AP World History UNIT 3 Reading Guide Ways of the World: A Global History Chapter 8 – Atlantic Revolutions 1750-1900 Pages 344-376 Key Terms/Places/Events/People/Groups Toussaint L'Ouverture: 1st leader of the independent state of Haiti, a former slave American Revolution: Successful rebellion against British rule conducted by the European settlers in the thirteen colonies of British North America, starting in 1776; a conservative revolution whose success preserved property rights and class distinctions but established a republican government in place of the monarchy Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: Charter of political liberties, drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789, that proclaimed the equal rights of all male citizens; the declaration gave expression to the essential outlook of the French Revolution and became the preamble to the French constitution completed in 1791 French Revolution: Massive upheaval of French Society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, ended the legal privileges of the nobility, and for a long time outlawed the Catholic Church. The French Revolution proceeded in stages, becoming increasingly radical and violent until the period known as the Terror in 1793-1794, after which it became more conservative, especially under Napoleon Bonaparte (r. 1799-1815) Robespierre: Maximilien (1758-1794) leader of the French Rebellion during the Terror, his committee of Public Safety excused tens of thousands of “enemies” of the revolution until he was arrested and guillotined Napoleon Bonaparte: French head of state and general (r. 1799-1815); Napoleon preserved much of the French Revolution under a military dictatorship and was responsible for the revolutionary ideals through hid conquest of much of Europe Haitian Revolution: The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Dominque (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). Latin American Revolutions: Series of ridings in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Latin America (1808-1825) that established the independence of new states from European rule but that for the most part retained the privileges go the elites despite efforts at more radical social change by the lower class Hidalgo-Morelos: with José Moreles, both priests, lead a racially motivated rebellion in Mexico (Hidalgo-Moreles rebellion 1810) Tupac Amaru: Leader of a Native American rebellion in Peru in the early 1780s, claiming the last Inca emperor as an ancestor Great Jamaica Revolt: A slave rebellion in the British West Indies (1831-1832) inspired by the Haitian Revolution, in which around 60,000 slaves attacked several hundred plantations; the discontent of the slaves and the brutality go the British response helped sway the British public to support the abolition of slavery Abolitionist Movement: An international movement that condemned slavery as morally repugnant and contributed much to ending slavery in the western world during the nineteenth century; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States beginning in the late eighteenth century Nationalism: the focusing of citizens’ loyalty on the notion that they are part of a “nation” with a unique culture, territory, and common experience, which merits an independent political life; first became a prominent element of political culture in the 19th century Europe and the Americas Vindication of the Rights of Women: Written by Mary Wollstonecraft, this tract was one of the earliness expressions of feminist consciousness. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Maternal Feminism: a movement that claimed that women have value in society, not because of an abstract notion of equality but because women have a distinctive and vital role as mothers; its exponents argued that women have the right to intervene in civil and political life because of their duty to watch over the future of their children -Discussion Questions: Answer each question with enough detail to discuss in class and defend your position. That means you will need specific examples to discuss. You may use complete sentences or bullet points, whichever is most effective for you. 1. How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to the revolutions in the Atlantic world? - The Enlightenment applied ideologies of liberty, natural rights, equality, and free trade. - These resulted in thoughts that people were born equal and were born with rights. - These thoughts then supplied the spark of the Atlantic Revolutions - Ex: Haitian slaves- equality and natural rights… etc. 2. In what ways did the American Revolution transform American society? In what ways did it not? - The main impact of the Revolution was in the political element of America. Socially elites stayed elites and slavery was abolished until later. - The Revolution was flared with the ideals of John Locke so behind the Revolution when America was no longer governed by the British the America was built on the basis of freedom. It was established on democracy so the country had a new government system with new assumptions. 3. What were the major causes of the French Revolution? - The King of France, Louis XVI, was uncertain and lacked a strong character. With France's government system being a total monarchy, the King who retained all of the authority didn’t understand how to handle it. - There were monetary emergencies and social imbalance, which was being questioned by Enlightenment ideas and nothing was existing solved because the king was not satisfactory in leading 4. How did the French Revolution differ from the American Revolution? How was it similar? - It was more extreme and forceful compared to the American revolution. - The American Revolution was colonists against a faraway power while the French Revolution was against French culture 5. What role did Napoleon Bonaparte play in either spreading or suppressing Enlightenment revolutionary views? - Napoleon defeated the monarchy and acquired the French Republic. He helped squash a royalist insurrection against the rebellious government in Paris and was then elevated to major general 6. How was the Haitian Revolution different than the other Atlantic revolutions? What impact did it have on other Atlantic nations? - The Haitian Revolution was a slave revolt whereas other Atlantic Revolts began as lower-class revolutions that were taken over by the upper class. - The revolts were also battled for various reasons - It cause other nations to be problematic about slave revolts in their slaves would revolt so they lost trade relations as a way to prove that it would not be prosperous so Haiti went from being the richest colony to poor. 7. What were the major causes of the Latin American revolutions? - The contrasts in social classes and the rigid class structures were the direct causes of the Atlantic revolutions. 8. What opportunities and barriers existed for women and novelties in Latin America in the era of revolutions? - They acquired better rights and equality. - There was a large reduction in the gap of power and sheer of some roles. 9. How did the outcome of the American Revolution compare to the outcomes of the late Latin American revolutions? - Both of the processes resulted in political freedom for the colonies. However, the American colonies became one country while the Latin American colonies stayed distinct and independent regions 10. How does the French Revolution compare to the Latin American revolutions? - The Latin American Revolutions were opposed against foreign empirical powers while the French Revolution was fought against its own society. 11. What were some important short and long-term effects of the Atlantic Revolutions? - The revolutions were dispersed and fed off of each other. The domino effect of these revolutions caused a tremendously quick ending to the colonial system and mercantilism. - Individuals gained more rights and social classes were impacted - Elite and monarchs began to lose power 12. How did the end of slavery transform the lives of the former slaves? Compare differences in the Americas and the Islamic world? - Slaves acquired freedom and rights but were put in communities with no money and no jobs so many of them ended up working at the same plantation under almost identical conditions. - Slave situations after the end of slavery were more alarming in America compared to Islamic territories. 13. What accounts for the growth of nationalism as a powerful political identity in the nineteenth century? - After the revolts, governments sought to instill strong patriotism and loyalty to their country to citizens. 14. What were the achievements and limitations of nineteenth-century feminism? - they attained rights concerning education, employment, and marital and property rights. - There were emotions of resentment toward the moment because it was new and people believed it would mess up the excellence of society how it was. States would put restrictions on political and significant positions for women. Chapter 9 – Revolutions of Industrialization 1750-1450 Pages 388-421 Key Terms/Places/Events/People/Groups Steam Engine: the great breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution, the coal-fired steam engine provided an almost limitless source of power and could be used to drive any number of machines as well as locomotives and ships; the introduction of the steam engine allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible British textile industry: The site of the initial technological breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution in eighteenth-century Britain, where multiple innovations transformed cotton textile production, resulting in an enormous increase in output Middle-Class Society: British social stratum developed in the nineteenth century, composed of small businessmen, doctors, lawyers, engineers, teachers, and other professionals required in industrial society; politically liberal, they favored the constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits; had ideas of thrift, hard work, rigid morality, “respectability”, and cleanliness The ideology of Domesticity: a set of ideas and values that defined the ideal role of middle-class women in nineteenth-century Europe, focusing their activity on homemaking, child-rearing, charitable endeavors, and “refined” activities as the proper sphere for women. Lower Middle Class: Social stratum the developed in Britain in the nineteenth century and that consisted of people employed in the service sector as clerks, salespeople, secretaries, police officers, and the like; by 1900, this group comprised about 20 percent of Britain’s population Laboring Classes: the majority of Britain’s nineteenth-century population, which included manual works in the mines, ports, factories, construction sites, workshops, and farms of Britain’s industrializing and urbanizing society; this class suffered the most and at least initially gained the least from the transformations of the Industrial Revolution Karl Marx: Marxism; (1818-83) the most influential proponent of socialism. Marx was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future Labour Party: British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism Socialism in the United States: fairly minor political movement in the United States; at its height on 1912, it gained 6 percent of the vote for its presidential candidate Progressives: Followers of an American political movement (progressivism) in the period 1900 that advocated reform measures such as wages-and-hours legislation to correct the ills of industrialization Russian Revolution of 1905: Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan; the revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government yo make substantial reforms caudillos: Military strongmen who seized control of a government in nineteenth-century Latin American, and were frequently replaced Latin American export boom: Large-scale increase in Latin American exports (mostly raw materials and food-stuffs) to industrializing countries in the second half of the nineteenth century, made possible by major improvements in shipping; the boom mostly benefited the upper and middle class Mexican Revolution: Long and bloody war (1910-20) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Díaz and create a new, much more democratic political order -Discussion Questions: Answer each question with enough detail to discuss in class and defend your position. That means you will need specific examples to discuss. You may use complete sentences or bullet points, whichever is most effective for you. 1. How did the Industrial Revolution mark a sharp break with the past? - New innovations and technology and inventions changed the way people lived and worked. - Factories evolved to become a major producer of products, money, and jobs so urbanization became large and influential in cities. 2. Why were the railroads considered a powerful symbol of the Industrial Revolution? - Railroads allowed for transnational relations - Goods and people were able to voyage farther than ever and more affordable than ever. This authorized for goods that were only cultivated in one area to be marketed in other provinces. 3. What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on the aristocracy? On the middle-class? On the working-class? Think positives and negatives -Aristocracy — The Aristocracy had smaller political power and the government had a defense of merchants so there was a boost in trade -Middle-class — the middle class owned and operated the new choices and industrial company. This formed a gap and a distinction between the upper-middle class and the lower-middle class. -Working-class — The working class was sorrowed by the Revolution. They lived in poor conditions and worked in poor conditions. Many were terrorized by diseases and starvation. There were low salaries and nearly all members of the household had to work which contained young children. 4. What are the major environmental, political, and economic consequences of the Industrial Revolution? -Environmental — It leads to an enlargement in population and urbanization. The chemicals used to assemble goods. In factories increased corruption and the usage of fossil fuels -Political — controversies over working conditions transpired so there were criteria made for employers (labor-related legislation was passed) -Economic — Economy was based on agriculture and shifted to a large-scale industrial economy. 5. What are the major differences between the first and second Industrial Revolutions? - The first was centered around new factories for textiles etc., steam power, and iron - The second concentrated on steel, development of railroads, petroleum and chemicals, and electricity 6. How were the ideas of Karl Marx a response to industrialization? - He expressed that the Industrial revolution further separated the go-between the employees and production. - His explanation was that it would switch when the “conscious” class would advance and defeat capitalism 7. Why did the industrial revolution facilitate the migration of Europeans to parts of the new world? - Many working-class individuals moved to metropolitan areas and cities looking for better jobs. Immigrants were more willing to accept lower wages and worse working conditions than natural-born citizens so they made a large part of countries’ working classes. The demand for unprofessional labor was very lofty but still was replaced and consequently spread to other countries 8. How did the process of industrialization in the USA differ from the process of industrialization in Russia? Why? The United States’ industrial revolution took place in their democracy while Russia was in an absolute monarchy. Therefore, the government had more dominion over employees and society 9. Why did Marxist socialism not develop in the United States? - There were more dominant political parties so it was hard to maintain class-oriented political parties and the socialist labor movement 10. What factors contributed to the Russian Revolution of 1905? What was the result? - It was flared by the Russo-Japanese War and from a combination of actors of society, which needed reform. - It paved the way for the communist uprising 11. What was common to industrialization everywhere, and in what ways did it vary from place to place? - Industrialization happened everywhere - New technologies helped everywhere and energy permitted vast exhibition that was able to reach everywhere 12. What role did Latin America play in increasingly global industrial markets? - It provided a lot of shipped goods that were then used to deliver demanded products - Raw goods and food products 13. What are some social continuities in Latin America in the 1800s? What were some social changes? Social class reconstruction did not happen but they encountered political and economic changes - 18 republics were created and there was autonomy almost everywhere
