New energy evaluating methodology of
Air conditioner and Heat pump
___________________________
The 3rd Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network Conference
Research and Development of Heat Pump and Thermal Storage Technologies
in Industrial and Residential Sectors
8 October 2013
Jun Choi
Korea Testing Laboratory
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
1
Global Market





Global market :
61.5B$(2008)→170B$
(2012)
Major Market : US,
Japan, Europe, China
CAGR : more than
14%
Ductless(67%)>Chille
r(AHU included,
19%)>Unitary(14%)
China(20%)>NA(19
%)>Europe(16%)>J
apan(14%)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
World market : 170 B$ in 2012
2
High Efficiency

What is high efficiency ?
– Cooling
• EER = Cooling Capacity / Effective Power Input
• Large is Efficient
– Heating
• COP = Heating Capacity / Effective Power Input
• Large is Efficient
– Averaged COP = (EER + COP)/2
• Japan

But, COP and EER at one point is not real usage
– Part load efficiency is necessary
– SEER (CSPF and HSPF) is using in some countries, but complicated
– New high efficiency products are adopted with inverter-driven
compressor and 2 or 3 combined compressors
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
3
Improved Technology Trend
70’s
Fixed Speed
Compressor
80~90’s
Variable capacity
with Bypass compressor
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
2000’s
AC Inverter
Compressor
2007’s
DC Inverter
Compressor
4
High Efficiency Air conditioners

Korean Market
a new model adopted with a new technology, two stage or variable
capacity models in order to meet a new high EELSP in a market even
a high price

High Efficiency AC Models,Split type, 4.0 kW ≤ RCC < 10.0 kW
High Efficiency AC Models,Split type, 10.0 kW ≤ RCC < 17.5 kW
600
70
400
500
400
455
60
254
Models 300
40
212
100
160
171
20
17
2001
7
2002
0
2004
2005
20
23
20
164
10
31
2003
22
30
245
164
28
29
Models
200
0
54
50
243
230
62
2006
2007
14
11
4
2001
1
2002
2003
7
2
2004
2005
2006
Split type, 4.0 kW ≤ RCC < 10.0 kW Two stages or variable capacity
Split type, 10.0 kW ≤ RCC < 17.5 kW Two stages or variable capacity
Split type, 4.0 kW ≤ RCC < 10.0 kW Fixed capacity
Split type, 10.0 kW ≤ RCC < 17.5 kW Fixed capacity
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
2007
5

Power consumption
rate of stocked AC in
fiscal year has
reduced 23.6% from
2001 to 2007
Power consumption rate of stocked air conditioners in fiscal year "n"
5.00
4.50
23.6%
4.00
3.50
3.00
MWh 2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Year
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
6
Energy efficiency for Part loads

SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio)
– Annual energy use for the appliances or system, unitary AC
• Variable-speed, two-speed systems
– SEER was developed by NIST, US (Parken et al 1977; Kelly & Parken 1978; Parken
et al 1985)
– Based on a bin analysis that calculated the cooling load, capacity and efficiency
over a range of ambient temperature
– CSPF (Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor) & HSPF (Heating Seasonal
Performance Factor)
– US, Japan, Korea

IPLV (Integrated part load value)
– For Chiller developed in 1986, US
– IPLV (Integrated part load value)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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ISO TC86 SC6 WG1


Japan proposed APF(Annual Performance factor) NWIP in
2006, and it was accepted in 2007
ISO TC86 SC6 WG1 is running to develop a new test method
for AC/HP
– ISO 16538 “Air-cooled air conditioners and air-to-air heat pumps -Testing
and calculating methods for seasonal performance factors”
• Part1 : Cooling seasonal performance factor
• Part2 : Heating seasonal performance factor
• Part3 : Annual performance factor

Convenor is Mr. Bernard Hugh from England
– Japan, USA, Korea, France, and Spain are participated


Currently FDIS ballot stage, ISO FDIS 16358
Not available on water source
– Air-to-Water, Water-to-Air, Water-to-Water, Water-to Brine etc
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
8

Types
– fixed capacity unit
• equipment which does not have possibility to change its capacity. This
definition applies to each cooling and heating operation individually.
– two (2)-stage capacity unit
• equipment where the capacity is varied by no more than two steps. This
definition applies to each cooling and heating operation individually.
– multi-stage capacity unit
 equipment where the capacity is varied by 3 or 4 steps. This definition
applies to each cooling and heating operation individually
– variable capacity unit
• equipment where the capacity is varied by 5 or more steps to represent
continuously variable capacity. This definition applies to each cooling
and heating operation individually.
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
9
 Cooling mode
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
10
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
11

TCSPF(Total cooling seasonal performance factor)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
12
 Heating mode
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
13
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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
THSPF(Total heating seasonal performance factor)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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APF(Annual Performance Factor)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
16
Europe Standard - EN 14825
 EN 14825 “Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with
electrically compressors, for space heating and cooling — Testing and rating
at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance“. Published
March 2012.
 Will be the harmonized standard for the European Directive on seasonal
efficiency of air conditioners (revision summer 2013).
 Developed using the data of a preliminary study of the European Commission,
determining average climates in Europe and representative types of buildings
and internal loads schedules.
 Bin method (number of hours at a given outdoor temperature)
 Includes the electrical input when the unit is not cooling nor heating.
 Testing methods for the cooling and heating capacities: EN 14511
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
 reference design conditions for cooling (Tdesignc)
 temperature conditions at 35 °C dry bulb (24 °C wet bulb) outdoor tem
perature and 27 °C dry bulb (19 °C wet bulb) indoor temperature
 reference design conditions for heating (Tdesignh)
 temperature conditions for average, colder and warmer climates
o
o
Tdesign "average"
temperature conditions at -10 C dry bulb outdoor temperature and 20 C dry
bulb indoor temperature
T design "colder"
temperature conditions at -22°C dry bulb outdoor temperature and 20°C dry bulb
indoor temperature
T design "warmer"
temperature conditions at +2°C dry bulb outdoor temperature and 20°C dry bulb
indoor temperature
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
18
3) Testing procedures and calculations
 bivalent temperature (Tbivalent)
 lowest outdoor temperature point at which the heat pump is de
clared to have a capacity able to meet 100% of the heating de
mand
- for the average heating season, the bivalent temperature is +2°CDB or lower
- for the colder heating season, the bivalent temperature is -7°CDB or lower
- for the warmer heating season, the bivalent temperature is +7°CDB or lower
 operation limit temperature (TOL)
 lowest outdoor temperature at which the heat pump can still de
liver heating capacity, as declared by the manufacturer
 Important: both temperatures are declared by the manufacturer.
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3) Testingprocedures
and calculations
The cooling demand Pc(Tj) can be determin
ed by multiplying the full load value (Pdesig
nc) with the part load ratio % for each corre
sponding bin. This part load ratio % is calc
ulated as follows:
 Cooling mode:
Part load ratio % = (Tj-16) / (35-16)
Part load
ratio
(%)
Outdoor air dry bulb
temperature
(°C)
Indoor air dry bulb (wet
bulb) temperatures
(°C)
A
100%
35
27(19)
B
74%
30
27(19)
C
47%
25
27(19)
D
21%
20
27(19)
n
SEER on 

hj  Pc(Tj)
j1
n

j1
 Pc(Tj) 

hj  
 EER(Tj) 
 The EER values at each bin are determined
via interpolation of the EER values at part lo
ad conditions A,B,C,D as mentioned in the t
ables of Clause 4 of this standard.
 For part load conditions above part loa
d condition A, the same EER values as
for condition A are used.
 For part load conditions below part loa
d condition D, the same EER values as
for condition D are used.
Tj = the bin temperature;
j = the bin number;
n = the amount of bins;
Pc(Tj) = the cooling demand of the building for the corresponding temperature
Tj;
hj = the number of bin hours occurring at the corresponding temperature Tj;
EER(Tj) = the EER values of the unit for the corresponding temperature Tj.
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
 for fixed capacity units
 For each part load conditions B,C,D the EER is calculated as follows:
EER B,C,D  EER DC  (1  Cd  (1 
Pc
))
DC
EERDC = the EER corresponding to the declared capacity (DC) of the unit at the same
temperature conditions as for part load conditions B,C,D.
Cd = the degradation coefficient
Pc = cooling demand of the building in conditions B, C, D;
DC= declared capacity of the unit at the same temperature conditions as for part load
conditions B,C,D.
 If the degradation coefficient Cd is not measured, a default value of 0.25 shall be used.
 for variable capacity units
 For each part load conditions B,C,D the EER has to be measured and during the test
 the part load capacity shall be within ± 10% of the target load. If not possible, the measu
rement is done at the closest steps and the EER is calculated in a linear way from the two
results. If there is no step giving a load lower than the target, then Cd is used.
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
Building load
Cooling capacity
Cooling capacity of the
air conditioner
(FIXED CAPACITY)
Pdesign (Declared)
Values of EER to be claimed
Outdoor
temperature
16
20
25
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
30
35
Tdesign
39
22
3) Testing procedures and calculations
Building load
Cooling capacity
Cooling capacity of the air
conditioner
(VARIABLE CAPACITY)
Values of EER to be claimed
Pdesign (Declared)
Minimum frequency
Outdoor
temperature
16
20
25
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
30
35
Tdesign
39
23
3) Testing procedures and calculations
 Reference SEER
SEER 
QCE
QCE
 H TO  PTO  HSB  PSB  H CK  PCK  H OFF  POFF
SEER on
 HTO, HSB, HCK, HOFF = the number of hours the unit is considered to work in respectively thermostat off m
ode, standby mode, crankcase heater mode and off mode;
 PTO, PSB, PCK, POFF = the electricity consumption during respectively thermostat off mode, standby mode,
crankcase heater mode and off mode, expressed in kW.
With
Q ce  Pdesignc  H ce
(Hce = 350 hours)
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
 Heating mode
(Average climate):
(%)
Outdoor air dry
bulb (wet bulb)
temperatures
(°C)
Indoor air dry bulb
temperature
(°C)
A
88%
-7(-8)
20
B
54%
2(1)
20
C
35%
7(6)
20
D
15%
12(11)
20
E
TOL
20
F
Tbivalent
20
Part load ratio
TOL: Temperature operation limit (lower temperature)
Tbivalent: Lower temperature the heat pump can satisfy the heating load
Outdoor wet bulb temperature at TOL and Tbivalent: not required below -7ºC
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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n
n
SCOPon 
 hj  Ph(Tj)
j1
 Ph(Tj) - elbu(Tj)



hj


elbu(Tj)

 COP (Tj)
j1
PL


n
SCOPnet 
 hj  (Ph(Tj) - elbu(Tj))
j1
n
 Ph(Tj) - elbu(Tj) 

 COPPL (Tj) 
 hj  
j1
Tj = the bin temperature;
j = the bin number;
n = the amount of bins;
Ph(Tj) = the heating demand of the building for the corresponding temperature Tj;
hj = the number of bin hours occurring at the corresponding temperature Tj;
COPPL(Tj) = the COP values of the unit for the corresponding temperature Tj.
Elbu(Tj)
= the required capacity of an electric backup heater for the corresponding temperature Tj, , expressed in kW
 The heating demand Ph(Tj) can be determined by multiplying the full load value (Pdesignh) wi
th the part load ratio % for each corresponding bin. This part load ratio % is calculated as follo
ws :
 For the average climate : Part load ratio % = (Tj-16) / (-10-16) %
 For the warmer climate : Part load ratio % = (Tj-16) / (+2-16) %
 For the colder climate : Part load ratio % = (Tj-16) / (-22-16) %
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
Building load
Average heating season
Building load
Heating capacity
Heating capacity of the
heat pump
(FIXED CAPACITY)
Pdesign (Declared)
○
TOL -10 -7 Tbivalent
Tdesign (Declared)
2
7
12
16
Outdoor
temperature
Values of COP to be claimed
Heating needs covered by the heat pump
Heating needs covered by an electrical heater COP = 1
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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3) Testing procedures and calculations
Building load
Building load
Heating capacity
Average heating season
Pdesign (Declared)
Heating capacity of the heat
pump
(VARIABLE CAPACITY)
○
Minimum frequency
TOL -10 -7 Tbivalent
Tdesign (Declared)
2
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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12
16
Outdoor
temperature
28
3) Testing procedures and calculations
600
500
hours (h)
400
Warm
300
Average
cold
200
100
-22
-21
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
Outdoor temperature (ºC)
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Standards in KOREA

KS C 9306-2007 is available for SEER (CSPF & HSPF)

Annex 5 provides the guidelines to define CSPF & HSPF
Originally it come from ARI, and ASHRAE (US)
standards, and developed in 1992
 Compromised with ISO 16358
 It was effective for Energy Efficiency Label and
Standard
 Three types




Fixed–Speed Compressor
Multi-speed & 2-Compressor
Variable speed compressor
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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Revision
KS provides information to calculate SEER
 Two stage capacity units and variable
capacity units should be adopted with CSPF
method

– But, KS is a little bit different with proposed ISO
method
• Temperature bin
• Temperature conditions, and etc..
– KS is being considered to revise with ISO
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
31
Energy Efficiency Level
for heatpump in KOREA

Effective from Jan. 2009 : Single heat Pump
R=
Cooling EER(CEER) + Heating EER(HEER)
2
Non-ducted and ducted unitary
(Including window type)
R
3.20 ≤ R
Level
1
Split type, RCC < 4kW
R
4.00 ≤ R
Level
1
2.90 ≤ R < 3.20
2
3.60 ≤ R < 4.00
2
2.60 ≤ R < 2.90
3
3.20 ≤ R < 3.60
3
2.30 ≤ R < 2.60
4
2.80 ≤ R < 3.20
4
2.00 ≤ R < 2.30
5
2.40 ≤ R < 2.80
5
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
32
Split type, 4kW  RCC < 10kW
Split type, 10kW  RCC < 23.0kW
Level
R
Level
1
3.20 ≤ R
1
3.40 ≤ R < 3.80
2
2.90 ≤ R < 3.20
2
3.00 ≤ R < 3.40
3
2.60 ≤ R < 2.90
3
2.60 ≤ R < 3.00
4
2.30 ≤ R < 2.60
4
2.20 ≤ R < 2.60
5
2.00 ≤ R < 2.30
5
R
3.80 ≤ R
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
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Conclusion





Promote higher energy efficiency product
Need a actual usage under a range of climates, and more
realistically and accurately assessing the performance of
variable-speed drive compressor systems under conditions
of actual use. (e.g. a range of part load conditions)
Aligning to ISO 5151 (ISO 13253 and ISO FDIS 15042 as
applicable) would appear to be a feasible option
Some member countries already introduced
New products were introduced ; Heat Pump water heater
Asia Heat Pump & Thermal Storage Technologies Network
34
PROMOTION OF HIGHER
EFFICIENCY ROOM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA:
AIR CONDITIONER ROADMAP
GUIDELINES (A NATIONAL ROADMAP)
Endorsed by
DECEMBER 2016
This report has been produced as part of the ASEAN-SHINE program. ASEAN-SHINE is an initiative
implemented by the International Copper Association, in partnership with UNEP, SIRIM, RCEE, EEI
and IIEE.
Program ID
Project title
Promotion of higher efficiency room air conditioners
Air conditioner roadmap guidelines (A national roadmap)
Acronym
ASEAN-SHINE
Funded by
European Union, Switch-Asia program
Grant amount 1,749,099.90 EUR
Contract ref.
DCI-ASIE 2012/291-458
Name of beneficiary European Copper Institute
Partners
- United Nations Environment Programme
- Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), Energy Branch
- International Copper Association Southeast Asia
- Electrical and Electronics Institute
- SIRIM QAS International
- Integrated Institute of Electrical Engineers
- Research Center for Energy and Environment
Contact person
Pierre Cazelles
Director – Partnerships Asia
International Copper Association China
Email: pierre.cazelles@copperalliance.asia
Program implementation team
Technical Advisor
Funding
Steering Committee
PROMOTION OF HIGHER EFFICIENCY ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS
AIR CONDITIONER ROADMAP GUIDELINES
(A NATIONAL ROADMAP)
MALAYSIA
December 2016
Endorsed by
Prepared by
Technical
support by
Financial
support
Disclaimer: This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The contents of this
document are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union.
01 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
LIST OF FIGURE & LIST OF TABLES
2
ABBREVIATIONS
3
1
DEFINITION AND RATIONALE
2
VISION
3
MISSION
3.1
4-5
5
5-6
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
(NEEAP), 2016-2025
4
GOALS AND TARGET
6
5
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
6
6
PAST EXPERIENCE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY INITIATIVES
6-7
7
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY LABELLING
PROGRAMMES
7-8
7.1
7.2
7.3
8
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS RESULTS – MALAYSIA AC
MARKET CHARACTERISTIC AND DATA
8.1
8.2
8.3
9
9.6
9.7
8-11
AC Market Survey 2014 conducted under
ASEAN SHINE project
EC Certificate of Approval (COA) for AC from
2014
SIRIM QAS International testing record from
2009-2014
ACTION AND MEASURES – THE ROADMAP COMPONENTS
9.1.
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
10
Voluntary Programmes 2005
Implementation and Enforcement of Minimum
Energy Performance Standard (MEPS) 2014
Energy Efficiency Labelling
11-18
Harmonization of testing methods
Harmonization of evaluation methods
Harmonization of MEPS
Phasing out of R22 and alternative refrigerants
Testing Infrastructure, national laboratory
capacity and mutual recognition agreements
Monitoring and verification
Supporting policies to promote products with
better energy performance at the national level
REFERENCES
19
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 02
LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Label 2 Star to 5 Star (the highest is the most
efficient)
Sales of all ACs 2009 - 2013
Overview of AC sales by cooling capacity
Average EERs for each ASEAN member states
EER data with cooling capacities lower than
15,000Btu/h
8
9
10
14
15
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Data of approved COA issued by ST for air
conditioners 2014-2015
Data of tested air conditioners for cooling capacity
(CC) less than 15000Btu/h
Data of tested air conditioners for cooling capacity
(CC) more than 15000Btu/h
Star rating for (CC) <4.5kW
Star rating for (CC) 4.5kW CC 7.1kW
10
11
11
13
14
03 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
ABBREVIATIONS
AC
Air Conditioners
AMS
ASEAN Member States
ASEAN SHINE
ASEAN Standards Harmonization Initiative for Energy Efficiency
CC
Cooling Capacity
COA
Certificate of Approval
CSPF
Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF); method of EER
calculation/evaluation
EC
Energy Commission of Malaysia (ST-Suruhanjaya Tenaga)
EE
Energy Efficiency
EER
Energy Efficiency Ratio
MACRA
MALAYSIAN AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION
ASSOCIATION
MEGTW
Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water (KeTTH
MEPS
Minimum Energy Performance Standard
NEEAP
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan
NRM
National Roadmap
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 04
1.
DEFINITION AND RATIONALE
1.1
Foreword
The residential air conditioning market in Malaysia is witnessing significant growth
rates in recent years. The emergence of new development areas such as Iskandar
region in Johor coupled with a steady growth of housing development in the Klang
Valley and Northern region have contributed much to the expansion of the air
conditioner industry to where it is now. A steady national economic growth,
continuous boom in urbanization, increasing purchasing power of consumers and
current lifestyles of the younger generation have encouraged homeowners to opt for
air conditioners over economic alternatives such as air coolers and fans. Hot climatic
conditions have also intensified demand for air conditioners to essentially overcome
high temperatures and humidity levels in buildings.
Better living conditions have also led to population growth in many geographical
areas which consequently resulted in more thriving local residential construction
businesses. This has translated into bigger profits for the air-conditioning industry
where developers of high-end properties offer air-conditioners as part of their sale
package to attract more purchasers. Air conditioner manufacturers have further
tapped into the construction sector by supplying appliances and devices directly to
developers, thus significantly increasing their market shares in this sector which
potentially can be more than the retail market. Alternatively, air conditioners are also
offered by developers to purchasers of new houses as a total package.
The current market trend in Malaysia shows that one out of four air conditioners
purchased is run on inverter technology. Public awareness on energy and cost
saving capabilities will further see robust sales of high energy efficiency performance
of eco-friendly air conditioners.
ASEAN Standards Harmonization Initiative for Energy Efficiency (ASEAN SHINE)
works to mitigate energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions of the countries in
the region by increasing the market share of energy efficient air conditioners. A
regional study “Harmonization of air conditioner standards in ASEAN economies”
completed under this initiative early this year found that space cooling appliances
represent close to 50% of the total electricity demand in the residential and
commercial sectors in ASEAN. The ASEAN market for air conditioners is expected to
grow at an annual rate of 10% over the next 5 years, which will drive the electricity
demand even higher. However, another remarkable finding of the regional study is
that the majority of air conditioners available in ASEAN countries have energy
performance that is already above the current national energy efficiency standards. In
this context, ASEAN-SHINE aims to harmonize minimum energy performance
standards for room air conditioners in ASEAN countries at a higher level to eliminate
the most inefficient models from the market. The regional study has led to the
development of a Regional Policy Roadmap to harmonize air conditioning standards
in ASEAN countries by 2020, which was endorsed by the ASEAN Ministers on
Energy Meeting on 7 October 2015 in a statement that was signed by the relevant
ministers and high level officials from Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao
PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and by the
Deputy Secretary General of ASEAN for ASEAN Economic Community.
05 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
This paper describes the national roadmap guidelines (NRM) for the harmonization of
energy performance standards of small and medium residential air conditioners in
Malaysia. The national roadmap guidelines (NRM) describe various components that
have been recommended by the national committee and technical working groups of
the ASEAN SHINE project and concrete action as required.
To achieve that, the national roadmap guidelines will formulate a set of necessary
actions for the enforcement of relevant national regulations and policies,
improvement of technical capacity of the testing laboratories and personnel, and
enhancement of procedures to ensure product compliance with new stringent
standards. ASEAN-SHINE is funded under the EU SWITCH-Asia programmes, which
seeks to promote the adoption of the Sustainable Consumption and Production goals
among small and medium-sized enterprises and consumer groups in Asia.
2.
VISION
Our vision is to achieve the biggest market share for high energy efficient air
conditioners in Malaysia.
3.
MISSION
Our mission is to carry out initiatives and coordinated programmes such as;
a) adoption of harmonized standards
b) having a regulation in place to enforce the standards (MEPS)
c) mobilization of AC manufacturers in support of the regulation through
engagement and consultation
d) creating awareness among end-users (households) about the advantages of
higher efficiency ACs
e) creating an enabling environment for conformity assessment and market
compliance
f) having a time-bound plan for the progressive increase of MEPS over time
3.1
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), 2016-2025
The National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) 2016-2025 presents a strategy
for a well-coordinated and cost effective implementation of energy efficiency
measures in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors, which will lead to
reduced energy consumption and economic savings for the consumers and the
nation.The target of NEEAP is to save electricity and reduce electricity demand
growth. This document illustrates the promotion of higher efficiency air conditioners
as part of the NEEAP in the Malaysian market as well as meeting the Ministry’s policy
direction:
”Promote energy efficiency to ensure productive use of energy and
minimise waste in order to contribute to sustainable development and
increased welfare and competitiveness.” 1
___________________
1
Extract from NEEAP document
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 06
In meeting the policy direction, the NEEAP has identified 10 specific energy efficiency
programmes to be implemented over a period of 10 years. The programmes are
grouped into 5 key initiatives where 2 of the initiatives are related to domestic
electrical appliances. They are;
Initiative 1: Promotion of 5-Star Rated Appliances;
Initiative 2: Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS)
Those 2 initiatives are important in driving the nation towards a sustainable energy
path. In general, the target of the NEEAP is to save electricity and reduce the
electricity demand growth
4.
GOALS AND TARGET (Scope and Objective)
The objective of the National Roadmap (NRM) is to provide clear guidelines in the
adoption of the national policies, regulations and approach in promoting the use of
more efficient air conditioning equipment and in defining the targets to be achieved
by Malaysia with regard to harmonization of the energy performance standards of air
conditioners by 2020. This document will create the road map for air conditioner
energy efficiency for the next 5-10 years. This will allow a coordinated effort to
improve energy efficiency in air conditioners and ensure a continuous implementation
of the initiatives
The Regional Policy Roadmap sets the vision for the whole ASEAN region, identifies
specific priority areas, where to apply effort with the objective to achieving the vision.
The Regional Policy Roadmap was drawn up based on the regional study which was
implemented by and with contributions from the ASEAN-SHINE partners. In this
context, the National Roadmap (NRM) is formulated using the ideas and knowledge
developed by the regional study, in line with its vision, priority areas and targets as
stated in the Regional Roadmap. The development of this NRM has the involvement
of the expertise of all relevant national stakeholders at every stage until its final
outcome.
5.
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
The EC (Energy Commission), established under the Energy Commission Act 2001,
is the regulatory agency for the electricity and the gas supply industry at the
reticulation stage. The Commission’s main tasks are to regulate the electricity and
gas supply industry at the reticulation stage from the technical, safety and economic
aspects. EC also advises the Minister of EGTW (Energy, Green Technology and
Water) on all matters related to electricity and tariffs including energy efficiency
promotion. EC is the regulatory body mandated by the Malaysian government to
regulate the implementation of energy efficiency labelling programmes in Malaysia
The Electricity (amendment) Regulation 2013 was officially mandated on 3rd May
2013 by EC. The amendment includes additional new regulations with regard to the
use of energy efficiency equipment and a Fourth Schedule (sub regulation 101A) that
embed a list of equipment currently under MEPS mandatory requirement. Air
conditioner is one of the items on the list.
07 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
6.
PAST EXPERIENCE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY INITIATIVES (SAVE
PROGRAMME)
Sustainability Achieved via Energy Efficiency Programmes or SAVE was a
programme designed under the Economic Transformation Programmes (ETP) of the
Malaysian Government in July 2011. The programme was aimed to provide cash
rebates for the purchase of energy-efficient refrigerators, air-conditioners and chillers.
A total of RM 45 million was allocated under the programme for the rebates and
promotional campaign activities throughout the country. The budget had covered the
purchases of as many as 100,000 units of refrigerators, 65,000 units of airconditioners and 72,000RT capacity of energy efficient chillers for eligible domestic
consumers and private companies. SAVE has helped to create a market for energyefficient appliances and market penetration of those products1.
Total energy saved from the equipment for the period from 2011 to 2013 was
306.9GWh2.
7.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY LABELLING PROGRAMMES
Energy rating and labelling has been a key contributor in the market transformation of
household appliances towards more energy efficient models. Labelling of appliances
is an effective tool to inform the consumer about the energy consumption of the
electrical goods. It is one of 5 key initiatives identified under NEEAP.
7.1
Voluntary Programmes 2005
The EC (Energy Commission) is responsible for the electrical appliances energy
efficiency and labelling programmes. The programmes were introduced and opened
to all manufacturers in 2005, initially for domestic refrigerator on a voluntary basis. It
was expanded in 2009, to include other products such as electric fans, TV, air
conditioners and ballasts. Each product is included in the programmes on the basis
that the consumer will benefit from its regulation for energy efficiency. The purpose
of the programmes are:
___________________
2
Extract from Strategy Paper 17-EPU: RMK10-RMK11
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 08
a.
b.
c.
d.
7.2
to improve Malaysia’s energy efficiency performance.
to encourage the development and innovation of high quality products
(market demand for more high energy efficient appliance will spur more product
technology innovations)
to provide a better and fairer competition in the marketing of products,
to help consumers in their purchasing decisions
Implementation and Enforcement of Minimum Energy Performance Standard
Effective 3rd May 2014, 5 domestics electrical products namely air conditioner,
refrigerator, television, fans and lamps shall meet the energy efficiency requirement
under Electricity Regulation 1994 (Amendments 2013) Regulation 101A (3). All the
above appliances except lamp shall be affixed with the energy efficiency label onto
the products before they can be sold to consumers. This energy efficiency label gives
the customer information on energy consumption. The minimum requirement of the
energy efficiency label for appliances to be sold in Malaysia is 2-Star. The 5-Star
appliances are the most energy efficient and will give significant saving on the
electricity bill in the long run.
7.3
Energy Efficiency labelling
Energy efficiency labelling allows consumer to be informed about the energy
consumption of the appliances they wish to purchase.
Figure 1: Label 2 Star to 5 Star (the highest is the most efficient)
09 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
8.
RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS RESULTS – MALAYSIA AC MARKET
CHARACTERISTIC AND DATA
8.1
AC Market Survey 2014 conducted under ASEAN SHINE project
Based on the regional study / survey conducted in 2014, for Malaysia market, the
largest market share of around 83% is for air conditioners with CC <15,000 Btu/h and
around 13% for air conditioners with 15,000 < CC < 25,000 Btu/h.
Sales and types overview
The room air conditioners market in Malaysia achieved sales of over 826,000 units in
2013. The average sales growth in the past 5 years is 4-5% per year. A large
proportion (more than 90%) of the units are split ACs; window ACs represent a very
small share and expected to further decrease over time.3
Figure 2: Sales of all ACs 2009 - 2013
A large A proportion (96%) of the models have a cooling capacity less than 20,000
Btu/h; within these, the most popular are units less than 9,000 Btu/h.
___________________
3
Extract from ASEAN Regional Policy Roadmap
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 10
Figure 3: Overview of AC sales by cooling capacity
The above figure provides an overview of the distribution of ACs models by capacity
in 2013, in Malaysia. Most of the ACs available in the Malaysian market are of the
non-inverter type and use R-22 refrigerant; while the inverter units available in the
market use R-410A. In terms of EER, from market survey data 2014, Malaysia air
conditioners have an EER of 3.1 W/W for air conditioners with cooling capacity <
15000 Btu/h. While for air conditioners with cooling capacity > 15000 Btu/h, the
average value of EER was 2.9W/W
8.2
EC Certificate of Approval (COA) for AC from 2014-2015
The following EC data information is based on number of AC models that have been
approved for COA in 2014. They are for all air conditioners (inverter or non-inverter)
with a cooling capacity (CC) of 25,000Btu/h and below. During preparation of this
document, total number of COA issued by EC was 373
STAR rating
No of models
percentage
5
211
56.57
4
47
12.60
3
64
17.16
2
51
13.67
Table 1: Data of approved COA issued by ST for air conditioners 2014-2015
Since the enforcement of energy efficiency requirement under Electricity Regulation
1994 (Amendments 2013) Regulation 101A (3) on 3rd May 2014, more than 60% of
the air conditioners are either of 5 STAR of 4 STAR rating. This shows that the
penetration of high efficient air conditioners are beginning to take shape and how the
initiative is beginning to show results4.
11 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
8.3
SIRIM QAS International testing record from 2013 - 2014
The followings are testing data on air conditioners as conducted by SIRIM QAS
International 5
Applicant
(Brand)
Cooling Capacity
(Btu/h)
Average
EER
Total No.
of models
(data)
No. of
models with
EER <2.9
A
CC < 4.5kW
(15000Btu/h)
3.64
22
1
B
CC < 15000
3.23
16
1
C
CC < 15000
3.33
20
2
D
CC < 15000
3.94
13
0
E
CC < 15000
3.33
22
2
F
CC < 15000
3.4
6
1
G
CC < 15000
3.5
4
0
Other Brands
CC < 15000
3.24
49
7
OVERALL
CC < 15000
3.45
152
14
Table 2: Data of tested air conditioners for cooling capacity (CC) less than
15000Btu/h
Applicant
(Brand)
Cooling Capacity
(Btu/h)
Average
EER
Total No.
of models
(data)
No. of
models with
EER <2.9
A
4.5kW<CC< 7.1kW
(15000 <CC< 25000)
3.44
23
4
B
15000 <CC< 25000
3.36
6
0
C
15000 <CC< 25000
2.77
15
8
D
15000 <CC< 25000
3.28
8
2
E
15000 <CC< 25000
3.13
11
4
F
15000 <CC< 25000
3.04
6
2
G
15000 <CC< 25000
3.1
10
5
Other Brands
15000 <CC< 25000
3.10
47
22
OVERALL
15000 <CC< 25000
3.15
126
47
Table 3: Data of tested air conditioners for cooling capacity (CC) more than
15000Btu/h
___________________
4
5
Data from ST (Energy Commission)
Data from SIRIM QAS International Energy Efficiency laboratory
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 12
Based on laboratory test data collected by SIRIM QAS International from 20132014(till Sept), the average EER for air conditioners tested at SIRIM test facilities was
3.45 W/W with cooling capacity < 15000 Btu/h. As for air conditioners with cooling
capacity > 15000 Btu/h, the average value of EER was 3.15W/W. Though the
sampling size is not significantly big, but it gives us a general outlook where Malaysia
is in comparison with other ASEAN countries in terms of EER values. This
information is important yardstick for regulator to decide future EER values, and
subsequently MEPS.
9.
ACTION AND MEASURES – THE ROADMAP COMPONENTS
9.1
Harmonization of testing methods
Current standard:
As specified in the 2014 EC Information booklet, MS ISO 5151:2004 is a reference
standard for testing of air conditioners. This standard is identical to the older version
of ISO 5151:1994. However, Malaysia has a newer version of MS ISO 5151:2012 as
a national standard, which is an identical adoption of ISO 5151:2010. EC has
accepted and recognized this new standard and currently all tests on air conditioners
are now using the latest standard.
Malaysia has also agreed to take into consideration metrics to measure part-load
energy performance and any revision to ISO 5151:2010 in the future.
Migration to a new standard (if any)
Current EC Energy Efficiency programmes are due for revision by earliest in 2016.
Any revision of the harmonized testing standards will be discussed. Any changes at
national level should be informed at the ASEAN level (EE&C-SSN) meeting
Any future revision of testing standards should be done within 5 years
YEAR
standard / revision
of existing
standard
9.2
2012
Current
MS ISO
5151:2012
2017
Next
Revision
2022
Next
Revision
Harmonization of evaluation methods
Malaysia has agreed to adopt a reporting format for air conditioner energy efficiency
as EER or CSPF for fixed speed and inverter. Currently, an EER and a weighted
EER are used to report a performance of an air conditioner for fixed type and inverter
type respectively. The EER is calculated as shown below:
i.
Non-Inverter type:
Energy Efficiency Rating (EER) =
ii. Inverter type:
Weighted (EER) =
Cooling Capacity (CC) (btu/hr)
---------------------------------Power Input (W)
0.4x Capacity (100% load) 0.6 x Capacity (50% load)
----------------------------------- + -------------------------------Power Input (100% load)
Power Input (50% load)
13 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
Adoption of a common evaluation method CSPF using ISO 16358-1 (as method of
EER calculation/evaluation) to replace the current weighted EER for inverter models
may be considered by 2020 or sooner. This will be considered during the discussion
for the revision of Malaysia MEPS standard MS2597:2014, which should take place
before 2019 or in 2017 at the earliest
2015
2016-2019
2020
2016- Study on adoption of
standard ISO 16358, stakeholder
Current
consultation on revising current
Full
EER
MEPS values and amendment of
implementation
calculation
MEPS standard
of CSPF
method
standard for
2017- MS (MEPS) standards
EER calculation
Revision
2018-Finalized & implementation
2019-Grace period for
implementation
** Preparation of a comparison table & data between EER calculation with the
existing formula and EER based on CSPF standard.
YEAR
Adoption of
new
calculation
method
CSPF
9.3
Harmonization of MEPS
To further promote the efficient use of energy in the country, the Minimum Energy
Performance Standard (MEPS) has been introduced by the government for efficient
electrical equipment and material. MEPS establishes minimum level of energy
performance that products must meet or exceed before they can be sold to
consumers. It improves the average efficiency of products available in the market by
raising the performance of the least efficient products. MEPS will ensure that low
efficient air conditioners are not dumped in the market. MEPS is one of the initiatives
identified under the National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2014. Malaysia has
published a new MEPS standard MS 2597:2014 for air conditioners. To meet the
requirements of the MEPS, the performance criteria when conducting test using the
relevant testing standards have to be met.
The current scope of the cooling capacity is for wall mounted single split units
which are up to 25,000Btu/h. Based on the regional survey conducted in 2014, for
Malaysia market, the largest market share of around 83% for air conditioners with CC
<15,000 Btu/h and around 13% for air conditioners with 15,000 < CC < 25,000 Btu/h.
The impact on air conditioners with larger cooling capacity >25,000 Btu/h is relatively
insignificant. Currently, Malaysia MEPS policy for air conditioner has two separate
tables, i.e. for CC < 15,000Btu/h and 15,000 < CC < 25,000Btu/h.
i.
For rated cooling capacity (CC) <4.5kW or
Note: 1W = 3.412 Btu/h
CC <15354 Btu/h (~ < 15000Btu/h)
Star Rating
5
4
3
(Btu/h/W)
11.94
11.16 -11.93
10.37 - 11.15
2
1
9.56 - 10.36
9.00- 9.55
Table 4: Star rating for (CC) <4.5kW
Tested EER
W/W
3.50
3.27 – 3.50
3.04 – 3.27
2.80 – 3.04
2.64 – 2.80
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 14
ii. For rated cooling capacity (CC) 4.5kW CC
15354Btu/h CC
7.1kW or
24225 Btu/h (~ 15000Btu/h CC
Star Rating
5
4
3
(Btu/h/W)
10.71
9.83 -10.70
8.94 – 9.82
2
1
8.03 – 8.93
1.00- 8.02
Table 5: Star rating for (CC) 4.5kW CC
25000 Btu/h)
Tested EER
W/W
3.14
2.88 – 3.13
2.62 – 2.88
2.35 – 2.62
2.20 – 2.35
7.1kW
Figure 4: Average EERs for each ASEAN member states
EERs varies significantly among ASEAN economies as a result of the types of ACs
available in each country and the corresponding efficiency and labelling policies that
are currently in place. From Figure 4 above, Thailand displays the most efficient
product market in all AC capacity categories among the surveyed economies
(Singapore has the most efficient market but it did not participate in the survey and
thus it is not shown in the figure). Vietnam is second on performance for smaller
cooling capacities, followed by Malaysia.6
___________________
6
Extract from ASEAN Regional Policy Roadmap
15 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
Figure 5: EER data with cooling capacities lower than 15,000Btu/h
From 2014 survey, average EER for models in Malaysia market with cooling
capacities lower than 15,000Btu/h was around 10.6Btu/h/W or 3.1W/W
In line with what have been proposed at the regional level, Malaysia has agreed to
notify a minimum EER (also refers to weighted EER) of 2.9W/W (or CSPF of 3.1W/W
by 2020 or as early as 2018) as mandatory MEPS for all fixed and variable drive air
conditioners below 15,000Btu/h) capacities. Subsequently, for 15,000 < CC <
25,000Btu/h, the EER shall be increased but subject to further discussion with the
regulator and the stakeholders based on the performance of the air conditioner. The
discussion on the new MEPS will be finalized soon before the next revision of
Malaysia MEPS Standard MS 2597:2014 in 2018. The MEPS will be periodically
reviewed and revised at an interval of 5 years or less
MEPS for ASEAN
(CC <4.5kW (CC< 15000 Btu/h))
YEAR
EER for MEPS
value
2015
2018
Depending on each AMS
country
by 2020
2.9 or CSPF
of 3.08
MEPS for Malaysia
Referring to item 8.2, Malaysia has agreed to adopt a reporting format for air
conditioner energy efficiency as EER or CSPF for fixed speed and inverter. If CSPF
is used, then Malaysia will adopt MEPS value for CSPF of 3.1 W/W by 2020. This
was proposed and agreed after a consultation workshop on air conditioner between
ST and industry players was held on 29 th Feb 2016. This is in line with the value
agreed at regional.
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 16
YEAR
CSPF for MEPS
value for all CC
- CC < 4.5kW
- 4.5kW CC
7.1kW
2016 -2019
2016- Study on adoption of standard
ISO 16358, stakeholder consultation
on revising current MEPS values and
amendment of MEPS standard
by 2020
3.1 W/W
2017- MS (MEPS) standards Revision
2018-Finalized & implementation
2019-Grace period for implementation
9.4
Phasing out of R22 and alternative refrigerants
Despite favourable conditions for growth, the residential air-conditioning market is
stifled by the change of refrigerant from R22 to more expensive environment-friendly
alternatives. Malaysia will start to phase out R22 gradually starting from Dec 2015
with prohibition of manufacturing, assembly and import of HCFC-based air
conditioners of 2.5HP and lower for use in Malaysia.
This initiative is under the Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Natural
Resources and Environment: “Phasing out of R22 by 2015 – Through Malaysia’s
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) Phase out Management Plan (HPMP). Stage 1 (2012-2016)”.7
The main challenges for HCFC phase-out in air conditioning sector were identified to
be;
i. the absence of a mature technology and efficient alternative technology,
ii. the rapidly growing population of HCFC-based air conditioning equipment,
enhancing the HCFC demand in the manufacturing and servicing, and
iii. additional cost incurred to change refrigerant from R22 to a more
environmental friendly alternatives
At the moment R32 and R410a have been identified and widely used in the air
conditioners by majority of air conditioner manufacturers for their new models.
YEAR
Phasing out
of HCFCbased
refrigerant
with a new
environmental
friendly
refrigerant
2012-2016
HPMP Stage 1
(2012-2016)
Ban on R22 in
a new imported ACs
by Dec 2015
___________________
7
Extract from Malaysia HCFC Phase Out Management Plan
2020
HPMP Stage 2
(2016-2020)
Prohibit
manufacture,
assembly and import
of all HCFC based
product and
equipment
17 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
9.5
Testing Infrastructure, national laboratory capacity and mutual recognition agreement
Malaysia currently has one government-link testing laboratory, i.e. SIRIM QAS
International, which provides energy efficiency testing for air conditioners. The
laboratory has complete test facilities that can provide technical support to ensure
energy efficient appliances (including air conditioners sold in the Malaysian market)
are thoroughly tested; meeting globally recognized energy efficiency standards and
regulations.
SIRIM QAS International has been accredited as a recognised CBTL (CB Testing
laboratory) under IECEE CB scheme (an international scheme for electrical &
electronic appliances), by STANDARDS MALAYSIA for SAMM accreditation scheme
(for laboratory) and designated as a recognised testing laboratory by EC as well as
listed as one of the laboratories under the ASEAN EEEMRA and AHEEERR (ASEAN
Harmonized Electrical Electronic Equipment Regulatory Regime) agreements for
electrical & electronic product/equipment.
Being the largest certification body in the country with more than 40 years of
experience in product certification scheme and testing, SIRIM QAS International is
more than capable of fulfilling tasks assigned to support MEPS. Currently SIRIM
QAS International air conditioner test facilities are able to conduct energy efficiency
test according to two types of test methods – air enthalpy and balanced-type
calorimeter.
To further improve the credibility of the testing lab in the future, the followings are
recommended;
i.
ii.
iii.
lab has to maintain its accreditation
lab has to enhance its capability through a continuous training to increase
staff competency
lab has to reduce differences in reporting the results through participation
in proficiency programmes or round robin test programmes
As for mutual recognition agreement, Malaysia currently is a signatory to ASEAN
Electrical and Electronic Mutual Recognition Agreement (ASEAN EEEMRA) and
ASEAN Harmonised Electrical and Electronics Equipment Regulatory Regime
(AHEEERR). The two documents are for mutual acceptance of test report and test
certificates among ASEAN member states on certain regulated electrical and
electronic products including the energy efficiency test requirements
9.6
Monitoring and verification
9.6.1
Collection of EE data
A monitoring programme to follow-up the action plan is required. EC will monitor the
effectiveness of the EC Energy Efficiency Labelling programmes through data
collection from their information system and a database on energy efficiency. This
can be in the form of sales data on the number of high efficient air conditioners sold
in the country or an estimated amount of energy savings from energy efficient air
conditioners sold in a given period of time.
National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia | 18
9.6.2
Verification of information on label
To ensure that the integrity of EC STAR rating programmes, a reliable compliance
monitoring process is a must. EC need to ensure that the declared energy
performance as well as related information provided on energy / STAR rating labels
are correct. A regular inspection on ACs market should be initiated. The current
mechanism where manufacturer or importer who have obtained COA and required to
print out the EE label (based on EC Energy Efficiency labelling) may have to be
reviewed. This is to ensure that the data information on the label are correct and not
disputable. Label redesign should also be considered so as to reflect the current
MEPS value as well as to distinguish the year the label was issued.
9.6.3
Market surveillance and a verification testing
There is legal framework to act on non-compliance issues for the labelling
programme in Malaysia. Under EC new Electricity (Amendment) Regulation 2013,
regulation 109A, it states that the EC may, from time to time, carry out market
surveillance to determine if the equipment referred to in the regulation is safe and
affixed with an efficiency rating label. The non- compliance and related issues are
addressed in the regulation. In addition, the EC is also responsible to ensure the
compliance with safety requirements. A good STAR rating labelling programmes
requires market surveillance as well as verification testing. The EC will initiate and
plan a market surveillance programme to ensure that the products already in the
market are always complying with the MEPS requirement. A component of the
market surveillance includes a verification testing on the samples picked up at
random from the market.
The significant of this programme is:
i.
ii.
to ensure relevancy of data
to ensure that samples in the market are in compliance with regulation
To ensure its effectiveness, it is recommended that the market surveillance
programmes be carried on a regular basis. This is especially for air conditioner test
data that were generated from overseas test labs and witness tests data conducted
at manufacturers’ premises
9.7
Supporting policies to promote products with better energy performance at the
national level.
The NEEAP has identified energy efficiency programmes to be implemented over a
period of 10 years. The programmes can be grouped into 5 key initiatives related:• Key Initiative 1: Promotion of 5-Star Rated appliances;
• Key Initiative 2: Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS);
• Key Initiative 3: Energy Audits and Management in Buildings and Industries;
• Key Initiative 4: Promotion of cogeneration.
• Key Initiative 5: Energy Efficient Building Design.
Key Initiatives 1 and 2 are related to promotional activities for high efficient air
conditioners. Although most of the programmes will be mainly funded by the private
sector, the government has also allocated a budget for awareness and promotional
activities to encourage consumer buy-in for energy efficient products, including that of
7
.
ACs
___________________
7
Extract from NEEAP document
19 | National Policy Roadmap: Malaysia
REFERENCES
The following reference materials / documents are used during the preparation of
these guidelines:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Harmonization of Air conditioners standards in ASEAN economies - A Regional
Policy Roadmap – CLASP – Feb 2015.
United Nations Energy Programmes for ASEAN SHINE – Guidelines for National
Policy Roadmap Development
National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP, 2016-2025) - Ministry of
Energy, Green Technology and Water
Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Programmes (CLASP) –
Energy Efficiency Labels and Standards: A Guidebook for Appliances,
Equipment, and Lighting 2nd Edition
EC Approval of Electrical Equipment (Electricity Regulations 1994) Information
Booklet 2014 Edition
Malaysia HCFC Phase-Out Management Plan (HPMP Stage-1)(2012-2016) –
Department of Environment Malaysia and United Nations Development
Programme- April 2012
EC Website – www.st.gov.my and (http:// meih.st.gov.my/statistics)
Strategy Paper 17 RMK11 Document –EPU
Suruhanjaya Tenaga - National Energy Balance 2014
PROMOTION OF HIGHER
EFFICIENCY ROOM AIR
CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA:
AIR CONDITIONER ROADMAP
GUIDELINES (A NATIONAL ROADMAP)
Final Summary Report by Air Conditioner Evaluation Standard
Subcommittee, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of the
Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy
The Air Conditioner Evaluation Standards Subcommittee conducted deliberations on judgment
standards for the manufacturers or importers (hereinafter referred to as “manufacturers”) concerning
performance improvement of air conditioners, and prepared a final summary report as below.
1. Evaluation of Current Standards
The weighted harmonic mean of energy consumption efficiency by the volume of shipments
of air conditioners (limited to those of wall-hung type among non-ducted types whose cooling
capacity is 4.0 kW or lower out of air conditioners used for both cooling and heating) whose the
target fiscal year finished in the 2004 freezing year was 5.05 (for products shipped in the 2004
freezing year).
It corresponds to improvement by 67.8%, when compared with the weighted
harmonic mean of the energy consumption efficiency by shipments prior to introduction of the Top
Runner Standard (i.e., products shipped in the 1997 freezing year), which was 3.01.
This means
that improvements surpassing the energy consumption efficiency (5.00) and the assumed
improvement rate (66.1%), which was then assumed in case that Top Runner standards were
achieved.
In view of the above, energy-saving efforts in air conditioners (limited to those of wall-hung
type among non-ducted types whose cooling capacity is 4.0 kW or lower out of air conditioners
used for both cooling and heating) have been progressing well as a result of efforts by the
manufacturers for energy conservation, and thus we can evaluate that the current standards based
on the Top Runner Program are functioning effectively.
2. Target Scope [See Attachment 1]
This review shall cover air conditioners for household use (limited to those of wall-hung
type among non-ducted types whose cooling capacity is 4.0 kW or lower, out of air conditioners
used for both cooling and heating) whose the target year finished in the 2004 freezing year.
Air conditioners that use any energy other than electricity as a heat source for heating, highly
gas-tight/heat-insulating housing duct air-conditioning systems, and multi-functional heat pump
system air conditioners shall be excluded.
3. Items to be judgment standards for manufacturers
(1) Target fiscal year [See Attachment 2]
It shall be the fiscal year 2010.
(2) Target standard values [See Attachments 3 to 4]
With regard to air conditioners that manufacturers ship within Japan for the target fiscal year, the
weighted harmonic mean of the energy consumption efficiency (Annual Performance Factor
(APF)) calculated in (3) by the volume of shipments for each manufacturer per category shown in
the table below shall not exceed the target standard value.
1
Category
Unit Form
A
Air Conditioners of
wall-hung type
among the non-duct
types (excluding
multi-type that
control operation of
indoor unit
separately)
B
C
D
Cooling Capacity
3.2 kW or lower
Over 3.2 kW and
4.0 kW or lower
Dimension Type of
Indoor Unit
Target
Standard
Value (APF)
Dimension-defined
type
5.8
Free–dimension
type
6.6
Dimension-defined
type
4.9
Free–dimension
type
6.0
Remarks: “Dimension Type of Indoor Unit” means that, with a standard Japanese wooden house as
a model, air conditioner models whose indoor unit has horizontal width of 800 mm or
less and height of 295 mm or less shall be defined as a dimension-defined type. Air
conditioners other than those of dimension-defined type shall be free-dimension type.
In addition, note that we decided to categorize air conditioners by dimension of indoor
unit, because it was feared that only those of free-dimension type might remain on the
market otherwise, resulting in a collision with household equipment.
(3) Energy consumption efficiency measurement method [See Attachment 5]
As an index of the energy consumption efficiency of air conditioners, Annual Performance Factor
(APF) shall be used.
The measurement method shall be a calculation method specified in
Japanese Industrial Standards C9612: 2005 Room Air Conditioner.
(4) Display items and others
Items to be displayed shall follow the provisions in the Household Good Quality Labeling Law.
The items concerning energy saving shall be as follows:
1) Display items:
a) Category
b) Cooling capacity
c) Cooling power consumption
d) Cooling energy consumption efficiency
e) Heating capacity
f)
Heating power consumption
g) Heating energy consumption efficiency
h) Cooling/heating average energy consumption efficiency
i)
Annual Performance Factor
j)
Manufacturer’s name
(Note) Regarding the display of a) and i) in the above, revision of the Electric Machinery and
2
Appliance Quality Labeling Regulations is required.
2) Compliance items
a) The cooling capacity shall be displayed in kilowatts measured by the method specified
in the cooling capacity test in Japanese Industrial Standards B8615-1.
In this case, the
allowable range shall be up to minus 5% of the displayed value.
b) The heating capacity shall be displayed in kilowatts measured by the method specified
in the heating capacity test in Japanese Industrial Standard B8615-1.
In this case, the
allowable range shall be up to minus 5% of the displayed value.
c) The cooling power consumption shall be in watts or kilowatts measured by the method
specified in the cooling power consumption test in Japanese Industrial Standard B8615-1.
In this case, the allowable range shall be up to plus 10% of the displayed value.
d) The heating power consumption shall be in watts or kilowatts measured by the method
specified in the heating power consumption test in Japanese Industrial Standard B8615-1.
In this case, the allowable range shall be up to plus 10% of the displayed value.
e) The cooling energy consumption efficiency or heating energy consumption efficiency
shall be a numeric value obtained by dividing the cooling capacity in kilowatts measured
by the method specified in a) above by the cooling power consumption in kilowatts
measured by the method specified in c) above.
The obtained value shall be displayed
to two places of decimals.
f)
The heating energy consumption efficiency shall be a numeric value obtained by
dividing the heating capacity in kilowatts measured by the method specified in b) above
by the heating power consumption in kilowatts measured by the method specified in d)
above. The obtained value shall be displayed to two places of decimals.
g) The cooling/heating average energy consumption shall be obtained by summing the
cooling energy consumption efficiency and the heating energy consumption efficiency
and then dividing it by 2.
The obtained value shall be displayed to two places of
decimals.
h) Annual Performance Factor shall be obtained by dividing the sum of heat quantity to be
removed from indoor air and that to be added to indoor air throughout cooling period
and heating period by total energy consumption to be consumed during the same period;
these heat quantities are obtained by the test and calculating method for seasonal energy
efficiency specified in Japanese Industrial Standards C9612: 2005. The obtained APF
shall be displayed to one place of decimal.
i)
Should any difference arise in measurements specified in a) to h) above due to different
rated frequencies, measured values would be displayed for every rated frequency.
j)
The display items listed in 1) above shall be clearly placed on prominent positions in
catalogues or instruction manuals so that consumers can refer to them when selecting
equipment.
3
4. Proposals for energy saving
(1) Actions of users
1) Through effective use of information such as “energy-saving labels”, etc, users are
encouraged to make an attempt to not only select an air conditioner with excellent energy
consumption efficiency but also reduce energy by using it appropriately and efficiently.
2) Users shall attempt to select an air conditioner while considering the setting or size of a room
to install it in, in order to make full use of its capacity.
(2) Actions of retailers
1) Retailers shall attempt to not only distribute air conditioners with excellent energy
consumption efficiency but also provide appropriate information for users to select them
through use of “energy-saving labels”, etc.
When using the energy-saving labels, as air
conditioners vary in performance depending on areas where to be used, retailers shall
carefully display labels in a manner that users can easily understand and get no false
impression by means of, for example, showing conditions for calculating energy consumption
efficiency.
(3) Actions of manufacturers
1) Manufactures shall promote technological development toward energy saving of air
conditioners and attempt to develop products with excellent energy consumption efficiency.
2) From viewpoint of promoting the spread of air conditioners with excellent energy
consumption efficiency, manufacturers shall attempt to provide appropriate information to
encourage users to select air conditioners with excellent energy consumption efficiency, by
displaying “energy-saving labels” in a catalogue, etc.
As air conditioners vary in
performance depending on areas where to be used, in implementing the energy-saving labels,
manufacturers shall carefully display them in a manner that users can easily understand and
get no false impression, by means of, for example, showing conditions for calculating energy
consumption efficiency.
3) To respond to improved energy-saving performances such as insulation performance of
buildings, etc. in recent years, manufacturers shall review guideline for applicable room sizes
according to cooling capacity and heating capacity.
4) Since Annual Performance Factor (APF) adopted in this report is based on numeric values
computed under certain conditions, manufacturers shall attempt to improve the measurement
4
method in the future as well, so that evaluation can be carried out in a condition closer to
actual use.
(4) Actions of Government
1) From viewpoint of promoting the spread of air conditioners with excellent energy
consumption efficiency, the government shall attempt to take necessary action such as the
spread and enlightenment activities, in order to promote actions of users and manufacturers.
2) The government shall periodically and continuously monitor the implementation status of the
display items by manufacturers and attempt at appropriate operation of the law so that
information on energy consumption efficiency can be provided to users in a correct and easily
understandable manner.
3) The energy-saving standard based on the Top Runner Program is a very effective approach for
energy saving of products.
Therefore, the government shall make efforts to spread it
internationally by catching appropriate opportunities.
5
Attachment 1
Target Scope
This review shall cover air conditioners for household use (limited to those of wall-hung type
among non-ducted types whose cooling capacity is 4.0 kW or lower, out of air conditioners used for
both cooling and heating) whose the target year finished in the 2004 freezing year.
Note, however, that air conditioners that meet under the following requirements shall be
excluded.
1) Air conditioners that use any energy other than electricity as a heat source for heating
Air conditioners being composite products that use electricity for cooling and use
combustion heat of gas, oil, etc, as a heat source for heating.
They are in limited use in
cold region where heating by heat pumps cannot accommodate heating load.
Presently no international standard regarding the measurement method for these
products exists, and no national standard has been established, either.
* Transition in shipments (2004 freezing year): Approximately 10,000 units
2) Ducted air-conditioning systems for highly gas-tight/heat-insulating housing
Air conditioners being dedicated for highly gas-tight/heat-insulating housing and with
heat exchange capability between exhaust air and intake air, etc., for which no evaluation
method has been established yet.
* Transition in shipments (2004 freezing year): Approximately 3,500 units
3) Multi-functional heat pump system air conditioners
Air conditioners being capable of floor heating and/or hot-water supply through the
use of heated water produced through their heat pump systems.
Their shipment number is
still small although they are expected to spread in future.
* Transition in shipments (2004 freezing year): Approximately 2,000 units
6
Attachment 2
Target Year, etc, of Air Conditioners
1. In general, a considerable improvement in energy consumption efficiency is made when a model
change takes place, and a typical development period of these new products is approximately 2 to
3 years.
For this reason, consideration should be given so that manufacturers can take 1 to 2
opportunities of bringing out new models before the next target fiscal year.
With the above in mind, it is appropriate to set the target year of air conditioners to fiscal year
2010 (Heisei 22), which is five years after establishment of the standard values.
2. In addition, it is expected that improvement rate of energy consumption efficiency in the target
fiscal year will be approximately 22.4% based on an assumption that there will be no change
from current volume of shipments (results of fiscal year 2005) as well as model composition of
each category.
<Overview of Estimation>
(1) Energy consumption efficiency estimated from values of actual achievements of air
conditioners shipped in fiscal year 2005: 4.9
(2) Energy consumption efficiency estimated from the target standard values of air conditioners
to be shipped in the target fiscal year: 6.0
(3) Improvement rate of energy consumption efficiency
(6.0 − 4.9) × 100 =
Approximately 22.4%
4.9
7
Attachment 3
Classification of Air Conditioners
1
Basic Idea
Idea of classification for overall air conditioners under the current standard is based on the
following:
1) Classification by basic function
2) Classification by unit form
3) Classification by cooling capacity
In the scope of this review, air conditioners are classified as shown below:
Unit Form
Cooling Capacity
Air conditioners of wall-hung type
2.5 kW or lower
among the non-duct types
(excluding multi-type air
conditioners that control operation
of indoor unit separately)
Over 2.5kW,
3.2 kW or lower
Over 3.2kW,
4.0 kW or lower
Table 1: Current classification in the scope of this review
Air conditioners shall be classified, taking into consideration the fact that heat exchangers
recently have been growing in size in order to improve energy-saving performance.
2. Specific Classification Method
(1) Classification by design concept accompanying increased size of heat exchangers
The growing size of heat exchangers shall be a major factor in improvement of energy
consumption efficiency.
Thus, current products (products that have satisfied the current
standard) are roughly divided based on the design concept, as shown below:
1) Models that meet the current standard values in terms of energy saving while considering
installation space and/or resource saving as well
2) Models that pursue energy-saving performance with no limit being imposed in terms of
installation space and/or resource saving
If this classification was not made in this review, it was feared that only air conditioners
8
categorized in 2) having excellent energy saving performance might remain on the market,
possibly leading to a disharmony with housing setup. Thus, with a standard Japanese wooden
house as a model, air conditioners shall be classified as follows: (See Figure 1)
1) Dimension-defined type: Models whose indoor unit is 800 mm or less in horizontal width
and 295 mm or less in height.
2) Free-dimension type: Models other than those mentioned above
Annual Performance Factor (APF)
通年エネルギー消費効率（ＡＰＦ）
7.00
◆Dimension-defined Type
■Free-Dimension Type
6.50
6.00
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.6
4.0
Cooling
Capacity (kW)
冷房能力（ｋＷ）
Figure 1: Cooling Capacity – Annual Performance Factor (APF) (Products in FY 2005)
(Reference: Basis for thresholds in dimension categories of indoor units)
Given a standard Japanese wooden house as a model, the thresholds of indoor units are 800 mm or
less in horizontal width and 295 mm or less in height. The rationale for them is as follows:
1. Basis for height being 295 mm or less
1) Building Standards Law, Enforcement Ordinance, Article 21 (Ceiling height of a living
room)
The ceiling height should be 2.1 m or more.
2) Standard window height is 1.8 m.
3) Approximately 5 mm is needed as a clearance for preventing an air conditioner from
interfering with ceiling.
With the above in mind,
9
2,100mm－1,800mm－5mm＝295mm
2. Basis for horizontal width being 800 mm or less
1) Inter-column module dimension according to the old Japanese measuring system
(Shaku-Kan system) is 910 mm.
2) Dimension of a 3.5-sun (sun: one of the units in Shaku-Kan system) column is 106.75 mm.
3) Approximately 5 mm is needed as a clearance for preventing an air conditioner from
interfering with ceiling.
With the above in mind, 910mm－106.75mm－5mm≒800mm
3.5-sun column
3.5-sun column
3. Setting of Basic Classification Proposal
With the above in mind, we shall define a basic classification proposal, as shown in the following
table:
Temporary
Category
A
B
C
D
E
F
Cooling
Capacity
Unit form
Air conditioners of wall-hung type
among the non-duct types (excluding
multi-type air conditioners that control
operation of indoor unit separately)
10
2.5 kW or lower
Over 2.5kW,
3.2 kW or lower
Over 3.2 kW,
4.0 kW or lower
Dimension Type of
Indoor Unit
Dimension-defined type
Free-dimension type
Dimension-defined type
Free–dimension type
Dimension-defined type
Free-dimension type
Attachment 4
Target Standard Values of Air Conditioners
1. Idea on Establishment of Target Standard Values
(1) Basic idea
We shall set target standard values based on the idea of Top Runner Method.
The specific
policy shall be as follows:
1) Target standard values shall be set for every category that has been defined appropriately.
2) As for categories where future technological advances are expected to improve efficiency,
the target standard value shall allow for as much improvement as possible.
3) Target standard values shall not conflict among categories.
(2) Target fiscal year
In general, a considerable improvement in energy consumption efficiency is made when a
model change takes place, and a typical development period of these new products is
approximately 2 to 3 years.
For this reason, consideration should be given so that
manufacturers can take 1 to 2 opportunities of bringing out new models before the next target
fiscal year.
With the above in mind, it is appropriate to set the target year of air conditioners to fiscal year
2010 (Heisei 22), which is five years after establishment of the standards.
(3) Room for improvement of energy consumption efficiency by future technology advances
Technology development of air conditioners has been undertaken primarily for
establishment of a comfortable living environment.
Although technology development related
to improvement of energy-saving performance has been implemented to accomplish the current
target standards, development of each elemental technology has almost reached its limit and thus
innovative technology development is hardly expected.
[Main examples of technologies for improving efficiency of air conditioners] (See reference 2)
･ Compressors: High-efficient compression technology, neodymium magnet, improvement of
motor winding, low-iron-loss magnetic steel sheet, reduction of mechanical loss,
reduction of pressure drop in suction/discharge, sine-wave drive control
11
･ Fan motor: Introduction of DC brushless motor, increased number of poles/introduction of
slots, optimization of core shape, reduction of circuit loss, optimal energization
･ Electronically controlled valve
･ Heat exchanger: Three-row arrangement of an indoor unit, multi-stage bending, improvement
of fin shape, improvement of piping process
Although these technologies have been introduced into the current Top Runner equipment,
it can be said that there still remains room for efficiency improvement in individual technologies,
considering the fact that these introduced technologies differ depending on manufacturers and
that each manufacturer is taking its own approach for further improvement of efficiency.
Taking into consideration the fact in comprehensive manner that these factors might contribute to
higher efficiency, we set the target standard value by 3% up from the current Top Runner Value
for the dimension-defined type and by 4% for the free dimension type.
2. Specific Target Standard Values
Target standard values of air conditioners shall be represented in real numbers.
To be specific, for each category the best value of energy consumption efficiency shall be a Top
Runner Value, and a value obtained by adding improved efficiency to the Top Runner value shall
be a target standard value.
In both the dimension-defined type and free dimension type, the category for cooling
capacity of 2.5 kW or lower and the category for cooling capacity of over 2.5kW and 3.2 kW or
lower shall be integrated, because their Top Runner Values are at almost same level.
Table 1: Top Runner Values of Air Conditioner
Temporary
Category
Unit Form
Cooling Capacity
Air Conditioners of
2.5 kW or lower
A
B
wall-hung type among the
Dimension Type of
Top Runner
Indoor Unit
Value(APF)
Dimension-defined type
5.65
Free–dimension type
6.40
C
non-duct types (excluding
Over 2.5kW,3.2 kW
Dimension-defined type
5.60
D
multi-type air conditioners
or lower
Free–dimension type
6.40
Over 3.2kW,
Dimension-defined type
4.80
4.0kW or lower
Free–dimension type
5.80
that controls operation of
E
F
indoor unit separately)
12
Table 2: Target Standard Value of Air Conditioner
Category
A
B
C
D
Unit Form
Air conditioners of
wall-hung type
among the
non-duct types
(excluding
multi-type air
conditioners that
control operation
of indoor unit
separately)
Cooling
Capacity
3.2kW or lower
Over 3.2kW,
4.0kW or lower
Dimension Type
of Indoor Unit
Top Runner
Value (APF)
Improved
Efficiency
(%)
Target
Standard
Value
(APF)
Dimension-defined
type
5.65
3.0
5.8
Free–dimension
type
6.40
4.0
6.6
Dimension-defined
type
4.80
3.0
4.9
Free–dimension
type
5.80
4.0
6.0
13
Annual
Performance Factor (APF)
通年エネルギー消費効率（ＡＰＦ）
(Reference 1)
7.00
Target Standard Value (5.8)
6.00
5.65
Target Standard
Value（4.9）
5.00
4.80
4.00
2.2
2.5
2.8
Cooling
Capacity
(kW)
冷房能力（ｋＷ）
3.6
4.0
Figure 1: Top Runner Values and Target Standard Values in Categories A and C (for
Annual Performance Factor (APF)
通年エネルギー消費効率（ＡＰＦ）
Dimension-defined Type)
7.00
Target Standard
Target Standard
Value（6.6）
Value（6.0）
6.40
6.00
5.80
5.00
4.00
2.2
2.5
2.8
3.6
4.0
Cooling
Capacity (kW)
冷房能力（ｋＷ）
Figure 2: Top Runner Values and Target Standard Values in Categories B and D (for Free-Dimension
Type)
14
(Reference 2)
Examples of Main Technologies for Improving Efficiency of Air Conditioners
(1)
Compressor
1)
High-efficient compression technology
The compressor is the heart of an air conditioner and requires high-precise
processing technology.
Although a rotary compressor with rotary method was widely adopted before, a twin
rotary method or scroll method with better compression efficiency has now been
developed and adopted.
Twin Rotary Compressor
Scroll Compressor
[Reduction of mechanical loss]
Sliding loss is reduced by improving precision in process of a sliding unit.
In a
scroll compressor, swirling scroll and fixed scroll are made to stick together, thereby
reducing leak.
increases.
When the sticking force is strong, sliding loss between these scrolls
On the other hand, when the sticking force is weak, a gat appears and causes
increasing leak.
Thus, in order to maintain the minimum sticking force to reduce sliding
loss, there is provided a control valve for controlling pressure on the back of the swirling
scroll so that there will be appropriate back pressure according to operating state.
[Reduction of pressure loss in suction/discharge]
An attempt to reduce a pressure loss is being made by improving a shape of passage.
For instance, a suction passage is made to be tapered for a suction opening, and a
discharge opening is stepped to be expanded.
15
2)
Compressor motor
[Neodymium magnet]
An attempt to improve motor efficiency is made by changing ferrite that has been
conventionally used in a rotor to neodymium that has high magnetic flux density.
[Improvement of line area ratio of winding]
A proportion of total coil sectional area within the stator to a stator slot area is
referred to a line-area ratio.
If the line-area ratio could be increased, the coil sectional
area could be expanded, thereby reducing copper loss.
In the past, as coil was threaded through a narrow space within a closed stator and
winded, there remained a large dead space in the stator slot.
However, development of a
new manufacturing method allows for the high line-area ratio by winding the coil to the
stator divided and spread out.
In addition, coil covering an end face of a stator core can be reduced by directly
coiling the stator (intensive winding), thus also reducing copper loss.
[Low-iron-loss magnetic steel sheet]
One of the factors of iron loss is eddy-current loss caused by eddy current generated
in an iron core.
Attempts have been made to prevent this current from flowing easily by
means of, for example, adoption of silicon steel plates and/or thin laminated steel sheets.
3)
Sine-wave drive control of compressor motor
In the past, the square wave drive system, which switches current-conducting phases at
every 60 degrees, was adopted as an operating method of a compressor for an inverter air
conditioner. With this system, a position of a rotor could be sensed from induced voltage
of the motor while motor current was not conducting, and thus the motor speed could be
changed easily.
In this system, however, the square motor current caused reduced motor efficiency.
To respond to this, recently, coupled with improved arithmetic performance of the
microcomputer, the sine wave driving of motor current was made possible through
development of the control technology to estimate a rotor position from motor current.
16
Waveform of Motor Current of Square-Wave
Waveform of Motor Current of Sine-Wave
Driving System
Driving System
(2)
1)
Blowers
Indoor blower
Various types of fans depending on unit form are used for blowers of indoor units. A
“cross flow fan” is used for most of the wall-hung type air conditioners.
[Cross Flow Fan]
Although a cross flow fan was composed of blades that were processed metal sheets in
the past, an attempt to increase air volume has been made through introduction of plastic
blades having a wing-shaped section and growing size of fan diameter, while controlling
noise.
The layout and molding of a fan and blades have also been improved, by having
random spacing between blades, angling a fan shaft, etc.
Random Pitch
Unequal pitch
Close-up
17
2)
Outdoor blower
In general, a propeller fan is used for an outdoor unit of an air conditioner.
Although
it was made of processed metal sheets in the past, it is now made of plastics. An attempt to
increase air volume has been made by improving a blade shape, while suppressing noise.
3)
Fan motor
For fan motors for both indoor and outdoor units, an efficient DC brushless motor has
replaced a conventional AC motor.
In addition, to improve efficiency of a DC brushless
motor, techniques that were developed for a compressor motor having high power
consumption are incorporated, and optimization efforts have been made to achieve the most
efficient combination of technologies, such as increased number of poles/slots, a devised core
shape, reduction of circuit loss, optimal energization, etc.
Example of Increased Number of
Poles/Slots
4-pole 6-Slot
(3)
8-pole 12-Slot
Electronically controlled expansion valve
A decompressor is a component to create high-pressure and low-pressure states in a
refrigerant circuit.
Until now a capillary tube has been used primarily.
A capillary tube
refers to a thin and long copper pipe being about 0.2 to 2 m long and having an inside
diameter of 1 mm to 2mm.
This pipe generates pipe resistance and achieves throttling
action (decompression).
A capillary tube has been widely used for a room-air conditioner as it can be
implemented with a simple structure.
However, adjustment of appropriate degree of
throttling according to number of revolutions is not possible because the degree of throttling
is constant even when the number of revolutions of a compressor varies.
Thus, an electronically controlled expansion valve has become used, which enables
18
appropriate degree of throttling based on an electronic signal from a microcomputer
determining the operating state of an air conditioner.
The valve is such structured that a
pulse motor rotates based on an electronic signal, and a gap between the valve and a valve
seat is adjusted by converting the rotation into up-and-down motion, thereby controlling the
degree of throttling.
This could achieve efficient control of the refrigerant flow, depending on the operating
state, such as the changing number of revolutions of a compressor used in an inverter air
conditioner. Thus, the electronically controlled expansion valve has become mainstream.
Pulse Motor
Main Body
Valve Seat
Valve
(4)
Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is one of the important components of an air conditioner.
It
exchanges heat between indoor air and a refrigerant in an indoor unit, and between outdoor
air and a refrigerant in an outdoor unit.
A fin-tube-type heat exchanger in which a copper tube for the refrigerant penetrates a
plate-like aluminum fin for air is used as the heat exchanger.
1) Fin for heat exchange
Initially, a flat aluminum plate (plate fin) was used for a fin of a heat exchanger.
Then, a corrugated fin and a slit fin with cutouts were adopted, and improvement of the slit
shape has been made. In addition, in case that wind speed of air passing through a heat
exchanger is nonuniformly distributed, improvement has been carried out to increase the
overall heat exchange capacity by equalization of the wind speed distribution, such as
increasing the height of a fin facing faster wind speed and lowering the height of a fin facing
slower wind speed.
19
Plate Fin
Corrugated Fin
Slit Fin
Improvement of Slit Shape
2)
Copper tube for heat exchange
Initially, a smooth tube, inner surface of which was not processed like a copper tube,
in general, was used for a heat exchanger.
For saving energy, a tube with internal groove
was developed and optimization of a groove shape has been pushed forward.
Smooth Tube
Tube with Internal Groove
Optimization of a Groove Shape
20
In addition, in order to improve heat conduction with a refrigerant and a copper pipe,
reduction of a pipe diameter has been implemented.
[Example]
Pipe Diameter
9.5mm →
7.0mm →
6.3mm
Improvement has also been made to reduce pressure loss, and thereby increase the total
heat exchange capacity, by reducing a pipe diameter for a part of liquid state and increasing it
for a part of gas state, depending on the condition of refrigerant liquid and gas passing
through the piping.
3)
Form of heat exchanger
In separate wall-hung type indoor units that account for most of the room-air
conditioners, a cross section of the conventional heat exchanger was molded like a plate.
However, in order to expand heat exchange area in a limited space, bent one and one molded
like a curved surface have been developed.
Heat exchanger
Cross flow fan
In addition, the heat exchanger in the initial indoor unit was arranged in two columns.
However, improvement has been made to increase a heat transmission area and augment the
heat exchange capacity by partially arranging it in three columns, if an indoor unit structure
can afford enough space for it.
21
Attachment 5
Energy Consumption Efficiency of Air Conditioners and Measurement Method
1. Basic Idea
When air conditioners were designated as equipment for the Top Runner Standard in 1998
(Heisei 10), “COP (Coefficient of Performance)” was adopted as an index related to energy
consumption efficiency.
The COP is represented by either a numeric value obtained by dividing
cooling capacity (kW) by cooling power consumption (kW) (hereinafter referred to as “cooling
COP”) or a numeric value obtained by dividing heating capacity (kW) by heating power
consumption (kW) (hereinafter referred to as “heating COP”).
The COP of a
cooling-cum-heating air condition is a mean of the cooling COP and the heating COP.
However, said index is an evaluation approach principally featuring constant-speed models.
Thus, in recent years when inverter models have become a mainstream, it is pointed out that the
index is no longer necessarily an appropriate evaluation approach.
Thus, it is considered
reasonable to newly adopt the Annual Performance Factor (APF) that is an energy saving
evaluation standard better representing the reality.
2. Specific Energy Consumption Efficiency and Measurement Method
An index related to energy consumption efficiency of air conditioners shall be “Annual
Performance Factor (APF)”, and a measurement method thereof shall be in accordance with the
calculation method specified in Japanese Industrial Standards C9612: 2005 Room Air
Conditioners.
3. Annual Performance Factor (APF)
A performance index in the current Energy Saving Law uses COP of rated conditions of
cooling and heating.
However, the capacity of air conditioners changes according to ambient air and also to the
number of revolutions of a compressor in case of inverter models, which are the current
mainstream (room-air conditioners of capacity variable type); therefore, evaluation in a manner
closely reflecting actual use is difficult to be achieved only with the rated conditions.
22
Cooling Capacity
– Example of COP Characteristic (2.8kW Class)
冷房能力－ＣＯＰ特性の例（２．８ｋWクラス）
7.5
Cooling
COP
冷房ＣＯＰ
7
Interme中間
diate
6.5
6
定
格
Rated
5.5
5
4.5
4
0
500
1000
1500
2000
250 0
30 00
冷房能力W
Cooling
Capacity W
Figure 1: Cooling Capacity – COP Characteristic (2.8 kW Class)
Thus, Annual Performance Factor (APF) was provided to enable evaluation of energy
consumption efficiency that is well representing actual use, by means of considering occurrence
time of outside air temperature during cooling/heating period and efficiency of air conditioners
according to capacity change that is a characteristic of inverter models.
Shown below is a comparison between COP and APF:
Calculation
Method
Measurement
Points
Features
Cooling/Heating Average COP
Cooling/heating average COP = (cooling
rated COP + heating rated COP)/2
where a rated COP refers to a value
obtained by dividing capacity (W) at a
rated point by then power consumption
(W).
(Evaluation in both cooling and heating
conditions)
Two points Cooling rated
Heating rated
Annual Performance Factor (APF)
A proportion of summation (Wh) of heat quantity
to be subtracted from and added to indoor air
throughout cooling and heating periods to total
electric energy to be consumed during the same
periods.
Five points
Cooling rated Cooling intermediate
Heating rated Heating intermediate
Heating low temperature
・ Measurements points are only a few, ・ Measurements points are many, i.e., 5 points
i.e., 2 points and the measurement is
and thus measurement takes time.
simple to conduct.
・ Since the method calculates efficiency
・ They are efficiencies of fixed points
considering intermediate performance that
and hardly representing actual use at
frequently occurs in actual use, it is possible
all.
to calculate efficiency closer to reality.
Table 1: Comparison of COP and APF
(1) Calculation conditions for Annual Performance Factor (APF)
The prerequisite for calculation of Annual Performance Factor (APF) shall be as follows:
･Outside air temperature: setting Tokyo’s as a model
･Indoor set temperature: 27℃ when cooling/20℃ when heating
･Period: Cooling period: 3.6 months (June 2 to September 21)
Heating period: 5.5 months (October 28 to April 14)
･Operating Time: 18 hours, from 6:00 to 24:00
･Housing: An average wooden house according to Japanese Industrial Standards C9612 (face
south)
23
Capacity
能力
Capacity
能力
Building
建
物負荷＝ load = Capacity
needed
heat
a要
building
建
物を暖房to
する
のに必
な能力
Building
load
Capacity
建物負荷＝
建物=
を冷
房するのに
needed
to力cool a building
必要な能
Cooling
冷
房定格
rated
能
力
capacity
●
○
rated
暖Heating
房定格
能力
capacity
条
件 condition
Equivalent
to相heating
暖房定格能力
当
rated capacity
-7
-10
-5
0
7
5
10
外気
温度（℃air
）
Outside
●
○
17
15
25
23
30
33
temperature (℃)
35
Outside
temperature
(℃)
外気air
温度
（℃）
Figure 2: Characteristics of Heating/Cooling Capacity Needed for Air-conditioning a Building, According to
350
350
300
300
250
Occurrence Time (h)
Frequency
of
期間を通じてみた場合、
operation at rated
定格能力を行う頻度は
capacity throughout
少ない。
the
period is low.
200
150
発生時間(h)
発生時間(h)
Occurrence Time (h)
Outside Air Temperature
100
250
200
Frequency
of
期間を通じてみた場合、
operation at rated
定格能力を行う頻度は
capacity throughout
少ない。
the
period is low.
150
100
50
50
0
0
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
24
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Outside Air外気温度℃
Temperature (℃)
25
26 27
28
29 30
31
32 33
34
35 36
37
38
Outside Air外気温度℃
Temperature (℃)
Figure 3: Relationship of Outside Air Temperature and its Occurrence Time in Tokyo
By adding intermediate performance evaluation points that are the most frequent, energy
consumption efficiency throughout a period can be calculated simply and accurately.
(2) Calculation of energy consumption efficiency during cooling period
1)
The capacity of an air conditioner for every outside air temperature associated with
building load is calculated, considering a change in capacity according to outside air
temperature, which is determined from capacities at a rated and an intermediate capacity
evaluation points.
24
2)
Similarly, power consumption of an air conditioner for every outside air temperature
associated with building load is calculated, considering a change in power consumption
according to outside air temperature, which is determined from power consumptions at a
rated and an intermediate capacity evaluation points.
Building
Load
建物負
荷
Capacity
能力
Maximum
Capacity
エアコ
ンの
Characteristic
of性
最大能力特
Air Conditioner
○
●
Rated
定
格
Evaluation
Point
評
価点
○
●
Intermediate
中
間
Evaluation
Point
評価
点
23
25
30
35
Outside Air Temperature (℃)
外気温度（℃）
Figure 4: Outside Air Temperature – Capacity When Cooling
The heat quantity (kWh) when an air conditioner cools a building is calculated for every
outside air temperature from capacities an air conditioner shows per outside air temperature
and their occurrence time.
Then, the sum total of heat quantities needed for cooling a
building at each outside air temperature (Cooling Seasonal Total Load (kWh)) is determined.
冷房能力×発生時間(kWh)
Cooling
Capacity x Occurrence Time (kWh)
3)
300
250
Interme▼中間
diate
200
150
100
▼定格
Rated
50
0
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Outside Air
Temperature℃
外気温度℃
Figure 5: Heat Quantity which Air Conditioner Needed to Cool a Building (Example)
25
4)
The consumed energy (kWh) for cooling a building is calculated for every outside air
temperature from power consumptions of an air conditioner and their occurrence time at
building load points. Then, the total sum of energy consumed by cooling operation at every
消費電力×発生時間(kWh)
Power
Consumption x Occurrence Time ((kWh)
outside air temperature (Cooling Seasonal Energy Consumption (kWh)) is determined.
35
Interme▼中間
diate
30
25
20
15
10
Rated
▼定格
5
0
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Outside Air Temperature℃
外気温度℃
Figure 6: Energy Consumed by Cooling Operation (Example)
5)
Cooling Seasonal Performance Factor (CSPF: commonly known as Cooling APF) is
determined from Cooling Seasonal Total Load and Cooling Seasonal Energy Consumption.
Cooling Seasonal Total Load (CSTL)
CSPF ＝
Cooling Seasonal Energy Consumption (CSEC)
(3) Calculation of energy consumption efficiency during heating period
1)
The capacity of an air conditioner and its power consumption at each outside air
temperature associated with building load is calculated from values at a rated and
an
intermediate capacity evaluation points.
Similar to the idea for the cooling period, the capacity an air conditioner shows and its
power consumption are calculated for every outside air temperature. They will additionally
be calculated at a low temperature evaluation point, which is one of the capacity evaluation
points.
In addition, as for heating operation, when outside air temperature is low, an air
conditioner’s capacity and power consumption shall be calculated by adding performance
loss due to defrosting a heat exchanger of an outdoor unit.
26
Capacity drop due
to defrosting
霜取り運転によ
operation
Capacity
能力
Building
建物負荷
Load
る能力ダウン
●
エアコンの
Characteristic
of
maximum
capacity of
最大能力特性
air conditioner
Low
低温
Temperatur
●
Rated
定格
Evaluatio
n評価点
Point
○
○
○●
-7
-10
-5
0
Intermediate
中間
Evaluation
評価点
Point
7
5
10
15
17
Outside Air Temperature (℃)
外気温度（℃）
Figure 7: Outside Air Temperature – Capacity When Heating
2)
The heat quantity (kWh) when an air conditioner heats a building is calculated for every
outside air temperature from capacities an air conditioner shows per outside air temperature
and their occurrence time.
Then, the sum total of heat quantities needed for heating the
building at every outside air temperature (Heating Seasonal Total Load (kWh)) is
暖房能力×発生時間(kWh)
Heating
Capacity x Occurrence Time (kWh)
determined.
500
Interme-
▼中間
diate
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
Rated
定格▼
100
50
0
-1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Outside Air Temperature
(℃)
外気温度℃
Figure 8: Heat Quantity an Air Conditioner Needed to Heat a Building (Example)
3)
The consumed energy (kWh) for heating a building is calculated for every outside air
temperature from power consumptions of an air conditioner and their occurrence time at
building load points.
The total sum of energy consumed by heating operation at every
27
Power Consumption
x Occurrence Time (kWh) (kWh)
消費電力×発生時間(kWh)
outside air temperature (Heating Seasonal Energy Consumption (kWh)) shall be determined.
80
Interme▼中間
diate
70
60
50
40
30
定格▼
Rated
20
10
0
-1 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Outside Air Temperature ℃
外気温度℃
Figure 9: Energy Consumed by Heating Operation (Example)
4)
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor (HSPF: commonly known as Heating APF) shall
be determined from Heating Seasonal Total Load and Heating Seasonal Energy
Consumption.
Heating Seasonal Total Load (HSTL)
HSPF
＝
Heating Seasonal Energy Consumption (HSEC)
(4) Annual Performance Factor (APF)
Annual Performance Factor shall be calculated from the total load and the seasonal energy
consumption of cooling and heating operations.
Cooling Seasonal Total Load + Heating Seasonal Total Load
APF
＝
Cooling Seasonal Energy Consumption + Heating Seasonal Energy Consumption
28
Attachment 6
Air Conditioner Evaluation Standard Subcommittee
Energy Efficiency Standard Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy
Background of Holding
First Subcommittee Meeting (August 8, 2005)
-
Disclosure of the Air Conditioner Evaluation Standard Subcommittee
-
Achieving status of air conditioners
-
Current situation of air conditioners
-
Scope of air conditioners to be covered
-
Energy consumption efficiency and measurement method
Second Subcommittee Meeting (December 9, 2005)
-
Categories for target setting of air conditioners
-
Target standard values and target fiscal year of air conditioners
Third Subcommittee Meeting (January 31, 2006)
-
Interim summary report
29
Attachment 7
Air Conditioner Evaluation Standard Subcommittee, Energy Efficiency Standards Subcommittee of
the Advisory Committee on Natural Resources and Energy
List of Members
Chairman: TAKANORI SAITO
Professor Emeritus, University of Tokyo
Members: HIROSHI ASANO
Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo
KAZUO UENO
Assistant Research Department Head, Energy Technology
Research Department, National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology
AKIRA OKAGAKI
Japan Building Mechanical and Electrical Engineers
Association
MAKOTO KAIBARA
PJ Leader, Domestic Air Conditioner Energy Saving PJ,
Japan
Refrigeration
and
Air
Conditioning
Industry
Association
MASAHIKO SASAKURA
Chairman, Package Air Conditioner Technology Ad Hoc
Committee, Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Industry Association
HARUKI SATO
Professor, Department of System Design Engineering,
Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University
KIKUKO TATSUMI
Managing Director of Nippon Association of Consumer
Specialists
EIJI TOBIHARA
Professor Specialized in Environmental Studies, Graduate
School of Frontier Science, University of Tokyo
YOICHI HORI
Professor, Institute of Industrial Science, University of
Tokyo
TOSHIHISA MASUDA
General Manager, Technology Dept, Energy Conservation
Center, Japan
CHIHARU MURAKOSHI
Director and General Manager of Laboratory, Jyukankyo
Research Institute Inc.
30
Reference 1
Current Situation of Air Conditioners
Air Conditioner Market
Market Trend of Air Conditioners
(1)
Scope of air conditioners
Air conditioners (AC) shall be roughly divided into those for buildings and those for
transports.
Shown below are an overall view of air conditioners and an overview of shipment
volume:
Electric
Type
Residential Air
Conditioners
6,723,072
Those Other
than
Electric Type
General Air Conditioners
for Buildings
（Unit: Number of units, 2004 Freezing Year）
Air Conditioners for
Transports
1-1
Air Conditioners
1.
Service Air
Conditioners
731,795
Gas Engine Heat Pump Air Conditioners
39,703
Air Conditioners
for Automobiles
4,883,685
Air Conditioners
for Buses
12,319
Air Conditioners for
Railway Vehicles
(Number of units unknown)
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
31
(2)
Transition in the number of shipments of air conditioners
1) Residential air conditioners
Although shipments of residential air conditioners tend to be greatly affected by climate
factors, they have been stabilized around 7.0 million units for the past ten years.
(Unit: 1,000 units)
(Unit: 1,000 units)
Freezing
Year
冷凍年度
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
国内出荷合計
3,673
3,982
4,605
4,734
5,932
7,092
6,249
5,048
6,724
7,697
8,116
7,154
6,551
6,496
7,019
7,677
6,902
6,774
6,723
Total of Domestic Shipments
（Freezing Year）
2) Service air conditioners
Although shipments of service air conditioners tend to be affected by economic trends,
they have been stabilized around 700,000 units for the past 10 years.
(Unit: 1,000 units)
(Unit: 1,000 units)
Freezing
Year
冷凍年度
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
国内出荷合計
557
600
707
786
930
1,081
928
785
745
805
830
786
682
624
684
734
668
659
732
Total of Domestic Shipments
（Freezing Year）
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
32
(3)
Shipment volume of air conditioners by function/form/cooling capacity
[By Function]
1) Residential air conditioners
A cooling-cum-heating type accounts for 99% of the total shipments.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Dedicated for Cooling
Cooling-cum-Heating
Total
90,458
6,632,614
6,723,072
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
2) Service air conditioners
A cooling-cum-heating type accounts for 92% of the total shipments.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Dedicated for Cooling
Cooling-cum-Heating
Total
90,201
674,594
731,795
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
[By Form]
1) Residential air conditioners
Among air conditioners that have a one-to-one combination of indoor unit and outdoor
unit, those having a wall-hung type indoor unit account for 98% of the total shipments.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Single (one to one)
Total
Multiple type
Wall-hung type
Built-in type
6,562,333
(98%)
90,754
(1%)
69,985
(1%)
6,723,072
(100%)
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
2) Service air conditioners
Air conditioners that have a cassette-type indoor unit account for 63% of the total
shipments.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Floor-installed Ceiling-susp
Wall-hung
Cassette
type
-ended type
type
type
46,646
(4%)
152,373
(15%)
101,054
(10%)
660,168
(63%)
Built-in type
Duct type
Total
38,881
(4%)
42,653
(4%)
1,041,775
(100%)
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
33
[By Cooling Capacity]
1) Residential air conditioners
The residential air conditioners whose cooling capacity is in 2.2kW class (mainly for a
six-tatami-mat room) has the largest shipment, accounting for 39.8% of the total
shipments.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Applicable Room Size in
Terms of the Number of
Tatami-Mats
Cooling Capacity (kW)
Total (Number of Units)
70,691(1.1 %)
Less than 6
Less than 2.2
6
2.2
2,675,862 (39.8 %)
8
10
11
12
14
2.5
2.8
3.2
3.6
4.0
Over 14
Over 4.0
1,071,935 (15.9 %)
1,489,616 (22.2 %)
7,907 (0.1 %)
280,523 (4.2 %)
670,664 (10.0 %)
455,874 (6.8 %)
6,723,072 (100.0 %)
Total
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
2) Service air conditioners
Depending on diversity of business buildings, cooling capacities widely range.
However, air conditioners having cooling capacity up to 28 kW accounts for 94.1% of
the total shipment.
(Unit: Number of units 2004 freezing year)
Cooling Capacity (kW)
Total
~ 4.5
~ 5.0
~ 6.3
~ 8.0
~ 11.2
~ 14.0
~ 16.0
~ 22.0
~ 28.0
59,668
79,553
44,520
113,107
88,398
105,537
63,329
45,812
88,773
~ 40.0
~ 56.0
~ 63.0
~ 80.0
~ 160
Over 160
Total
(8.2 %)
(10.9 %)
(6.1 %)
(15.5 %)
(12.1 %)
(14.4 %)
(8.7 %)
(6.3 %)
(12.1 %)
22,365
(3.1 %)
17,365
(2.4 %)
838
(0.1 %)
1,198
(0.2 %)
746
(0.1 %)
586
(0.1 %)
731,795 (100.0 %)
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
34
(4) Transition in the number of imported air conditioners
1) Residential air conditioners
The majority of imported air conditioners for household use are from overseas
production bases of Japanese manufacturers.
The percentage of residential air
conditioners that are manufactured overseas and sold in Japan has been increasing, and
it is expected to be approximately 40% in 2004.
Unit: Number of units
2000
Calendar Year
2002
2003
2004
450,354
1,030,780
2,045,781
2,211,207
2,682,811
China
210,839
252,940
1,561,341
1,808,583
2,371,002
Thailand
121,912
225,474
198,026
151,834
222,592
Malaysia
50,853
190,100
152,202
112,181
9,250
Total
Import
2001
Source: Ministry of Finance, Customs Statistics
(Reference)
Freezing Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
7,018,512
7,676,629
6,901,805
6,774,002
6,723,072
Domestic
Shipments
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
2) Service air conditioners
There has been almost no import.
(5)
Penetration of residential air conditioners and number of air conditioners owned per
household
It can be said that now air conditioners prevail among almost every household.
According to the statistic survey of housing/lands by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and
Communications, the number of rooms per house is 4.77 rooms, and the number of
owned air conditioners will possibly increase in the future.
In 2004, the number of air
conditioners owned per household has reached 2.8 units per household.
Year/Month
Ownership Rate
（％）
Number of Owned
1984/March
49.3
75.2
Number of Owned
Air Conditioners Per
Household
1.5
1989/March
63.3
110.7
1.7
1994/March
74.2
151.6
2.0
1999/March
84.4
200.7
2.4
2004/March
87.1
245.3
2.8
Air Conditioners
Number of Owned Air Conditioners: per 100 households
Source: Cabinet Office, Survey of Consumer Behavior
35
1-2
Main Domestic Manufacturers
1. Residential Air Conditioners
・Corona Corporation
・Sanyo Electric Air Conditioning Co., Ltd.
・Sharp Corporation
・Daikin Industries, Ltd.
・Chofu Seisakusho Co., Ltd.
・Toshiba Carrier Corporation
・Hitachi Appliance, Inc.
・Fujitsu General Co., Ltd.
・Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
・Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. ,
・Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
(In the order of Japanese Syllabary)
2. Service Air Conditioners
・Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
・GAC Corporation
・Sharp Corporation
・Daikin Industries, Ltd.
・Toshiba Carrier Corporation
・Nippon PMAC Co., Ltd.
・Hitachi Appliance, Inc.
・Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
・Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
・Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
(In the order of Japanese Syllabary)
36
2.
Energy Saving Efforts in Residential Air Conditioners until Now
2-1
(1)
Response to the Current Energy Saving Law
Status of achieving target
At the end of March, 1998, new target values were set according to the Top Runner
Program, and the 2004 freezing year was set to be the target year of residential air
conditioners.
Although they were high target values requiring considerable improvement, because of
efforts made by each of the industrial association member companies, all the member
have achieved the target.
Cooling-cum-Heating Type (Heat Pump)
Weighted Harmonic Mean of Cooling/Heating Average COP
Category
Achievements of the Industry
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Cooling
Unit Form
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Capacity
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2.5 kW or
3.17
3.24
3.37
3.49
3.75
5.33
lower
Wall-hung
Types Among Over 2.5kW,
3.47
3.63
3.83
4.00
4.18
5.14
Non-ducted
3.2kW or lower
Types
Over 3.2kW,
3.07
3.37
3.57
3.92
3.99
4.10
4.0kW or lower
Category
Achievement Rate (%)
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Fiscal
Cooling
Unit Form
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Capacity
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Wall-hung
Types Among
Non-ducted
Types
2.5kW or lower
Over 2.5kW,
3.2kW or lower
Over 3.2kW,
4.0kW or lower
60.2
61.5
63.9
66.2
71.2
101.1
70.8
74.1
78.2
81.5
85.3
104.9
84.1
92.3
97.8
107.4
109.3
112.3
Target
Values
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
37
5.27
4.90
3.65
(2)
Background to achievement of target
The demand for products that place higher priority on a price than on energy saving
performance was strong in the market.
Thus, before the target year, in order to ensure
the achievement of standards of the Energy Conservation Law, the industry prepared a
self-action plan to increase the share of shipments of models that satisfied the standard.
Transition of Efficiency Distribution of 2.8kW Air Conditioners
Models
whose
production was stopped
in 2004 as they could
not achieve the target in
2003: Approximately
70 models
Approximately
2.0
million units
COP Highest AC
COP Lowest AC
Weighted Harmonic Mean
2-2
Comparison with Overseas Energy Saving Regulations
Because of the Top Runner Program implemented by the Energy Conservation Law, the
energy saving performance of Japanese air conditioners is at substantially high level in the
world.
Shown below is a comparison with various overseas standards, for reference:
Explanatory Note
Japan
Japan
Thailand
Taiwan
Australia
China
Thailand
Regulation
Value
Regulation
Value
China
Regulation
Value
Regulation
Value
Regulation
Value
Australia
Taiwan
Cooling Capacity (kW)
38
2-3
(1)
Technological Approach to Energy Saving of Residential Air Conditioners in the Future
Technology for improving performance of compressor
The efficiency of a compressor is represented by “efficiency of motor” in a power output
section and by “total heat-insulating efficiency” indicating how much compression
actually takes place without loss using the obtained motive energy.
The “compressor motor efficiency” is approximately 95% and “total heat-insulating
efficiency” is over 80%.
Motor Efficiency
Total Heat Insulating Efficiency
Cooling Rated Condition
Cooling Rated
Condition
（社）日本冷凍空調工業会調べ
Freezing Year
Freezing Year
(2)
Technology for improving performance of a fan motor
The efficiency improvement in “blower motor efficiency” is greater than 80%.
(Mean of Indoor/Outdoor Motors)
Motor Efficiency
（社）日本冷凍空調工業会調べ
Freezing Year
39
(3)
Growing size of heat exchangers
An attempt to save energy has been made by increasing size of a heat exchanger and thus
alleviating the compression ratio.
(Reference)
Total of Values for Indoor and Outdoor Units
Mass
Cubic Capacity
Highest-COP AC
Lowest-COP AC
Highest-COP AC
Lowest-COP AC
Year
Year
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
（社）日本冷凍空調工業会調べ
ＣＯＰ最高機とＣＯＰ最低機の寸法と質量
Dimensions and Mass of Highest-COP and Lowest-COP Air Conditioners
Lowest-COP AC in 2002
Highest-COP AC in 2004
Unit of Dimensions: 8mm
Source: Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association
40
2-4
(1)
Approach to Reduction of Standby Power Consumption
Independent declaration by the industry
In January 2001, Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association,
Japan Electrical Manufacturers’ Association, and Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Industry Association made an independent declaration for reducing standby power
consumption.
It stated that for anchor products of residential air conditioners, “they will
make efforts toward the target which is to decrease the standby power consumption below
1W by 2004 freezing year”.
(2)
Status at the end of 2004 freezing year in response to the independent declaration of the
industry
Targeted models
191 models
Achieved models
191 models
Achievement rate
100%
Mean of Standby power consumption
0.81W
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3. Future Approach to Energy Saving and Challenges
As it now stands, improvement of energy saving by increasing size of a heat exchanger is a key
factor.
3-1
(1)
Various Problems Accompanying Growing Size of Air Conditioners
Installability
Considering the fact that intra-column dimension of half-ken width (“ken” is a unit in
Shaku-kan method) of a Japanese house is 800 mm, it is concerned that an air conditioner
will not be suitable for being used as household equipment if its width exceeds 800 mm.
(2)
Comfort
It is concerned that the further growth in size of a “heat exchanger/blower” might damage
the basic comfort; such as, “evaporation temperature rises and thus humidity in a room is
difficult to be cleared” in the case of cooling operation.
(3)
Resource saving
Increased size of equipment might also increase usage of copper and aluminum, in
particular, which are materials for a heat exchanger.
Thus, from the standpoint of resource
saving, the problem still remains.
3-2
Relationship between Difference in Running Cost and Sales Price
In order to actualize the efficiency of an energy saving model for the next generation, it is essential to
increase size of a heat exchanger, which leads to cost increase for material input.
Hence, it is
concerned that it will not be possible to offset a difference in the initial cost between energy saving
models and others even with a difference in running cost for 10 years between them.
42