feeds from AWS GuardDuty findings into a list of malicious IP
addresses in an S3 location, which a FortiGate-VM can consume as an external threat feed after being configured to
point to the list's URL. To use this feature, you must subscribe to GuardDuty, CloudWatch, S3, and DynamoDB.
Installing and configuring GuardDuty requires knowledge of:
l
l
l
CLI
AWS Lambda function, DynamoDB, S3 bucket, and IAM
Node.js
The Lambda script is available to download on GitHub.
Security implications
It is highly recommended that you create a dedicated AWS IAM role to run this Lambda function. The role should have
limited permissions to restrict operation on a dedicated S3 bucket resource for only this project.
It is never suggested to attach a full control policy such as AmazonS3FullAccess, which has full permissions to all
resources under your Amazon AWS account, to the role which runs the Lambda function. Allowing full-access
permissions to all resources may put your resources at risk.
Following is a list of permissions required for the IAM role to run this project across the required AWS services:
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AWS service
Permission
S3
ListBucket, HeadBucket, GetObject, PutObject, PutObjectAcl
DynamoDB
DescribeStream, ListStreams, Scan, GetShardIterator, GetRecords, UpdateItem
Parameters
GuardDuty findings give visibility on the following:
l
l
l
l
l
Severity: high/medium/low (associated with scores)
Where the behavior/activity occurred: Region, resource ID, account ID
When: last seen date/time
Count
Detailed information
l Affected resource: type/instance ID/image ID/port/resource type/image description/launch time/tags/network
interfaces (public IP, private IP, subnet ID, VPC ID, security groups)
l Action: type/connection direction
l Actor
l Additional
For more information about Amazon GuardDuty, see the Amazon GuardDuty official website.
There are five configurable environment variables in the Lambda function:
Variable name
Type
Description
MIN_SEVERITY
Integer
The minimum severity to block an IP
address. Defaults to 3. Value ranges
from 1 to 10 by AWS GuardDuty
definition.
S3_BUCKET
Text
S3 bucket name to store the IP block list
file. No default value. Must specify.
S3_BLOCKLIST_KEY
Text
Path to the IP block list file within the S3
bucket. No default value. Must specify.
The relative file path to the S3 bucket.
REGION
Text
AWS region to run Lambda, DynamoDB
services. Must specify.
DDB_TABLE_NAME
Text
DynamoDB table name which stores
malicious IP addresses from findings.
Must specify.
Installation
You can follow the installation steps below to setup this Lambda function:
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Prerequisites
See below for a list of tools required to deploy this project before installation. Some prerequisites are platform-specific.
Choose the right one for your OS (such as Windows, Linux, or macOS).
l
Node.js (6.5.0 or later)
l
npm. Although npm comes with Node.js, check here for how to install npm and manage the npm version.
l
AWS account
l
Git (latest version)
l
*Git Bash (latest version). Git Bash is a solution for Windows platform users to run the following installation steps.
The article Use git, ssh and npm on windows with Git Bash gives more information about setting up Git Bash on
Windows.
Preparing the deployment package
When you have all prerequisites ready, you can continue the installation as below. The commands in each steps are
intended to run in Terminal or Git Bash only.
You must create a deployment package from the local Git project repository, which will be uploaded for the Lambda
function creation in a later step.
To prepare the deployment package:
1. Clone this project into the "guardduty" folder in your current local directory, and enter the project directory:
$ git clone https://github.com/fortinet/aws-lambda-guardduty.git guardduty
$ cd guardduty
2. Install project dependencies:
$ npm install
3. Build this project locally to create a deployment package .zip file. The file will be located in ./dist/aws_lambda_
guardduty.zip:
$ npm run build
Setting up the S3 bucket
This project needs one S3 bucket. The example in the following steps creates an S3 bucket named "my-aws-lambdaguardduty". The example uses the bucket name in some configuration steps. Due to bucket naming limitations in S3,
each bucket should have a globally unique name. Therefore, your bucket should have a different name than the
example's. Write down your bucket name, since it is used in other configuration steps.
Create the S3 bucket to store the IP block list. In this example, the bucket is named my-aws-lambda-guardduty. This
bucket is required to run this project. Although bucket creation is region-specific, once created, the bucket can be
accessed from any region. Do not grant the bucket public access permissions. The Lambda function points to this
bucket through its S3_BUCKET environment variable.
Setting up the DynamoDB table
One DynamoDB table with the stream feature enabled is required to store records of malicious IP addresses from
GuardDuty findings. DynamoDB tables and Lambda functions are region-specific so you must create the table and the
Lambda function in the same AWS region. A DynamoDB trigger on this table is created to cause the Lambda function to
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execute. Since the Lambda function has not been created yet, instructions to create the trigger are provided later in
Setting up the DynamoDB stream trigger.
1. Create the DynamoDB table. In this example, the table is named my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db.
a. For the primary key, do the following:
i. Input the value finding_id. This value is case-sensitive.
ii. From the data type dropdown list, select String.
b. Add a sort key:
i. Input the value ip. This value is case-sensitive.
ii. From the data type dropdown list, select String.
c. Check used default settings for Table settings.
d. Click Create.
2. Enable the Stream feature on the table.
a. On the Overview tab, click Manage Stream, select Keys only, then click Enable to save.
b. Write down the Latest stream ARN. This ARN is used in the IAM policy creation step.
Setting up the IAM role and policies
An IAM role is created to run the Lambda function. Three policies attach to the IAM role. The first one is a usermanaged policy which grants permissions to operation on the S3 bucket my-aws-lambda-guardduty. The second one is
a user-managed policy which grants permission to operation on the DynamoDB table my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db.
The third one is an AWS-managed policy which allows the Lambda function to write logs to CloudWatch.
1. Create a policy to operate on the S3 bucket.
a. Choose S3 as its service.
b. In Access level, add ListBucket on List, HeadBucket and GetObject on Read, PutObject on Write, and
PutObjectAcl on Permissions management.
c. In Resources, choose Specific.
i. For the bucket resource type, add the my-aws-lambda-guardduty S3 bucket ARN (for example,
arn:aws:s3:::my-aws-lambda-guardduty) to restrict access to any file in the specific bucket only.
ii. For the object resource type, add the my-aws-lambda-guardduty S3 bucket ARN and a /* wildcard (for
example, *arn:aws:s3:::my-aws-lambda-guardduty/**) to restrict access to any file in the specific bucket
only.
d. Click Review Policy, then Save Changes. The policy in JSON form looks like the code snippet below:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
"{
"Sid": "VisualEditor0",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"s3:PutObject",
"s3:GetObject",
"s3:ListBucket",
"s3:PutObjectAcl"
"],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:s3:::my-aws-lambda-guardduty",
"arn:aws:s3:::my-aws-lambda-guardduty/*"
]
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},
{
"Sid": "VisualEditor1",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "s3:HeadBucket",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
2. Create a policy to operate on the DynamoDB table.
a. Choose DynamoDB as its service.
b. In Access level, add ListStreams on List, DescribeStream, GetRecords, GetShardIterator, Scan on Read,
and UpdateItem on Write.
c. In Resources, choose Specific.
i. For the stream resource type, add the my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db latest stream ARN (for
example,arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:888888888888:table/my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db/2018-0720T10:30:10.888). Replace the Stream label content with the * wildcard to allow for access to any stream
resource of the my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db table.
ii. Forthe table resource type, add the my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db DynamoDB table ARN (for example,
arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:888888888888:table/my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db) to restrict access to
the specific table only.
d. Click Review Policy, then Save Changes. The policy in JSON form looks like the code snippet below:
{
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "VisualEditor0",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": [
"dynamodb:GetShardIterator",
"dynamodb:Scan",
"dynamodb:UpdateItem",
"dynamodb:DescribeStream",
"dynamodb:GetRecords"
],
"Resource": [
"arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:888888888888:table/my-aws-lambda-guarddutydb/stream/*",
"arn:aws:dynamodb:us-east-1:888888888888:table/my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db"
]
},
{
"Sid": "VisualEditor1",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Action": "dynamodb:ListStreams",
"Resource": "*"
}
]
}
3. Create an IAM role to run the Lambda function.
a. Choose the Lamba service that will use this role.
b. Attach the two user-managed policies created in the previous steps to this role.
c. Attach the AWS-managed policy AWSLambdaBasicExecutionRole to this role.
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Creating the Lambda function
The Lambda function is created with the deployment package generated in Preparing the deployment package on page
155. This package is uploaded directly to this Lambda function. The Lambda function has five configurable environment
variables for severity, AWS region, DynamoDB table name, and IP block list file entry point.
1. Create a function that authors from scratch.
a. Give the function a unique name.
b. For its Runtime, select Node.js 6.10.
c. For Role, select Choose an existing role. Select the role created in Setting up the IAM role and policies on
page 156.
2. Set up the function code.
a. For code entry type, select Upload a .ZIP file. The Function package field appears.
b. For Function package, click Upload to upload the deployment package .zip file generated in Preparing the
deployment package.
c. For Handler, enter index.handler.
3. Set up the environment variables. Note values for key fields are case-sensitive and should all be in upper case.
a. Add a key MIN_SEVERITY and input a value of 3.
b. Add a key S3_BUCKET and paste the name of the S3 bucket created in Setting up the S3 bucket on page
155. In this example, the S3 bucket name is my-aws-lambda-guardduty.
c. Add a key S3_BLOCKLIST_KEY and input a value of ip_blocklist or a different name as desired.
d. Add a key REGION and input the AWS region where your Lambda function and DynamoDB table are situated.
For example, the region of US East (N. Virginia) is us-east-1. For information about AWS Regions, please see
AWS Regions and Endpoints.
e. Add a key DDB_TABLE_NAME and input the name of the DynamoDB table created in Setting up the
DynamoDB table on page 155. In this example, the DynamoDB table name is my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db.
4. Save the Lambda function.
Setting up the DynamoDB stream trigger
You must add a trigger to the DynamoDB table created in Setting up the DynamoDB table on page 155. This trigger is
the key that causes the Lambda function to generate a full IP block list to a static file in the S3 bucket.
The following describes how to create a trigger on a DynamoDB table
1. In DynamoDB, click the table to toggle on its detail window.
2. On the Triggers tab, click Create Trigger, then Existing Lambda function from the dropdown list.
3. From the Function dropdown list, select the Lambda function created in Creating the Lambda function on page
158.
4. Leave the Batch size value at its default, which is normally 100.
5. Select the Enable trigger checkbox.
6. Click Create.
At this point, installation is complete, although the AWS CloudWatch and GuardDuty services need additional
configuration to work with the Lambda function.
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Setting up CloudWatch
In this section, a CloudWatch event rule is created to invoke the Lambda function based on events happening in
GuardDuty findings. If you have not subscribed to GuardDuty yet, you must subscribe to it before moving on. For
information about GuardDuty, see Amazon GuardDuty.
The following describes creating a new event rule.
1. For Event Source, choose Event Pattern, and select Events by Service from the dropdown list.
2. For Service Name, select GuardDuty from the dropdown list.
3. For Event Type, select GuardDuty Finding from the dropdown list.
4. Check that the Event Pattern Preview looks like the code snippet below.
{
"source": [
"aws.guardduty"
],
"detail-type": [
"GuardDuty Finding"
]
}
5. For the targets, click Add Target* and select Lambda function from the dropdown list.
6. For the Function, select the Lambda function you created from the dropdown list.
7. Click Configure rule details.
8. Name the rule as desired.
9. For State, select the Enabled checkbox.
10. Click Create Rule.
Testing the setup
When all services have been created and configured properly, execute this simple test to verify your work.
1. Create and run the test event from the Lambda function:
a. From the Test Event dropdown list, select Configure test events.
b. Select Create new test event to add a test event with the content as the code snippet below.
{
"id": "fa9fa4a5-0232-188d-da1c-af410bcfc344",
"detail": {
"service": {
"serviceName": "guardduty",
"action": {
"networkConnectionAction": {
"connectionDirection": "INBOUND",
"remoteIpDetails": {
"ipAddressV4": "192.168.123.123"
}
}
},
"additionalInfo": {
"threatListName": "GeneratedFindingThreatListName">
},
"eventLastSeen": "2018-07-18T22:12:01.720Z"
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},
"severity": 3
}
}
c. From the Test Event dropdown list again, select the event you have just created, then click Test to execute
this Lambda function with the given event.
2. Verify the test result.
a. If everything was set up correctly, you will see Execution result: succeeded on the top of the page of this
Lambda function.
b. Check and see a record with finding_id - fa9fa4a5-0232-188d-da1c-af410bcfc344 and ip - 192.168.123.123 is
in the DynamoDB table - my-aws-lambda-guardduty-db.
c. Check and see the file ip_blocklist resides in the S3 bucket my-aws-lambda-guardduty.
d. Check that the ip_blocklist file has a Read object permission for Everyone under the Public access section.
e. Check that the ip_blocklist is accessible through its link in browser (e.g. https://s3-us-east1.amazonaws.com/***my-aws-lambda-guardduty***/ip_blocklist)
f. Check that the ip_blocklist file contains 192.168.123.123 in a single line in its content.
(Optional) Generating sample findings in GuardDuty
Amazon GuardDuty monitors your AWS infrastructures on a continuous basis to detect malicious or unauthorized
behavior and creates records based on such findings. If you have just subscribed to GuardDuty for the first time, you will
see no findings in the list. You can click Generate sample findings under Settings and get some samples. Then several
dummy findings marked as “[SAMPLE]” are created. As long as you have set up the Lambda function and CloudWatch
correctly, some of those sample findings trigger the CloudWatch event rule to run the Lambda function. A few new IP
addresses eventually appear in the ip_blocklist.
Setting up the FortiGate(s)
As a FortiGate-VM feature, GuardDuty integration introduces the ability to dynamically import external block lists from
an HTTP server. You can use the block lists to enforce your organization's specialized security requirements. This can
include long term policies, such as always blocking access to certain websites, or short term requirements to block
access to known compromised locations. Since these lists are dynamically imported, the FortiGate-VM instantly imports
any changes made to the list.
In this example, the FortiGate-VM integrates with AWS GuardDuty to populate a list, which is treated as a "threat feed".
You can use a threat feed to deny access to a source or destination IP address in web filter and DNS filter profiles, SSL
inspection exemptions, and as a source/destination in proxy policies. The block list is stored as an external resource,
which is dynamically imported to the FortiGate-VM at a configured interval/refresh rate to maintain an updated list. The
administrator can configure multiple threat feeds in each profile.
1. To configure a threat feed, go to Security Fabric > Fabric Connectors, then click Create New, then IP Address
under Threat Feeds.
2. The following example creates an IP address connector. The resource name appears as an external IP block list in
DNS filter profiles and as a source/destination in proxy policies. Configure the following:
a. URI of external resource: link to an external resource file. The file should be a plain text file with one IP
address on each line. In this example, the IP address is https://s3-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/***my-awslambda-guardduty***/ip_blocklist. The file size is up to 10 MB or 128000 lines of text, whichever is more
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restrictive.
b. Refresh Rate: time interval to refresh the external resource. The rate can be between 1 to 43200 minutes.
3. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy and create/edit a policy. In the Source and Destination fields, you should be
able to add the new feed.
Cleanup
Since test events and sample findings can update the ip_blocklist with sample IP addresses, it is highly recommended
to clean up the ip_blocklist for production use. This cleanup step removes the ip_blocklist from the S3 bucket and clears
the DynamoDB table.
1. Delete all records from the DynamoDB table. In this example, the DynamoDB table is my-aws-lambda-guarddutydb.
2. Delete the ip_blocklist file in the my-aws-lambda-guardduty bucket.
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Pipelined automation using AWS Lambda
With automation stitches, you can decrease response times to security events by automating activities between
different device components in the Security Fabric. You can monitor events from any source in the Security Fabric and
set up action responses to any destination.
FortiGate (both physical and virtual instances) supports AWS Lambda as an automated workflow.
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Creating an automation stitch on page 162
Configuring an example automation stitch on page 163
Creating an automation stitch
1. In FortiOS, go to Security Fabric > Automation.
2. Under Action, select AWS Lambda.
3. In the Name field, enter the desired name for the stitch.
4. Under AWS Lambda, configure the following:
a. In the Name field, enter the name of the action.
b. For the API Gateway field, see the Lambda code configuration page, which shows the API gateway URL once
added to the Lambda code.
c. For the API Key field, see the Lambda code configuration page as above.
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You must specify an AWS role that is sufficiently privileged to run the Lambda code and
access CloudWatch/CloudWatch logs.
Configuring an example automation stitch
Let's try creating an example automation stitch with a simple pipeline. The example pipeline is as follows:
1. When an event log is created due to a successful login to the FortiGate,
2. Pick up one of the key-value pairs that the FortiGate sends to the API gateway
3. Invoke its AWS Lambda script, and, as an action, output the value on CloudWatch
Other actions you may want to configure include quarantining an EC2 instance by applying a different security group,
renaming an EC2 tag, and so on. You can configure a variety of actions as fits your deployment scenario.
For this example, do the following:
1. Create an automation stitch by completing all steps in Creating an automation stitch.
2. Under Trigger, select Event Log.
3. In the Event dropdown list, select Admin Login Successful.
4. You will need to know what elements FortiGate sends with the event log and what to pick on the Lambda script.
Now let's make the example event happen by logging into the FortiGate successfully as an admin user. Log out of
the FortiGate, then log in again. You will see the corresponding event log.
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5. Go to Log & Report > System Events. Find the desired event log.
6. Download the log as a file. You can filter logs as shown below.
7. Open the SystemEventLog-disk-<date/time/number>.log file in a text editor. It should look as below.
date=2018-08-29 time=15:56:13 logid="0100032001" type="event" subtype="system"
level="information" vd="root" eventtime=1535583373 logdesc="Admin login successful"
sn="15355xyz73" user="admin" ui="https(208.xx.yy.1)" method="https" srcip=208.xx.yy.1
dstip=192.168.1.15 action="login" status="success" reason="none" profile="super_
admin" msg="Administrator admin logged in successfully from https(208.xx.yy.1)"
You have a rough idea about what elements can be picked. Raw JSON data will look as follows:
{ email: 'your_email@xyz.com',
data:
{ stitch: 'Your Stitch Name',
actions: [ [Object] ],
eventtype: 'logid',
sn: 'Serial Number of your FortiGate',
time: 1535587464,
rawlog:
{ date: '2018-08-29',
time: '17:04:24',
logid: '0100032001',
type: 'event',
subtype: 'system',
level: 'information',
vd: 'root',
eventtime: '1535587464',
logdesc: 'Admin login successful',
sn: 'xyz',
user: 'admin',
ui: 'https(FortiGate IP address)',
method: 'https',
srcip: 'FortiGate IP address',
dstip: '10.10.1.12',
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action: 'login',
status: 'success',
reason: 'none',
profile: 'super_admin',
msg: 'Administrator admin logged in successfully from https(FortiGate IP address)'
}
}
}
8. You can pick available key-value pairs in your AWS Lambda code. In this particular event log, useful keys include
stitch / date /time / vd / logdesc / user / ui / method / srcip / dstip / action / status / profile / msg.
9. You can see all JSON logs sent by FortiGate on CloudWatch Log by entering the following line in the Lambda code:
console.log(JSON.parse(event.body));
10. Now, as an example, let's pick user: 'admin' and srcip: '208.xx.yy.1'. Here is the Lambda script:
'use strict';
var AWS = require('aws-sdk');
exports.handler = function(event, context, callback) {
let body = JSON.parse(event.body);
var usr = body.data.rawlog.user;
var sourceip = body.data.rawlog.srcip;
// Write your automation scripts below
// .... Actions ....
console.log('Hello My Friend, ', usr, '@', sourceip, '!');
callback();
};
This is what the Lambda script will look like:
11. Save the script.
12. Log out of the FortiGate, then log in again as an administrator. This triggers the event log. The Lambda code is
invoked, and CloudWatch Log shows something like the following:
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Configuring FortiGate-VM load balancer using dynamic address
objects
FortiOS supports using dynamic firewall addresses in real servers under a virtual server load balancing configuration.
Combined with support for the autoscaling group filter (see Creating an address on page 146), this enables you to use
the FortiGate as a load balancer in AWS for an autoscaling deployment. You do not need to manually change each
server's IP address whenever a scale in/out action occurs, as FortiOS dynamically updates the IP addresses following
each scale in/out action.
Consider a scenario where the FortiGate-VM is deployed on AWS and load balancing for three servers. The Fabric
connector configured in FortiOS dynamically loads the server IP addresses. If a scale in action occurs, the load balancer
dynamically updates to load balance to the two remaining servers.
The following instructions assume the following:
1. An AWS Fabric connector is configured and up.
2. An AWS dynamic firewall address with a filter is configured.
To configure a dynamic address object in a real server under virtual server load balance:
CLI commands introduced in FortiOS 6.4 are shown bolded below.
config firewall vip
edit "0"
set id 0
set uuid 0949dfbe-7512-51ea-4671-d3a706b09657
set comment ''
set type server-load-balance
set extip 0.0.0.0
set extintf "port1"
set arp-reply enable
set server-type http
set nat-source-vip disable
set gratuitous-arp-interval 0
set http-ip-header disable
set color 0
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set ldb-method static
set http-redirect disable
set persistence none
set extport 80
config realservers
edit 1
set type address
set address "aws addresses"
set port 8080
set status active
set holddown-interval 300
set healthcheck vip
set max-connections 0
unset client-ip
next
end
set http-multiplex disable
set max-embryonic-connections 1000
next
end
Accessing a cloud server using a Fabric connector via VPN
This guide provides a sample configuration that allows a local client PC to access an FTP server deployed inside the
AWS cloud by using an AWS Fabric connector via SSL VPN.
In this topology, a FortiGate-VM for AWS is deployed inside the AWS cloud. The FortiGate-VM can dynamically resolve
the FTP server's private IP address in the AWS cloud through an AWS Fabric connector. A local client PC with
FortiClient installed can establish an SSL VPN tunnel to the FortiGate-VM inside the AWS cloud, then access the FTP
server through the SSL VPN tunnel.
To configure the FortiGate-VM:
1. Configure the AWS Fabric connector:
a. In FortiOS, go to Security Fabric > Fabric Connectors.
b. Click Create New.
c. Select Amazon Web Services (AWS).
d. In the AWS region name field, enter us-east-1.
e. Leave the AWS VPC ID field blank if no VPC ID is specified.
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f. Configure other fields as required. Click OK.
g. Go toSecurity Fabric > Fabric Connectors. Click the refresh icon for the configured connector. The green
arrow means that the connector is connected.
2. Create a Fabric connector firewall address to associate the configured Fabric connector:
a. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
b. Click Create New, then select Address.
c. From the Type dropdown list, select Fabric Connector Address.
d. From the SDN Connector dropdown list, select the connector created in step 1.
e. For SDN address type, select Private.
f. In the Filter field, enter Tag.Name=publicftp. This is the name of the FTP server in the AWS cloud.
g. From the Interface dropdown list, select any.
h. Click OK. The following shows the FTP server as seen in the AWS management console.
3. After the update interval (60 seconds by default), check the resolved firewall address:
a. Go to Policy & Objects > Addresses.
b. Hover over the address created in step 2. In this example, it shows the firewall address (172.31.31.101) that
the configured Fabric connector resolves to.
4. Configure SSL VPN to access the FTP server:
a. Configure the user and user group:
i. Go to User & Device > User Definition.
ii. Create a new local user.
iii. Go to User & Device > User Groups.
iv. Create a group that includes the new local user.
b. Configure SSL VPN settings:
i. Go to VPN > SSL-VPN Settings.
ii. In the Listen on Interface field, select the proper interface. This example selects port1.
iii. In the Listen on Port field, enter 10443.
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iv. From the Server Certificate dropdown list, select the desired certificate.
Self-signed certificates are provided by default to simplify initial installation and
testing. It is HIGHLY recommended that you acquire a signed certificate for your
installation.
Continuing to use these certificates can result in your connection being
compromised, allowing attackers to steal your information, such as credit card
details.
For more information, please review Use a non-factory SSL certificate for the
SSL VPN portal and learn how to Purchase and import a signed SSL certificate.
v. Under Authentication/Port Mapping, set the default full-access portal for All Other Users/Groups.
vi. Create a new authentication/portal mapping for the group created in step a, mapping to the full-access
portal.
c. Configure the SSL VPN firewall policy:
i. Go to Policy & Objects > IPv4 Policy.
ii. From the Incoming Interface dropdown list, select the SSL VPN tunnel interface (ssl.root).
iii. From the Outgoing Interface dropdown list, select port1.
iv. In the Source field, select all and the group configured in step a.
v. In the Destination field, select the address created in step 2.
vi. From the Schedule dropdown list, select always.
vii. In the Service field, select ALL.
viii. For Action, select Accept.
ix. Click OK.
To establish an SSL VPN connection from the local client PC:
This example assumes that you are not using EMS to manage endpoints. If you are using EMS, use a licensed
FortiClient endpoint for the following configuration, skipping the installation step.
1. Download VPN-only FortiClient from FortiClient.com. Install onto the local client PC.
2. In FortiClient, on the Remote Access tab, add a new connection.
3. For VPN, select SSL-VPN.
4. In the Remote Gateway field, enter the IP address of the listening FortiGate interface. In this example, it is
100.26.32.219, the FortiGate-VM port1 public IP address.
5. Select Customize port, then enter 10443.
6. Save the configuration.
7. Use the credentials configured in step 4a above to connect to the SSL VPN tunnel. After connection, traffic to the
Fabric connector resolved IP address (172.31.31.101) goes through the tunnel. Other traffic goes through the local
gateway. The client PC side shows the routing entry for the SSL VPN tunnel:
Destination
0.0.0.0
172.31.31.101
Gateway
172.16.200.1
10.212.134.200
Genmask
Flags Metric Ref
0.0.0.0
UG
0
0
255.255.255.255 UGH
0
0
Use Iface
0 eth1
0 ppp0
The FortiGate-VM shows the logged in user and the assigned SSL VPN tunnel virtual IP address.
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execute vpn sslvpn list
SSL VPN Login Users:
Index
User
Auth Type
Timeout
From
HTTP in/out
HTTPS in/out
0
usera
1(1)
284
208.91.115.10
0/0
0/0
SSL VPN sessions:
Index
User
Source IP
Duration
I/O Bytes
Tunnel/Dest IP
0
usera
208.91.115.10
76
1883/1728
10.212.134.200
To run diagnose commands:
1. To show Fabric connector status, run the diagnose sys sdn status command. The output should be as
follows:
SDN Connector
Type
Status
------------------------------------------------------------aws1
aws
connected
2. To debug the AWS Fabric connector to resolve the firewall address, run the diagnose debug application
awsd -1 command. The output should be as follows:
...
awsd checking firewall address object dynamic-aws, vd 0
address change, new ip list:
172.31.31.101
awsd sdn connector aws1 finish updating IP addresses
...
3. To restart the AWS Fabric connector daemon, run the diagnose test application awsd 99 command.
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Connecting a local FortiGate to an AWS VPC VPN
This recipe provides sample configuration of a site-to-site VPN connection from a local FortiGate to an AWS VPC VPN
via IPsec with static routing.
Instances that you launch into an Amazon VPC can communicate with your own remote network via a site-to-site VPN
between your on-premise FortiGate and AWS VPC VPN. You can enable access to your remote network from your
VPC by configuring a virtual private gateway (VPG) and customer gateway to the VPC, then configuring the site-to-site
VPC VPN.
The following prerequisites must be met for this configuration:
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An AWS VPC with some configured subnets, routing tables, security group rules, and so on
An on-premise FortiGate with an external IP address
This recipe consists of the following steps:
1. Create a VPG.
2. Create a customer gateway.
3. Create a site-to-site VPN connection on AWS.
4. Configure the on-premise FortiGate.
To create a VPG:
A VPG is the VPN concentrator on the Amazon side of the site-to-site VPN connection. You can create a VPG and attach
it to the VPC from which you want to create the site-to-site VPN connection.
1. In the AWS management console, go to Virtual Private Gateways, then click Create Virtual Private Gateway.
2. In the Name tag field, enter the desired gateway name.
3. For static route configuration, the ASN is not important, as the ASN is for BGP routing. By default, the VPG is
created with the default ASN, 64512. You cannot change the ASN once the VPG has been created.
4. After creating the VPG, select it from the list of VPGs, and click Actions > Attach to VPC.
5. On the Attach to VPC page, select the ID for the desired VPC from the VPC dropdown list.
To create a customer gateway:
In this example, the customer gateway refers to the on-premise FortiGate for the VPC VPN to connect to.
1. Go to Customer Gateways, then click Create Customer Gateway.
2. In the Name field, enter the desired gateway name.
3. For Routing, select Static.
4. In the IP Address field, enter the on-premise FortiGate's external address.
To create a site-to-site VPN connection on AWS:
AWS VPC VPN supports the following:
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Internet Key Exchange version 2 (IKEv2)
NAT traversal
Four-byte ASN (in addition to two-byte ASN)
Reusable IP addresses for customer gateways
Additional encryption options including AES 256-bit encryption, SHA-2 hashing, and additional Diffie-Hellman
groups
Configurable tunnel options
Custom private ASN for the Amazon side of a BGP session
This example describes creating an IPsec site-to-site VPN.
1. Go to VPN Connections, then click Create VPN Connection.
2. In the Name tag field, enter the desired VPN connection name.
3. From the Virtual Private Gateway dropdown list, select the VPG ID for the VPG created earlier.
4. For Routing Options, select Static.
5. In the IP Prefixes field, enter the CIDR of the networks behind your on-premise FortiGate.
6. Leave the tunnel options blank. You will obtain this information from a configuration file download.
To configure the on-premise FortiGate:
1. After creating the VPN, select it in the VPN list, then click Download Configuration. This document contains
information needed to configure the FortiGate correctly.
2. You can configure the FortiGate using this downloaded configuration file. The example FortiGate has port1 with an
external IP address of 35.188.119.246 and an internal IP address of 10.6.30.2/24. Port2 has an internal IP address
of 10.1.100.3/24. The downloaded configuration file resembles the following. The most important information here
is the remote-gw value, which in this case is 3.95.86.157, and the psksecret value.
Run the following commands in the FortiOS CLI to configure the FortiGate, using the remote-gw and
psksecret values from the downloaded configuration file as shown below. When setting the destination for the
static route, use the VPC's IPv4 CIDR:
config vpn ipsec phase1-interface
edit "examplephase1"
set interface "port1"
set keylife 28800
set peertype any
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set proposal aes128-sha1
set dhgrp 2
set remote-gw 3.95.86.157
set psksecret NlITFTQJfiVuRWkQui_A5IjNT_41VTtP
set dpd-retryinterval 10
next
end
config vpn ipsec phase2-interface
edit "examplephase2"
set phase1name "examplephase1"
set proposal aes128-sha1
set dhgrp 2
set keylifeseconds 3600
next
end
config router static
edit 1
set dst 10.0.0.0 255.255.0.0
set device "examplephase1"
next
end
config firewall policy
edit 1
set srcintf "examplephase1"
set dstintf "port2"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
next
edit 2
set srcintf "port2"
set dstintf "examplephase1"
set srcaddr "all"
set dstaddr "all"
set action accept
set schedule "always"
set service "ALL"
next
end
3. Run the diagnose vpn tunnel up examplephase2 command if the tunnel is not up automatically
already.
4. Check in the FortiOS GUI in VPN > IPsec Tunnels that the tunnel is up.
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5. In the AWS management console, check that the tunnel is up:
6. After the tunnel is up, you must edit a custom route table and security group rules to achieve connectivity between
a resource behind the FortiGate to a resource on the AWS cloud.
7. On AWS, there are two tunnels for each created VPN. This example only shows connecting to one tunnel, but you
can create the second tunnel in FortiOS as well. The second tunnel is for redundancy. If one tunnel goes down, the
FortiGate can reach AWS resources using the other tunnel.
Connecting a local FortiGate to an AWS FortiGate via site-to-site
VPN
This guide provides sample configuration of a site-to-site VPN connection from a local FortiGate to an AWS FortiGate
via site-to-site IPsec VPN with static routing. You can access resources that are protected behind a FortiGate on
AWS from your local environment by using a site-to-site VPN.
The following depicts the network topology for this sample deployment:
The following prerequisites must be met for this configuration:
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A FortiGate located on AWS with some resources behind it. In this example, the AWS FortiGate has port1
connected to WAN and port2 connected to local LAN.
An on-premise FortiGate. For your local environment, determine if your FortiGate has a publicly accessible IP
address or if it is behind NAT. In this example, the on-premise FortiGate is behind NAT.
This recipe consists of the following steps:
1. Create a VPN on the local FortiGate to the AWS FortiGate.
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2. Create a VPN on the AWS FortiGate to the local FortiGate.
3. Establish a connection between the FortiGates.
To create a VPN on the local FortiGate to the AWS FortiGate:
1. In FortiOS on the local FortiGate, go to VPN > IPsec Wizard.
2. On the VPN Setup tab, configure the following:
a. In the Name field, enter the desired name.
b. For Template Type, select Site to Site.
c. For Remote Device Type, select FortiGate.
d. For NAT Configuration, select the appropriate option. In this example, since the local FortiGate is behind
NAT, This site is behind NAT is selected. Click Next. For non-dialup situations where the local FortiGate has
an external IP address, select No NAT between sites.
3. On the Authentication tab, configure the following:
a. For Remote Device, select IP Address.
b. In the IP Address field, enter the AWS FortiGate's elastic IP address. In this example, it is 3.95.141.75.
c. For Outgoing Interface, allow FortiOS to detect the interface via routing lookup.
d. For Authentication Method, select Pre-shared Key.
e. In the Pre-shared Key field, enter the desired key. Click Next.
4. On the Policy & Routing tab, configure the following:
a. For Local Interface, select the desired local interface. In this example, port2 is selected. The Local Subnets
field should then auto-populate.
b. In the Remote Subnets field, enter the remote subnet on the other side of the AWS FortiGate. In this
example, it is 172.31.199.0/24.
c. For Internet Access, select None.
5. Click Create. The IPsec Wizard creates the following:
a. Firewall addresses for local and remote subnets
b. Firewall address groups containing the above firewall addresses
c. phase-1 and phase-2 interfaces
d. Static route and blackhole route
e. Two firewall policies: one for traffic to the tunnel interface and one for traffic from the tunnel interface
To create a VPN on the AWS FortiGate to the local FortiGate:
1. In FortiOS on the AWS FortiGate, go to VPN > IPsec Wizard.
2. On the VPN Setup tab, configure the following:
a. In the Name field, enter the desired name.
b. For Template Type, select Site to Site.
c. For Remote Device Type, select FortiGate.
d. For NAT Configuration, select This site is behind NAT. This is the correct configuration since the
AWS FortiGate has an elastic IP address. Click Next.
3. On the Authentication tab, configure the following:
a. For Incoming Interface, select the WAN-facing incoming interface. In this example, it is port1.
b. For Authentication Method, select Pre-shared Key.
c. In the Pre-shared Key field, enter the same key configured on the local FortiGate. Click Next.
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4. On the Policy & Routing tab, configure the following:
a. For Local Interface, select the desired local interface. In this example, port2 is selected. The Local Subnets
field should then auto-populate.
b. In the Remote Subnets field, enter the remote subnet on the other side of the local FortiGate. In this
example, it is 10.1.100.0/24.
c. For Internet Access, select None.
5. Click Create. The IPsec Wizard creates the following:
a. Firewall addresses for local and remote subnets
b. Firewall address groups containing the above firewall addresses
c. phase-1 and phase-2 interfaces
d. Static route and blackhole route
e. Two firewall policies: one for traffic to the tunnel interface and one for traffic from the tunnel interface
To establish a connection between the FortiGates:
1. The tunnels are down until you initiate a connection from the local FortiGate to the AWS FortiGate. In FortiOS on
the local FortiGate, go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor.
2. Right-click the phase-2 interface, and select Bring Up.
3. In FortiOS on the AWS FortiGate, go to Monitor > IPsec Monitor and verify that the connection is up.
The elastic IP address can be considered as one to one to the FortiGate's IP address, even
though the port IP address may be an internal IP address.
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SD-WAN cloud on-ramp
See SD-WAN cloud on-ramp.
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Change log
Date
Change Description
2020-03-31
Initial release.
2020-04-03
Updated Creating an address using the GUI and Creating an address using the CLI on page 149.
2020-04-06
Added Configuring FortiGate-VM load balancer using dynamic address objects on page 166.
2020-05-05
Updated Creating a support account on page 12.
2020-05-13
Added Migrating a FortiGate-VM instance between license types on page 14.
Updated Order types on page 11 and Creating a support account on page 12.
2020-05-15
Updated Order types on page 11.
2020-05-21
Updated Launching the instance with shared FortiGate-VM AMI on page 32.
2020-06-18
Added SD-WAN cloud on-ramp on page 177.
Updated Deploying FortiGate-VM active-passive HA AWS between multiple zones manually with
Transit Gateway integration on page 131 subtopics.
2020-07-02
Updated Deploying auto scaling on AWS on page 39.
2020-07-09
Added To configure a VDOM exception: on page 130.
2020-08-04
Added Deploying FortiGate-VM using Terraform on page 143.
2020-09-21
Updated Deploying auto scaling on AWS on page 39. Added Hybrid licensing support for
deployments with Transit Gateway integration.
2020-10-09
Updated diagrams in Deploying auto scaling on AWS on page 39.
2020-10-30
Updated To configure the FortiGate-VM: on page 167.
2020-12-04
Added support for FortiOS 6.4.3 in Deploying auto scaling on AWS on page 39.
2020-12-08
Updated Order types on page 11.
2020-12-11
Updated Creating a support account on page 12.
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Copyright© 2020 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard®, and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., in
the U.S. and other jurisdictions, and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be
trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and
other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding
commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s
General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such
event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be
limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. In no event does Fortinet make any commitment related to future deliverables, features or
development, and circumstances may change such that any forward-looking statements herein are not accurate. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and
guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most
current version of the publication shall be applicable.