NOT
8
Technology and Livelihood
Education
Module 4
CAREGIVING
Technology and Livelihood Education- Grade
8 Alternative Delivery Mode
Module 2
First Edition,2020
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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Gingoog City
Division Superintendent: Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI
Development Team of the Module
Author/s:
May Villacampa
Reviewer:
Ellane S. Dayot
Illustrator and Layout Artist: Jonie Mar D.
Rebucas
Management Team
Chairperson:
Jesnar Dems S. Torres, PhD, CESO VI
Schools Division Superintendent
Co-Chairpersons:
Conniebel C.Nistal ,PhD.
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Pablito B. Altubar, CID Chief
Members
Elvira A. Almonte - EPS- Kindergarten/SPED/TLE Designate
Narcisa G. Sabello - PSDS
Imelda R. Fabe - PSDS
Himaya B. Sinatao, LRMS Manager
Jay Michael A. Calipusan, PDO II
Mercy M. Caharian, Librarian II
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Office Address:
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E-mail Address:
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Table of Contents
What I Know ............................................................................................................................................ i
What’s New ............................................................................................................................................ 1
What is It ................................................................................................................................................ 1
What I Have Learned .............................................................................................................................. 2
What I Can Do......................................................................................................................................... 3
What’s New ............................................................................................................................................ 4
What is It ................................................................................................................................................ 4
What I Have Learned .............................................................................................................................. 9
What I Can Do....................................................................................................................................... 10
What’s New ......................................................................................................................................... 11
What is It .............................................................................................................................................. 11
What I Can Do....................................................................................................................................... 15
What’s New .......................................................................................................................................... 16
What is It .............................................................................................................................................. 17
What I Have Learned ............................................................................................................................ 19
What I Can Do....................................................................................................................................... 20
Post Test ............................................................................................................................................... 20
Answer Key ........................................................................................................................................... 22
References ............................................................................................................................................ 23
What I Know
Read the questions carefully. Wrote your best answers in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. These substances which are administered orally can be in a
form of tablet, capsule, or liquid.
a. Oral Drugs
c. Liquid Drugs
b. Injectable Drugs
d. Limited Drugs
2. A medications prepared specifically for insertion into the rectum.
a. Oral drugs
c. Rectal drugs
b. Injectable drugs
d. Ecstasy drugs
3. This is also called the dosage- per-kilogram-of body weight method
a. Clarks Rule
c. Calvin’s rule
b. BSA-Body Surface Area Method d. Fried’s rule
4. A method of calculating approximate dosage which uses child’s weight
a. BSA Method
c. Clark’s rule
b. Young’s rule
d. Fried’s rule
5. This method is use in calculating dosage for children who are two years
of age or more
a. BSA method
c. Clark’s rule
b. Young’s rule
d. Fried’s rule
Lesson
1
Perform Simple Calculation
What I Need To Know
In this module, we will study on how to calculate oral dosage in a
simple manner for us to understand deeply on how and why we need to
calculate medication dosage before it will be given to the person who are
sick.
At the end of the Lesson, you are expected to:
1. Compute Oral Dosages
What’s New
CALCULATIONS THAT COUNT
A glance at numerical relationships
Ratios, fractions, and proportions describe relationships between
numbers.
Ratio could be a quick thanks to compare numbers. It uses a colon
between the numbers in relationship.
Ex.:
3:5
8:12 4:7
Fraction, as we all know, may be a part of a full or a little of a
particular number. It uses a slash between numbers in the relationship.
Ex.:
2/3
4/5
6/8
A proportion is an equation written within the form stating that two
ratios are equivalent. For example, to indicate that 3:6 is capable to 9:18,
we'd write:
Ex. 3:6::9:18
5:8::10:16
or
or
3/6 = 9/18 2:3::4:6 2/3=4/6
or
5/8 = 10/16
Major problem solvers
For dosages computation, most of the time we use ratios,
fractions, and proportions. These will be used in calculating I.V. infusion
rates, converting weights between systems of measurement,
administering medication and in performing many other related tasks.
Ratios and Fractions
Ratios and fractions are numerical ways to match anything. We
can’t simply ignore them. We use them on a daily basis, whether we
comprehend it or not.
Bring it on! Do the comparison! If 1 pad has 20 tablets, then the
amount of pads compared to the amount of tablets is 1 to twenty.
In ratio, it's written as:
In fraction, it's written as:
1:20
1/20
Want more? Just go on!
If there are 5 nurses for each 35 patients during
hospitalization, what would be the ratio? What would be the fraction?
PROPORTIONS
A proportion is an equation of two ratios which might even be
expressed as two fractions.
Using ratios in proportions
When using ratios in a very proportion, a double colon is as a
separator. Double colon shows equality between the 2 ratios.
In the example previously given, the ratio of pads with the tablets is 1:10,
then 2 pads have 20 tablets. In proportion, it's written as:
1 pad:10 tablets :: 2 pads : 20 tablets or 1:10 :: 2:20
WHAT IS AN ―X‖?
Finding the worth of X is incredibility important in dosage
calculations. X is that the unknown amount or quantity we are visiting to
compute so we are able to identify what's being asked for in an equation.
Steps in Solving the worth of X Using Ratios in Proportion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prepare the equation.
Start with the answer by doing a multiplication.
Note: The number of the means is similar to the number
product of the extremes. Means are the middle quantities while
the extremes are the external quantities
Solve for X.
Double check your work by completing the equation.
Steps in Solving for X Using Fractions in Proportion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Prepare the equation.
Start with the answer by doing cross multiplication.
Solve for the value of X.
Double check your work by completing the equation.
What Is It
In calculating Oral Dosages always give attention to the
prescribed of the doctor. The following are the steps on how calculate
oral drug uses Ratios in Proportion and Fractions.
Steps in Solving the Value of X
Using Ratios in Proportion Example 1:
How many nurses will take charge of 15 patients if 6 nurses handle
30 patients?
Step 1. Prepare the equation.
X : 15 patients :: 6 nurses : 30 patients
Step 2. Start with the solution by doing a multiplication.
Multiply the means (middle) using the left side and multiply
the extremes (external items) using the right side. Put an equal sign
between both sides.
15 patients x 6 nurses = X x 30 patients
Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X
refers to
15 patients x 6
nurses = X x 30
patients 90 = 30 X
90 / 30 =
or
X = 3 nurses
Therefore, 3 nurses will take charge of 15 patients while 6
nurses handle 30 patients.
Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation.
3 nurses : 15 patients :: 6 nurses : 30 patients
Example 2:
Find the value of X using
the equation given
below: 300 mg :5
tablets :: X : 3 tablets
Steps in
Check and
complete the equation
300 mg : 5 tablets ::
180 mg : 3 tablets
To compute;
5 tablets x X = 300mg x 3
tablets
5X = 900 mg
X = 900mg/5
X = 180mg
Solving
the Value of X Using Fractions in
Proportion Example 1:
How many front liners will take charge of 15 LSI if 6 front
liners handle 30 LSI (Local Stranded Individual)?
Step 1. Prepare the equation.
X
6 front liners
=
15 LSI
30 LSI
Step 2. Start with the solution by doing a cross multiplication
X
6 front liners
═
15 LSI
30 LSI
15 LSI x 6 Front liners
= X 30 LSI
Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X
refers to
15 LSI x 6 Frontliners = X x 30 LSI 90 = 30 X
90/30 = X or
X = 3 Frontliners
Therefore, 3 front liners will take charge of 15 LSI (Local
Stranded Individual) while 6 front liners handle 30 LSI (Local
Stranded Individual)
Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation.
3 Front liners
6 front liners
═
15 LSI
30 LSI
Example 2:
Find the value of X using the equation given below:
300 mg
X mg
═
5 tablets
3 tablets
To compute, cross multiply first.
5 tablets x X = 300 mg x
3 tablets 5 X = 900 mg
X = 900 / 5
X = 180 mg
Check and complete the equation
300 mg
180 mg
═
5 tablets
3 tablets
Steps in Calculating Drug Dosages Using Ratios in Proportion
1. Prepare the equation by using ratios in proportion.
2. Start with the solution by considering that the product of the means
is equivalent to the product of the extremes. Means being the middle
items and extremes being the external items.
3. Solve for the value of X.
4. Double check your work by completing the equation using ratios in
proportion.
Example 1:
How many ml of a medicine are in two bottles if one bottle has 60 ml?
Step 1. Prepare the equation by using ratios in proportion.
1 bottle: 60 ml : 2 bottles : X
Step 2: Start with the solution by considering that the product of
means is equivalent to the product of the extremes. Means being
the inner items and extremes being the external items.
60 ml x 2 bottles = 1 bottle x X
Step 3: Solve for the value of X. In the given problem, the value of X
refers to
60 ml x 2 bottles = 1
bottle x X 120 ml = 1 X
or X = 120 ml
Therefore, the 2 bottles contain 120ml of medicine.
Step 4: Double check your work by completing the equation using
ratios in proportion. 1 bottle: 60 ml :: 2 bottles : 120 ml
Example 2:
How many mg of a drug are in 4 capsules if 3 capsules contain
1500mg?
Equation: 3 capsules : 1500 mg :: 4 capsules : X
Solution: 1500 mg x 4 capsules = 3 capsules x X
6000 mg = 3 X
X = 6000 mg / 3 X = 2000 mg
Complete Equation: 3 capsules : 1500 mg :: 4 capsules :
2000 mg
A Glance at Oral Drugs
These substances can be administered orally in the form of tablet,
capsule, or liquid. Oral drugs are mostly available in a limited number of
strengths or concentrations, thus, it is very important that you have the skill to
calculate prescribed dosages for different forms of drug.
Interpreting Oral Drug Labels
In order to administer an oral drug safely, one must make sure that it is
the right drug with the right dosage. Therefore, it is very important that you
were able to read and interpret the indicated labels.
1.
Identify the Drug Name
Know the difference between
the brand name and generic name.
Verify the generic name first. If the
drug has two names, the generic
name usually appears in lowercase
print and sometimes in parentheses.
The
generic names are the active ingredients in the medicine. Whether the
brand name of generic name is used, be very careful when reading the
label to avoid errors.
Important:
It is recommended to give and pay attention to the active, or generic
name because too much of an active ingredient can be harmful if you take
more than one product with equally active ingredient without knowing it.
2.
See the Dosage Strength
It is important to be observant to
the labels of the two same drugs which
may look exactly the same except for the
dose strength. One of them may indicate
125mg and the other one is 250mg. Be
careful in checking the dose strength
since it may form part of the dosage
calculation.
3.
Check the Expiration Date
You also have to check the expiry
date. It is a vital information which is
sometimes overlooked.
Tip:
For best shelf life, store all medications in a
cool, safe place.
GLANCE AT MEASUREMENTS AND CONVERSION
Dosage calculations involve the conversion and measurement of
every ingredients, and components of drugs to be given to a certain
individual. The measurements and conversions must be accurately
measured to ensure that we will be able to give the exact dosage to the
patients.
Below is a table of most commonly used measurements with its
corresponding conversions.
1 liter (L)
1 ounce (oz)
1 ounce (oz)
1 milliliter (ml)
1 gram (g)
1 pint
1 milligram (mg)
1 kilogram (kg)
1 kilogram (kg)
1 inch (in) (")
DOSAGE CALCULATION
CONVERSIONS
1000 milliliters (ml)
30 milliliters (ml)
2 tablespoons (tbsp)
1 cubic centimeter (cc)
1000 milligrams (mg)
500 milligrams (mg)
1000 micrograms (mcg)
1000 grams (g)
2.2 pounds (lb)
2.5 centimeters (cm)
8 ounces (oz)
8 ounces (oz)
grains (gr) X
240 milliliters (ml)
1 coffee cup
1 cup
1 quart
1 quart
1 centimeter
1 glass
Convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
Convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
1 cup (c)
240 milliliters (ml)
650 milligrams (mg)
1 cup (c)
6 ounces
8 ounces
1 liter
2 pints
10 millimeters
12 ounces
multiply by 1.8 then add 32
subtract 32 then divide by 1.8
Lesson
Pediatric Dosages
2
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:


Calculate Pediatric Drug
What’s New
Calculating Pediatric Dosages for Oral Drugs
In calculating drug dosages for pediatric patients, we have to put in
mind that children are totally different from adults. Inaccurate dosage will
more likely harm a child than that of an adult.
Administering Pediatric Oral Drugs
In the case of infants and young children who can hardly take
tablets or capsules, they are given oral drugs in the form of liquid.
However, situations may arise that liquid medicines are not available, it is
acceptable to crush a tablet and mix it with a little amount of liquid. Hence,
when we mix medications into a large amount of liquid (full table), the
tendency is that the child will not receive the full dose if the patient is
unable to finish the liquid.
Important:
Do not mix the crushed tablet with infant formula and breast milk
because it may lead to feeding refusal in the future.
Devices Used in Giving Out Pediatric Oral Drugs
Syringe
Cup
Hollow Spoon
Dropper
Safety Key Points in Giving Medications to Children
 Make sure to check the child's mouth to determine if he/she
swallowed the oral drugs.
 Carefully and properly mix oral drugs that come in suspension
form.
Tips in Calculating Safe Pediatric Drug Dosages
 Use a calculator in solving and computing equations.
 Seek advice from a formulary or you may consult in the drug
handbook to verify a drug dose. If still in doubt, refer or call a
pharmacist.
 Keep a record of your patient's weight in kilograms so you
do not have to estimate it or weigh him all the time.
What Is It
Remember the rules to accurately calculate drug dosages and eliminate
errors as well.
1. Use the proper units of measurement to avoid errors in calculating
doses.
2. Be careful in placing the zero and decimal point/s.
3. Always double-check strange answers.
Methods Used in Calculating Pediatric Doses
1. Body Surface Area (BSA) Method - also called the dosage-per
kilogram-of-body- weight method; considered to be the most accurate
and safest method in calculating pediatric doses
2. Clark's Rule - uses child's weight to calculate approximate dosage
3. Young's Rule - normally used for children who are two years of
age or more
4. Fried's Rule - normal
Body Surface
Area (BSA)
Method
We will have to use the
monogram to determine a child's
BSA then setup an equation
using the formula.
Here is the formula on how to
calculate Pediatric dosages
Average adult dose (child’s
BSA in m² + average adult
BSA) = Child’s dose in mg.
Note: Average adult BSA =
1.73m²
https://www.austincc.edu/rxsuccess/ped3.html
Sample:
We have to compute for a child's dose who weighs 40 lbs. and
36" tall. What is the safe drug dose if the average adult dose is
500mg. Using the monogram, the child's BSA is 0.72m².
Computation Based on BSA Method
500mg (0.72 m² ÷ 1.73 m² ) =
child's dose in mg 500mg (.42 )
= child's dose
500mg (.42 ) = 210mg
child's dose = 210mg
Clark’s Rule
Clark's Rule uses Weight in lbs., NEVER in kg.
Here is the formula:
Adult dose (child's weight ÷ 150) = Approximate child's
dose
Simple Sample:
We have to compute for a 2-year old child's dose
who weighs 28 lbs. wherein the adult dose is 500mg.
Computation Based on Clark's Rule
500mg ( 28 ÷ 150 ) =
approximate child's dose
500mg ( .19 ) = approximate
child's dose 500mg ( .19 ) =
95mg
approximate child's dose = 95mg
Young’s Rule for Children from 1 to 12 years old
Young’s Rule uses age in years.
(which makes it easier to remember, the word young refers
to age)
Here is the formula:
Adult dose [ child's age in year ÷ ( child's age in
year +12 ) ] = Approximate child's dose
Same Simple Sample:
We have to compute for a 2-year old child's dose who
weighs 28 lbs. Wherein the adult dose is 500mg. Note that
the weight has no bearing using Young's Rule.
Computation Based on Young's Rule
500mg [2/(2+2)] = approximate child’s dose
500mg (2/14)] = approximate child’s dose
500mg (.14) = approximate child’s dose
500mg (.14) = 70mg
Approximate child’s dose = 70mg
Fried’s Rule for Infants and Children
Here is the formula:
Adult dose ( child's age in months ÷ 150 ) = Approximate child's
dose
Still the Same Simple Sample:
We have to compute for a 2-year old child's dose
who weighs 28 lbs. wherein the adult dose is 500mg. Note
that the weight has no bearing using Fried's Rule.
Computation Based on Fried's Rule
500mg [ ( 2 x 12 months ) ÷ 150 ] =
approximate child's dose 500mg ( 24 ÷
150 ) = approximate child's dose
500mg ( .16 ) =
approximate child's dose
500mg ( .16 ) = 80 mg
Approximate child's dose = 80 mg
What I Can Do
Performance Task
Using the Immunization Card of your brother/sister, calculate the
accurate Pediatric Dosage using the three method of calculating
Pediatric Oral Drug Dosages. Write your answer in one whole sheet of
paper.
POST-TEST
Read the questions carefully. Wrote your best answers in a separate
sheet of paper.
6. These substances which are administered orally can be in a
form of tablet, capsule, or liquid.
a. Oral Drugs
c. Liquid Drugs
b. Injectable Drugs
d. Limited Drugs
7. A medications prepared specifically for insertion into the rectum.
a. Oral drugs
c. Rectal drugs
b. Injectable drugs
d. Ecstasy drugs
8. This is also called the dosage- per-kilogram-of body weight method
a. Clarks Rule
c. Calvin’s rule
b. BSA-Body Surface Area Method d. Fried’s rule
9. A method of calculating approximate dosage which uses child’s weight
a. BSA Method
c. Clark’s rule
b. Young’s rule
d. Fried’s rule
10.
This method is use in calculating dosage for children who are two
years of age or more
a. BSA method
c. Clark’s rule
b. Young’s rule
d. Fried’s rule
ANSWER KEY
Pre-Test & Post-Test
1. A
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. B