Module 06 (Part I)
THE SEXUAL SELF
 Also known as sexual selfhood
•How one thinks about himself or
herself as a sexual individual
• Constitutes of sexual behavior,
response and orientations
• Affected by physical,
psychological, spiritual and cultural
factors.
• Sexual body parts are called “white
meat/dark meat”
•Women should not experience sexual
pleasure; if they do, there is something
wrong
• Ejaculation is viewed to have negative
effects such as blindness, insanity and
death.
Psychological Perspective
• Sexuality also involves emotions,
thoughts and beliefs other than
physicality
• Sigmund Freud became one of the
most prominent people to explain
sexuality
•Humans need to satisfy their need for
general pleasure (libido) through sex
instinct
• Erogenous Zones – areas of the body
containing sexual energy
• Erogenous zones vary depending on
the person‘s psychosexual stage.
20th century up to present discussion
of
Sexuality is slowly accepted in the
PERSPECTIVES ON
society
HUMAN SEXUALITY
 Separation of church and state
reduced the
Historical Perspective (6)
 influence of religion on sexuality
Ancient Greece
 Pregnancy is naturally and
 males are considered
artificially controlled
Psychosexual Stages of
dominant.
 Increase in cases of sexually
Development
 Penis is associated with fertility
transmitted diseases
• Oral Stage – mouth; through eating
and male physique is greatly
 Feminism is established.
and sucking
admired.
• Anal Stage – anus; through defecation
 Females are seen as property
Biological Perspective (8)
• Phallic Stage – genitals; through
 Females also have no legal, civil
and political rights;
• Brain is the source of sexual behavior autoerotic sexual activity
• Latency Stage – no erogenous zone;
• Puberty affects the sexuality of the
 They were just seen as bearers
activities focus on sociality
person
of children.
• Genital Stage – genitals; through
• Ova – egg cells produced by ovaries
Middle Ages (476 – 1450) (Church had
sexual activity with others.
• Spermatozoa – live sperm cells
strong influence to sexuality.)
Also;
produced by testicles
 Sexual acts that do not lead to
 As for social learning theory,
• Fertilization may occur during
procreation are considered
sexuality develops from
intercourse and pregnancy (gestation
“evil”.
behavior learned from others.
period) begins
 • Females were labeled either
• Biological sexuality is determined
as temptress (Eve) or a woman
Religious Perspective (5)
within 16th to 18th weeks of gestation
of virtue (Virgin Mary)
period
Protestant Reformation of the 16th
Judaism
• Females have XX chromosomes
century (1483 – 1546) the movement
•marital
sex is blessed by God and is
against the corruption of church was led • Males have XY chromosomes.
pleasurable for both sexes
by Martin Luther, John Calvin and others
Sociobiological/Evolutiona • Sexual connection improves
 Sexuality is a natural part of life
spirituality
ry
 Sexual acts are for
Islam, sexual abstinence within
Perspective (5)
strengthening the physical and
marriage is prohibited
 Sexual behavior starts from
emotional bond
physical attraction
17th and 18th century (Puritans
Muslim
 Sexual preferences have
became discontented with the Church
• Men are allowed to have up to 4
evolutionary influences
of England)
 Big breasts produce more milk for wives
 Premarital sex is considered
• Muslim women are only allowed to
offspring’s survival
immoral
have 1 husband
 Muscled males ensure safety and
Victorian Era (1837 – 1901)
• Extramarital sex is not allowed.
security of the child
homosexuality and prostitution were
 Love, care and responsibility
considered threats to social order.
Taoism
provide good life for the offspring
• People are not comfortable using
terms such as breasts and buttocks
• Sex is a sacred union necessary for
overall well-being
• Sexual union is a way to balance male
and female energy.
Hinduism
•Sexuality is a spiritual force.
• Sex is a way of transcending oneself.
Catholicism
•Marriage is purely for intercourse and
procreation
•Homosexual orientation is not sinful
•Homosexual acts are considered sinful
• Artificial birth control and abortion
are opposed
• Natural family planning is supported.
Module 6 ( Part II)
SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES
Terminologies on Sexuality
•Hypersexual – person with excessive
interest in sex which cause problems.
PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL
RESPONSE
Human Sexual Response Cycle
Developed by William Masters and
Virginia Johnson Has 4 stages of erotic
responses:
1. Excitement – initial physical response
to sexual arousal; increased heart rate
and blood pressure, heightened muscle
tone
2. Plateau – sexual excitement before
orgasm;intensification of physical
response
3. Orgasm – waves of intense pleasure
(climax); vaginal contractions and
ejaculation
4. Resolution – body returns to nonexcited state.
Triphasic Model of Sexual Response
• Developed by Helen Singer Kaplan
• Sex – came from Latin word secare (to • Includes only sexual desire,
divide); biological indicator (i.e., male
excitement and orgasm
and female)
• Sexual Identity – sexual orientation
Erotic Stimulus Pathway Theory
(homosexual/heterosexual),
• Developed by David Reed
management of sexual feelings and
• Focuses on Psychological aspects of
behavior
sexual response
• Gender – label of sexuality that
1. Seduction – physical attractiveness is
involve personal perspective (e.g.,
enhanced for the person
woman, lesbian)
2. Sensation – arousal becomes
• Gender Role – set of expectations on
affected by
sexes by the society.
sensed sound, touch and smell
• Gender Assignment – initial
3. Surrender – the person “loses itself”
assignment of being male or female
upon orgasm.
that occurs before birth; natal gender
4. Reflection – evaluation of sexual
• Gender Reassignment – change of
experience.
gender
• Gender Identity – set of
CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE
characteristics regarding sexuality that
AND
involves one‘s subjective sense of being
ATTRACTION
a man or woman
Lust and Attraction
• Masculinity – qualities and behavior
• Lust – intense physical attraction
associated to men
• Attraction – characteristic that causes
• Femininity – qualities and behavior
pleasure or interest by appealing to a
associated to women.
Androgyny – combination of masculine person‘s desires, and causes one to be
drawn to the other
and feminine traits.
• The desire for beauty is naturally
• Asexual – person who does not
developed and exists even in infants
experience sexual drives or attractions
• Images of beauty are automatically
processed by the brain
•Universal hallmarks of beauty include
symmetry, averageness, skin, hair, eyes,
height, weight and age.
Love
• Love is not merely an emotion
• It is an addiction and motivation
• When we experience love, the
dopamine system of the body is
activated – which is responsible for
anticipation of reward and pleasure
• Dopamine is also linked to addiction
and cravings to certain substances
• Unlike other emotions, love is not
associated with any specific facial
expressions
• Emotions blended with love come and
go but motivation remains with love
• Sex is not the best thing about love.
Theories of Love
Three Phases of Romantic Love (Helen
Fisher et al.)
1. Lust Phase – intense craving for
sexual contact
2. Attraction Phase – couples are
infatuated and pursue a relationship
3. Attachment Phase – long-term bond
between partners; feeling of security,
comfort and emotional union.
John Lee’s Love Styles
1. Eros – physical attraction and sexual
desire; prone to love at first sight;
quickly fall in and out of love
2. Agape – unconditional and selfless
love
3. Storge – friendship and nonsexual
affection; love grows gradually and
prioritizes commitment, stability and
comfort
4. Ludus – sees love as a game and
source of entertainment; no jealousy,
commitment and intimacy;
manipulative
5. Mania – obsessive and possessive
love; intense jealousy; easily taken
advantage by ludus.
6. Pragma – practical; logical and based
on
appropriateness; neutral intensity of
love.
Triangular Theory of Love (Robert
Sternberg)
Love has 3 components:
• Intimacy – desire to give and receive
emotional closeness, support and care
• Passion – physical attraction and
sexual desire
• Commitment – decision to maintain
relationship.
Love has 7 types that is consisting the
component(s):
• Liking (intimacy) – friendly
relationship
• Infatuation (passion) – love at first
sight; fades quickly
• Empty Love (commitment) – couple
that stays together just for other
important reasons such as children
• Romantic Love (passion + intimacy) –
emotional intensity and sexual
excitement; first phase of relationship.
•Companionate Love (intimacy +
commitment) – more durable than
romantic love and experienced by long
deeply committed friends and marriage
where passion is lost
• Fatuous Love (passion +
commitment) – felt by couples who had
short time of courtship and suddenly
decided to be married.
•Consummate Love (intimacy + passion
+
commitment) – experienced by couples
ideal for each other.
Chemistry of Love
•Dopamine – responsible for
motivation and pleasure-seeking
behavior
• Norepinephrine – responsible for
attention and physiological reactions
such as faster heart beat
• Serotonin – responsible for regulation
of emotions and decreases during
infatuation
• Phenylethylanine – increases
dopamine and norepinephrine;
considered as the “love drug” because it
is associated with happiness in couples
as well as in orgasm.
•Oxytocin – responsible for trust and
social bonding; also increases during
orgasm
• Vasopressin – responsible also for
bonding as well as social behavior and
memory formation
• Endorphins – responsible for
euphoria, security and peace
•Behavioral Reinforcement Theory - a
positive feelings arise whenever we
experience rewards due to behavior,
and behavior tends to be repeated
based on how intense
the feelings are
• Physiological Arousal Theory – body
experiences physiological change first,
then people assign an emotion for that
• Evolutionary Theory – love is a result
of sociobiological need for survival
• Love is affected by physical
attractiveness, reciprocity, proximity
and similarities.
• Bisexual – sexually oriented to both
male and female.
• Pansexual – sexual orientation is
towards all genders; more fluid than
bisexual
• Transgender – broad spectrum of
individuals who identify themselves
with a gender different from
their natal gender
• Transsexual – individuals who had
undergone gender/sexual reassignment
• Gender Dysphoria – mental disorder
associated with significant distress
between one‘s expressed gender and
assigned gender.
Sexually Transmitted
Infections (STIs)
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus –
causes acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS); attacks and destroys
the immune system; lessens the
intensity by antiretroviral therapy
• Genital Herpes – caused by herpes
Sexual Behavior and Orientation simplex virus; causes sore, pain and
itching on genital area
Types of Sexual Behavior
• Genital Warts – caused by human
• Sociosexual Behavior – sexual act
papillomavirus; characterized by warts
involving more than one person
that causes pain and itching in genitals
• Solitary Behavior – self-masturbation • Gonorrhea – caused by Neisseria
gonorrhoeae; discharge in penis and
or -stimulation with the intention of
burning sensation during urination for
causing arousal, pleasure and orgasm
males, and irritating vaginal discharge in
• Children may masturbate at a very
females.
young age unless taught to inhibit this
•Syphilis – caused by Treponema
solitary behavior
pallidum; causes genital pain, skin
• Self-stimulation relieves stress and
rashes and even blindness, mental
lowers blood pressure as well as
disorders and death
improvement of man’s fertility and
• Chlamydia – caused by Chlamydia
reduction of risk for prostate cancer
trachomatis; no serious symptoms on
• Perspective about masturbation
the initial stage but can damage
differs between cultures.
female‘s reproductive system if left
untreated.
Person‘s preference
regarding sexual behavior,
emotional attachment or
Contraceptions
physical attraction to one or
both sexes;
•Used to prevent unwanted pregnancy
• Can be natural or artificial.
• Homosexual – sexual orientation is
towards the same sex
Methods of Contraceptions
• Lesbian – female to female
• Hormonal Method of Contraception –
• Gay – male to male
prevents the release of egg cells or
• Heterosexual – sexual orientation is
ovulation
towards the opposite sex
• Oral Contraceptives – pills that
contain estrogen and progestogen, or
progestin
• Patch – small patch that is sticked on
skin which releases estrogen and
progestogen
• Ring – small plastic ring that is
inserted to the vagina monthly
• Implants – small flexible rod that is
inserted in the skin of the upper arm
• Injectables – injection that lasts long
•Barrier Methods – physically or
chemically blocks the
sperm from reaching the egg cell
• Diaphragm – covers the cervix and
can be used up to 30 hours
• Cervical Caps – similar to diaphragm
but are smaller and can be used up to
72 hours
• Male and Female Condoms – covers
the penis or vagina
• Spermicides– applied to the vagina
and kills sperm cells.
Behavioral Methods
-prevents
pregnancy
by
controlling sexual behavior
• Rhythm or Calendar Method –
charting the menstrual cycle to
determine woman‘s date of infertility
• Abstinence or Celibacy – avoidance to
sexual intercourse
• Outercourse – sexual activity that
does not include insertion of penis into
the vagina
• Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus –
removal of penis and ejaculates outside
the vagina.
Sterilization
-procedures that make one to
be permanently infertile
• Tubal Ligation/Sterilization – surgery
for women wherein the fallopian tubes
are tied to prevent the eggs from
travelling to the uterus
• Vasectomy – surgery for men which
involves the cutting of upper part of the
scrotum and blocking of the vas
deferens.
• Intrauterine Device (IUD) – small
device placed in the uterus
• Emergency Contraception – method • Self-expressive Functions that is used toprevent pregnancy after reflections of a person’s uniqueness.
unprotected sex has already occurred.
ECONOMIC SELF PRESENTATION
AND IDENTITY
Economics is a science that
Module 07
deals with production, exchange and
THE MATERIAL/ ECONOMIC consumption of various commodities.
- How people make use of things they
SELF
have, and of making the right decisions.
MATERIAL SELF
Economic self-sufficiency –
PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
ability of individual and family
to consistently sustain their
 John Heskett suggested that
needs.
designs of an object used by a
Economic Identity
person represents its identity.
 Your concept of self as reflected Involves categorization of
economic status.
in a total of all the tangible
things you own Ex Watch, glass, Professional development, self
determination, motivation and
make up and etc.
values affect the economic
identity of an individual.
ROLAND BARTHES
• Popularized the field of
Semiology
SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
• The study of objects as signs
STATUS
• Sign is anything that conveys
the extent to which people believe
meaning.
they can derive a sense of
recognition or achievement from
owning and using the right kind of
TWO ELEMENTS OF SIGN
product.
Materialism – importance ascribed to
SIGNIFIER
the ownership of material goods in
o Physical form of an object.
achieving life goals.
SIGNIFIED
o Mental concept or interpretation.
AFFECTIVE MOTIVES
Affect (emotions) that serves as a
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
motivator of pre-environmental
A method to interpret meanings
behind symbols and how the meanings behavior.
Anticipated affect – an expectation
are created.
to feel good or guilty when doing
something.
THEORY OF THE MEANING OF
MATERIAL POSSESSIONS (4)
ROLE OF CONSUMER
Suggests that material goods can
CULTURE ON THE SENSE OF
fulfill a range of instrumental, social,
SELF AND IDENTITY
symbolic and affective functions.
Consumer Identity – the pattern of
• Instrumental Functions –
consumption that describes the
functional properties of product.
consumer.
Pertains how useful the material is.
Consumerism – preoccupation towards
• Societal Symbolic Functions –
buying consumer goods in eversocial status and gender role. Ex
increasing amount.
Iphone
• Categorical Functions – group
membership
to return.
:
• Whatever happens to the soul also
happens to the body
• Soul is not found in a specific part of
the body, but the soul is the whole
body itself
Module 08
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION • The soul of a baby is weak, so they are
prone to “usug” – the unintentional
transfer of disturbing vapors from a
• Religion involves the belief in
strong soul to a weaker one by holding,
supernatural beings – any being that
can’t be explained by the laws of nature talking or looking.
and above all creatures in the
Bisayan Dungan
natural world (e.g., gods and ghosts)
• Has a secondary
meaning of “willpower”
THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION
• Constant companionship of two
• Church goers are more
people
motivated to behave in a
may lead to spiritual competition and
socially acceptable way
the defeated soul will be sick
• Such actions are encouraged
• They also believe that the separated
by the church in addition to
soul from a dead person waits until it
deepening of faith
can find another body to enter.
THE CONCEPT OF SPIRIT
• Animism – from the Latin word anima RITUALS AND CEREMONIES
(meaning breath or soul), it is a belief
• Ritual – religious activity
that every object has its own soul
consisting of series of actions in
• In Filipino, spirit or soul is known as
“kaluluwa”, “ikararuwa”, or “kararuwa” a prescribed order (e.g., killing a
goat as an offering to the
– derived from “duwa” which means
gods)
two.
• These are formalized behaviors
that allow communities to
THE CONCEPT OF SPIRIT
explore and develop their
• The soul has two parts, the physical
religiosity
and the spiritual part
•Rites – spoken words used in
rituals that convey meaning
Ibanags
and value.
•Soul is the principle of life
• As long as the body and soul are one, •Ceremony – formal movements or
gestures expressing feelings or beliefs
the person is alive
beyond the limitations of speech (e.g.,
• Death entails the separation of the
wedding and graduation)
soul from the body.
• Wizard – person who has
knowledge in the secrets of
the supernatural world
• Necromancer – the one who
makes contact with the dead
• Mambabarang (sorcerer) – a person
who uses small insects to infest a body,
causing the intestine, liver, stomach and
lungs to swell during high tides and
shrink during low tides.
•Mangkukulam (witch) – person who
uses black magic towards the victim
which results to illness or misfortunate
events.
•Albulario/Mananambal (witch
doctor) – person who uses
various traditional medicines
and rituals to reverse the
black magic given by the
witch, which leads to the
recovery of the person from
“kulam”
Most Filipinos also believe in the
existence of mythical creatures
such as “kapre”, “aswang”,
“manananggal”, “tiyanak” and
other beings
• Stories about the encounter
with such creatures are passed
from generations to the next,
which results in folklores
RELIGION, SPIRITUALITY
AND IDENTITY
• Religion – organized set of beliefs,
practices, rituals and symbols that
increases a person’s connection to
sacred being(s)
• Religiousness – degree of how much
Ilonggos
MAGIC AND WITCHCRAFT
one is affiliated with a religion in terms
•Soul or “dungan” is
of itsparticipation, commitment
invisible but can sometimes show itself • Magic – supernatural power that
and faith.
in the form of an insect or small animal influences the course of events
• Spirituality - very personal and
• Magician – the one who performs
individual journey into the inner terrain
Bisayans
• Soul may voluntarily leave the body magic such as casting a spell that makes of one’s own soul and existence which
the weather rainy.
benefits self and others.
when sleeping
• Sorcerer – uses magical
• The sleeping person must not be
potions, drugs and poisons
awakened quickly in order for the soul
• Spiritual Identity –persistent sense of
self that addresses the ultimate
questions about nature, purpose and
meaning of life.
FINDING AND CREATING
THE MEANING IN LIFE
Logotherapy – devised by Victor Frankl,
this aims to help one to search for the
meaning of its existence
Meaning can be discovered by
the following ways:
• Creative – by creating a work or deed
• Experiential – by encountering
someone or experiencing something
• Attitudinal – by the attitude we take
towards unavoidable suffering
THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES IN
LOGOTHERAPY
• Meaning in Life – existence is
experiencing ups and downs
• Suffering is inevitable
• Finding the meaning in life
does not mean becoming
perfect
• Will to Meaning – people have
the primary motivation to
find meaning and this allows
us to endure pain and
suffering
• Freedom to Will – people
always have the freedom to
find their own meaning in life
whatever the situation they
face.