Selected issues in Women (female) Entrepreneurism
Maranda E. EUGENE-AIREN
PG2019-2122088
Being Proposal Presented to the Department of Business Administration, Faculty of
Management Sciences in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award of the
Master of Science (M.Sc.) degree in the University of Benin, Benin City
September , 2021
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
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1.2 Statement of the Research Problem
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1.3 Research Questions
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1.4 Objectives of the Study
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1.5 Research Hypotheses
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1.6 Scope of the Study
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1.7 Significant of the Study
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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study -
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
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2.1 Conceptual Review
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2.1.1 Concept of Entrepreneurship -
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2.1.2 Concept of Entrepreneurial Attitude
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2.2 Female Entrepreneur
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2.3 Challenges Faced by Female Entrepreneur
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2.4 How to Remove Barrier in Women Entrepreneurship
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2.5 Empirical Review -
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2.6 Theoretical Framework
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CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
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3.2 Research Design -
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3.2 Population of the Study -
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3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
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3.4 Source of Data
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3.4 Method of Data Collection
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3.5 The Research Instrument -
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3.6 Validity of the Instrument
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3.7 Model Specification
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References
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Women entrepreneurs around the globe have advance and accomplish significant impact in
establishing businesses vis-a –vis developing the economy through entrepreneurial ventures,
creating new employment opportunities in their respective environment. This have not being
an easy task because women are seen as second class citizens, in the African and Asian
continents where women are highly discriminately.it has be noted that, female advancement
in business has often times being hindered by which is hinged on religion and cultural
dispositionge, gender discrimination e.t.c particularly cultural barriers, religions challenges,
little share in inheritance and selected jobs or profession reshape, marriage and family issues.(
M. Sajjad, N. kaleen M.Irfan &C. Ahmed 2019). In another article published by E.Sabi (2019).
Female entrepreneurs are often lacking in access to financial and human capital, which
impedes business growth, have different mindset constraints, such as risk-aversion, and little
or no soft skills such as leadership and management skill.
In the face of being constrained, women continually transgress, expand and economic
boundaries. They create, own, sustain and exit a wide variety of businesses which illuminate
a colorful and underappreciated aspect of nineteenth-century business.
More to it, the historiographies of several fields of history have largely overlooked the role
of economically independent nineteenth- century Women, and the endeavors and
achievements of female business owners such as Ann Buckley: A census conducted in 1861
reveals that as woman entrepreneur, she employed over 140 workers in her business and had
an estate that worth £14,000, which indicates that, she was a successful female business
owner. (J. Aston 2016, and J. Aston & C. Bishop, 20190)
It is important to note that, instead of hindering female entrepreneurs , woman should be
empower to develop their full potential in entrepreneurship E .Sabi(2019) opined that the
developing countries ,where these are particularly common , women can be empower by the
provision of basic business skills trainings , training programs need to address deeper
psychological and social constraints facing women , financial access ,etc. Similarly, J. Aston
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and C. Bishop, (2019) opined that some governmental and non-governmental organizations
should create financial and institutional support programs to teach entrepreneurship, to
female entrepreneurs in the practice of business.
In the light of
this, the study will be concern about issues that border on women
entrepreneurism as well as finding solutions to these issues.
1.2 statement of the research problem
Today’s world is chumming out more educated ones than what we have ever experienced in
previous decades. This positive development has increased the number of persons looking for
paid jobs, but due to increasing scarcity in availability of paid jobs, it has led many people who
have the willingness, ability and qualification to work, remain jobless. In other for this
problem to be minimized people came up with ideas of setting up little owned businesses
with the skills they have which now qualified them to be called Entrepreneurs.
According to Adams (2021) an entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business,
bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The process of setting up a
business is known as entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator,
a source of new ideas, goods, services, and business/or procedures.
In general, an entrepreneur is viewed as a person who establishes and runs his or her own
firm, generating profit and growth through ideas, which can be treated as innovative (Kirby,
2003), either in terms of management, resources used or organizing already known and
broadly utilized resources in a different manner.
It is common knowledge in many climes that when it comes to entrepreneurship, male-folks
are dominant. However, female entrepreneurs seem to be more manifest as the attention
they are getting is growing by the day. Gender differences in the way of preparations, setting
up a firm and managing it, gained a lot of attention in recent years (Alsos, Ljunggren, 2008),
(Davidsson, Honig, 2007),
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Women entrepreneurs around the globe have advance and accomplish significant impact in
establishing businesses vis-a –vis developing the economy through entrepreneurial ventures,
creating new employment opportunities in their respective environment. This have not being
an easy task because women are seen as second citizen, which is hinged on religion and
cultural disposition on this issues, particularly in the African and Asian continents where
women are highly discriminated.it has been noted that, female advancement in business has
often times been hindered by cultural barriers, religions challenges, little share in inheritance
and selected jobs or profession, marriage and family issues. (M. Sajjad, N. Kaleen M. Irfan &
C. Ahmed 2019).
In another article published by Sabi (2019). Female entrepreneurs are often lacking in access
to financial and human capital, which impedes business growth, have different mindset
constraints, such as risk-aversion, and little or no soft skills such as leadership and
management skill.
In face of being constrained, women continued to break the rules, magnify and restructure
economic borders. Women seem to generate, possess, sustain and leave behind a range of
various businesses thereby radiating a rich value underrated phase of businesses of the
nineteenth century.
More to it, the historiographies of several fields of history have largely overlooked the role
of economically independent nineteenth- century Women, and the endeavours and
achievements of female business owners such as Ann Buckley: A census conducted in 1861
reveals that as woman entrepreneur, she employed over 140 workers in her business and had
an estate that worth £14,000, which indicates that, she was a successful female business
owner. (J. Aston 2016, and J. Aston & C. Bishop, 2019)
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It is important to note that, instead of hindering female entrepreneurs, women should be
empowered to develop their full potential in entrepreneurship. Sabi (2019) opined that the
developing countries, where these are particularly common, women can be empowered by
the provision of basic business skills trainings, training programs need to address deeper
psychological and social constraints facing women, financial access, etc. Similarly, J. Aston and
C. Bishop, (2019) opined that some governmental and non-governmental organizations
should create programs by involving financial institutions to assist in the teaching of
entrepreneurship which makes women entrepreneurs more prepared to practice their
business.
In the light of this, this study will be focusing on issues that border on women
entrepreneurism positively and negatively and as well finding solutions to the negative issues.
1.3 Research Questions
The following research questions have been formulated to guide the study:
1. To what extent does role conflict and time management affect female entrepreneur’s
performance?
2.
To what extent does cultural and religion barrier borders female entrepreneurism?
3. To what extent do perceptions and gender discrimination affects the performance of
female in business?
4. To what extent do female entrepreneur’s contributes to economic development?
5. What are the possible solutions to some selected issues?
1.4 objectives of the study
The main objective of the study is to examine the selected issues in female entrepreneurism.
Specifically, this study aims to:
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1. Examine the impact of role conflict and time management in female entrepreneurism.
2. Examine cultural and religion
barriers that borders on female (women)
entrepreneurism.
3. Examine the impact of perception and gender discrimination on the performance of
female entrepreneurism.
4. Examine the positive contribution of female entrepreneurs to economic development.
5. Examine possible solution to some of the selected issues.
1.5 Research Hypotheses
The study intends to test the following research hypothesis stated in the null form:
H1: role conflict and time management have no significance impact on women entrepreneur’s
performance
H2: There is no significant relationship between cultural and religious barrier and female
entrepreneur’s performance
H3; perception and gender discrimination have no significant impact in female
entrepreneurship.
H4: There is no significant impact on the performance of the female entrepreneur on
economic development..
H5: There is no significant solution to issues faced by female entrepreneurs.
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study will cover the period of five years, from 2017 – 2021, this is based on the fact that
the most recent empirical studies are embedded in the period. Also, there are more theories
on the issues of women emancipation in entrepreneurship. The geographical scope of the
study will be Edo State, Nigeria. The study intends to carry out a survey of 100 female
entrepreneurs.
1.7 Significance of the Study
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Woman (female) entrepreneurs are passionate about making the world a better place,
through innovation and creativity despite the challenges before them.
Therefore, this study do not only seek to examine these issues that poses barrier on the
above dream of the women in business, but will also look for “HOW” to minimize the effects
of these challenges . The study will also be useful in the following ways:

To significant to female entrepreneurship in creating awareness for better
performance and business growth.
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It can also be relevant for Government policy makers and also help institutions to
develop early entrepreneurial competences toward economic development.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This section covers the review of literature on the concept of women (female)
entrepreneurship, the theorical framework as well as the empirical review to create a base
for the study and also for identification of the gap is literature.
2.1 Conceptual Review
2.1 Concept of Entrepreneur.
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The word ‘entrepreneur’ which derives from the French word ‘entrependre’ means to
undertake risk in business. It was first used in the 16th century by Richard Cantillon in France.
According to him, an entrepreneur is a person that receives price for selling a product (Gupta,
2020). This definition is so limited with respect to what entrepreneur entails today. One of
the most recent definitions of the concept is by Drury (2021). He defined entrepreneur as an
individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the
rewards. It involves the process of setting up and managing a business outfit. Also,
entrepreneur is regarded as an innovator who is a source of new ideas for goods, services,
and business/or processes.
Entrepreneurship refers to the concept of developing and managing a business venture in
order to gain profit, which involve several risks in the corporate world. Entrepreneurship is
the willingness to innovate or creative ideas that has economic gain.( Entrepreneur handbook
2021) . Entrepreneurs are the business core of a company, especially in newly-born firms or
the type of business strategy focused on the creation of jobs, social wealth, and profit by
optimizing the use of productive and commercial resources.(M.Garcia &J .Alvarez 2017)
entrepreneurship is a function which involves the exploitation of opportunities which exist
within a market(Noun,2018) Entrepreneurship can be spoken of as the concept of growing
an entreprise in order to get benefit by way of profit, which may involves diverse nature of
risk levels in the business domain. In other words it can also be the willingness to innovate
or create ideas that has economic gain. (Entrepreneur handbook, 2021).
Entrepreneurs are the business essentials of a firm, especially in novel business organizations
or the type of business strategy focused on the creation of jobs, social wealth, and profit by
improving on the use of prolific and viable marketable resources (Garcia & Alvarez, 2017)
Entrepreneurship has not only been considered as the economic growth’s engine but also
denoted as being the wheel that is pedalling the vehicle of development for an economy. This
entrepreneurship has been renowned for its significance in the role of employment, income
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and returns, poverty reduction as well as creation of wealth (Ayogu, & Agu, 2015; Josiane,
1998)
The perceptions on women entrepreneurs in medium small and micro scale enterprises
(MSMEs) and the factors affecting the management of their business are to be reviewed
under the various sub headings.
In a nutshell, anyone who has the will and determination to start a new company and deals
with all the risks that goes with it , is an Entrepreneur.
2.1.1 Qualities and Characteristic of an entrepreneur of an Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur should have the following qualities and personalities, that denotes to the
degree to which a person or an individual has positive mind-set or values
towards
entrepreneurship.
1. Ability to bring changes to the world: Several Entrepreneurs put in several efforts to
make the world better place. Their entrepreneurial tendencies stems from a deeper
crave to impact the world positively.
2. Independent: Most entrepreneurs often struggled with working under a boss. They
felt limited and not having the freedom to do things their own way leading them to
seek the entrepreneurship route.
3. Capacity to create job for self and others: We see women go into entrepreneurship
because they could not find job. They rationally prefer to create new opportunities
for themselves and excel in it than give up on their jobless situation.
4. Determination or Ambitiousness: You find entrepreneurs who love adventure. They
realize difficult goals and from the scratch, put in feasible plans which they follow up
till they achieve their milestones.
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5. Curiosity: Most entrepreneurs have
An entrepreneur should also possess the following characteristic in business ;
Innovation: The basic and foremost qualities of an entrepreneur is skill of
innovation(Hyrsky &Tuuanen, 1999) to be innovative, entrepreneurs need to the desire
to find out answers to various issues they come across. They regularly read and investigate
situations and trends. Hence entrepreneurship naturally appeals to them.be different and
frequently change their attention from existing concepts to potential techniques and ways
of doing business (Matsuno, mentzer & Ozsoner 2002; Rani & Hung 2013).
Creativity:
entrepreneurship is basically being creative and ability to
develop new
innovation, while already established entrepreneur are more effective in improving their
large Organisations, thereby improving on their existing products and adding new features to
sustain an advantage in their operating market. Hence already established entrepreneur can
acquire understanding from new entrepreneur to be productive, transform. Creative ideas
into very new business and make calculated rewards of or upgrading to available goods and
services and improving on the ways of doing business (Shane, 2003, Osma, & Rashidi, 2010).
Risk Taking: Risk taking is another important quality of an entrepreneur it involves the
willingness and preparedness to give either personal or other assets to pursue identified
market opportunities which have a realistic likelihood of succeeding. Risk taking is about
taking reasonable and deliberate but not great or unmanageable risks which enable
entrepreneurs to exploit opportunities before other entrepreneur do so. In order to be well
positioned as a growing entrepreneur, entrepreneur need be able to take risk in venturing
value creating opportunities. (Tyszka, & Macko, 2009, Mahmoud, & Wahid, 2012)
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2.2 Female Entrepreneur
The entrepreneurial domain is largely occupied by men in the world however, the increasing
rate of women participation in entrepreneurial activities and their contribution to economic
growth cannot be overlooked, more especially with the generally sustained advocacy for
women inclusiveness and gender equality.
In the light of this Batı, G.B and Armutlulu ,I. H (2020) Opine that female entrepreneurs
face more conflicts than male entrepreneurs because of the way women are perceived
and various expectations from them, and these conflicts eventually affect women’s
investment decisions
However, there are challenges limiting women participation in entrepreneurship ranging
from cultural, social, political, religious and economic constraints among others.
Women entrepreneurship is define as having female in business who play a captivating
role by constantly interacting with and strongly adjusting themselves to socio-economic
and financial sphere in their operating business environment (Afza, Osman & Rashidi,
2010)
However, there are challenges limiting women participation in entrepreneurship ranging
from cultural, social, political, religious and economic constraints among others.
Underprivileged access to, information, market and finance, technology, perception of
people, dual role conflict (domestic responsibility and business activities), lack of
infrastructural facility and poor linkage with support service are some of the factors that
characterise female entrepreneurship.Women are willing to invest most of their income in
their families (nuclear and extended) as well as their immediate communities. (Garima, 2014)
and it was also recorded that Women entrepreneurs in Nigeria contribute significantly in
sustaining the socio-economic welfare of their families (Kenny, 2019). Most of the womenowned enterprises are serving not only the communities but also larger business
organizations. They have been designed in such a way that they create room for women to
maintain their career women and as mothers at home.
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Women entrepreneurs have made giant strides in terms of contributing to the economy of
their host environment which by ripple effect have a corresponding national economy effect.
Without discrimination whatsoever, entrepreneurship has no consideration for sex, height,
culture, race or individual. Various women nationals play the same role with their male
counterparts when talking about economic development by means of entrepreneurship.
2.3, Importance of Female entrepreneurship
The development of women entrepreneurship has been noted as being important. The reason
for this is not far-fetched.
1. Poverty Reduction: Even though women may not be compared to men in some
communities as being the bread-winner considering the restraints by culture,
physiology and religion, women support themselves and their families through the
income they receive from their entrepreneurial activities (Ayogu, & Agu, 2015; Kantor,
1999).
Women also are more involved in organizing programmes that focused on empowering
women and youths for poverty alleviation. For instance, in Nigeria, Cowan is an Ngo
formed by women and they are doing a lot in line with their set objective –to alleviate
poverty among the Nigerian women.
2. Economic Vitality: Economic vitality is a necessary condition for achieving social vitality
which improves the standard of living of the citizens of nation. Women have been
known for their ability to combine different activities that have the potential to
enhance the standards of living and quality of life of the citizenries.
3. Financial sustainability: Small enterprises tend to have the flexibility and innovativeness
that are critical business needs in developing economy. As women form micro and
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macro enterprises and bring their values, products and services to the market place,
they become involved in changing the face of the nation business. According to
Steinem (1992), as cited by Ayogu and Agu (2015), women entrepreneurs have the
tendency of taking a holistic method to balance life; vis-a-vis family, work, economy,
and culture.
5. Economic growth: Until recently, the rise in the number of prominent women
entrepreneurs has given rise to positive contribution to the country’s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP) and Gross National Income (GNI).
6. Wealth creation: Creation of wealth and things that make the economy work are the
economic goals of entrepreneurs, be they men or women. In order to accomplish this,
women entrepreneurs typically put together their resources to form a foundation that
is solid in the rural areas as well as urban areas. This same, resources and energies are
also channelled towards development of the economy.
Managerial competence, networking and teamwork have been suggested as good
promotional approaches that can be embraced by female entrepreneurs to combine
together towards achieving contacts, references and best business practices.
7. Social Contribution: Women entrepreneurs’ contributions to both their families and
the communities are uncontestably enormous.
2.4 Some Issues Faced by Female Entrepreneurship
“Female entrepreneurship is in itself a different phenomenon as compared to male
entrepreneurship, requiring a separate model to explain it….there is a dare need to give a
voice to these faceless and voiceless females who play a big-yet in general unseen-role
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towards making a household financially stable” (Anwar & Rashid, 2012; Irene Kamberidou
2020).
Religion, culture, beliefs and customs magnify and support gender variations and gender
differences, and not only concerning activities of entrepreneurs. In male-dominated culture
of emerging sphere, women face more sociocultural obstacles than the multitasking
whirlpool. Household or the immediate society plays key roles in constraining any type of
public activity, thereby discouraging women entrepreneurship.
Addressing the feeling on what it is to be a woman entrepreneur in a male-dominated
society, Nsengimana et al. (2018) assert that religion, culture and customs contribute to
strengthen gender bias.
Factors that causes barriers to women entrepreneurship can be divided into external and
internal factors, such as, business expansion and financing(external) demographic
(characteristics of age, marital status, motherhood, importance and influence of the family
(internal).
Some of the issues faced by female entrepreneurs include the following:
2,4.1 Role Conflicts Time Management Issue.
In the mainstream or neoclassical theory, an entrepreneur can be viewed as someone who
coordinate the factors of production, even though the role is not considered important
especially for female entrepreneurs ( Deakins, D. & Freel , M .2012)Role conflict of female
entrepreneurs at work and in family have been investigated to know how the role shape their
investment plans and how they experience affect their investment decisions ( Batı, et al
2020). Female entrepreneurs tend to experience role conflict in the work-home model
irrespective of their family structure or the time spent outside the home. This conflict is a
function of the level of family wellbeing and perceived business success, this can put the
female entrepreneur in a pressure, role pressure that emerges as a result of the reciprocal
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contradiction of two roles( family life and business life), an individual experiences some
difficulties in performing her family-related role when fulfilling her work-related tasks, it is
called work–family conflict, if the contrast is the case, then it is called family–work
conflict (Greenhaus and Beutell, 1985 in
Batı, et al
2020). Individual or fundamental
fulfilment is accomplished if business satisfies or surpasses owners’ anticipations and ruin
reduce conflict level Role conflict is mostly seen in those who have low self-esteem, low selfefficacy and external locus of control. These aspects clearly affects business satisfaction and
business health. Independence in business and high level of family satisfaction can reduce the
level of balancing responsibility (Kenny2019)
Time management is vital in the lives of each of women entrepreneurs as they coordinate
various roles as business owner, wife, mother, career, desire for individual personal time
and space, etc. The major caring role for all but one woman related to their children and all
participants, to a greater or lesser degree, live the focal home function necessitating them
regularly to rearrange daily domestic affairs together with those of their business. The
certainty of realizing greater ‘flexibility’ in the use of time often proved unreal. (McGown,
Redeker, Cooper, & Greenan, 2012). Female entrepreneurs often face significant conflicts in
allocating time and resources to the various roles demanded of them by their communities.
Time management has been identified as a potential obstacle to their performance as
entrepreneurs (Hundera,. Duysters,. Naudé, & Dijkhuizen, 2019),
.
2.4.2 Issue Perception of People and Gender Discrimination.
It is assumed that men have better managerial approach than their women counterpart. Also,
it is assumed that women are materialistic. In Nigeria, for example, there is also the
assumption (due to this “male thing” bias in the form of ego in men) that makes men feel it is
compulsory for them to be in charge of good things, especially “big jobs”. This perspective
ensures that women are restrained to the house, looking after the home.
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As a result of this male-dominance assumptions, certain women have come up with the belief
that she has to be “connected” to the people at the helm of affairs for her to have the same
opportunity as men.
Other constraints which are a part of the greatest barriers experienced by women in
enterprise are ignorance of information, technology may support services available to them,
financial discrimination, lack of training and business knowledge, underestimating the
financial and emotional cost of sustaining a business and poor payment to their staff.
(Kenny2019).
The entrepreneurial domain is largely occupied by men in the world, however, the increasing
rate of women participation in entrepreneurial activities and their contribution to economic
growth cannot be overlooked, more especially with the generally sustained advocacy for
women inclusiveness and gender equality (Garima, 2014). Brush, Bruin and Welter (2009)
seems to agree with Richardson when he stated that in a setting where men are in control of
networks, women are at the lower position of having an edge when attempting to access. In
furtherance to the above, government officials prefer to deal with men over women
considering the assumption that men are more effective (Bardasi, Shabarwal & Terrell, 2011).
This assertion is much more pronounced in developing countries still battling to a large extent
with the belief that women are culturally and socially meant to function in the domestic
setting than in the corporate world economic resources required for entrepreneurship giving
that male applicants are also available (Aidis, Estrin & Mickiewicz, 2008)
2.4.3 Finance , Educational and Information Issues.
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Female entrepreneurs actually go through complex and onerous processes to raise capital
due to several reasons, thereafter demoralizing them at business start-up.
Women entrepreneur mostly in evolving countries, do not get funding for their business
activities. This has led to reduced standard of living as a result of low income. Not having
money for capital from friends, savings, crowd-funding, banks or other financial institutions
due to financial indiscipline and discriminating requests by some institutions of finance;
especially commercial banks has been a major concern for young and emerging entrepreneur.
(Chinonye, Iyiola, Akinbode, & Obigbemi, 2015; Ambetiya, 2016). This brought about the
reduction of their business income, and the inability to save (Hammawa & Hashim, 2016).
Camilla Richardson, the US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Middle East and
Africa while in a meeting recently in Nigeria to advocate for increased women participation
in entrepreneurial endeavours as captured on page 24 of Daily Sun Newspaper of Thursday
July 1, 2021 rightly stated that “Women Continue to demonstrate that when provided with
market information, access to finance and right networks, there is no limit to what they can
accomplish’’.The greatest challenges face by women in business are ignorance of information
and technology, lack of follow-up, training and financial discrimination (Kenny, 2019). The
lower the level of development of the country, the higher these challenges, and vice-versa.
(Conduras & Autio, 2013).
2.4.4 .Religion and Cultural Issue.
A number of varying challenges as a barrier to women entrepreneur can be identified
especially in Africa and particularly in Nigeria. Women are seen culturally to have the
domestic responsibilities of child rearing and home keeping. They are not allowed in certain
socio cultural contexts to engage in economic activities that give them an entrepreneurial
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advantage. This, women entrepreneurs are usually targets of discrimination as they face
difficulty when they seek for the support of their husband or male family leaders as the case
may be. However, the discrimination and lack of support usually occur in subtle ways (Dodd,
Anderson & Jade 2015, Padmavathi, 2011, Afza et al 2010; Tende, 2016). Culture represents
multifaceted explanations for differences in women’s entrepreneurship across societies and
in the success or failure of business activities. Many barriers and constraints that women
entrepreneurs experience are gender specific and stem from cultural values, norms, and
customs (Anambane and Adom 2018; Baughn et al. 2006; Khandelwal and Sehgal 2018 in
Bullough, Guelich, Manolova , & Schjoedt 2021)
Religion affects the mindset and behavioral patterns of people as individuals are influenced
by religious propagations through cultural values (Khraim, 2010 in Asare-Kyire, Zheng, .
Owusu, . & Junaid ,2016) . Asare-Kyire et al,(2016) Examined the relationship between
religion and entrepreneurial activities, and tested the impact of religion on gender
entrepreneurial performance using Ghana as religion as a case study observed that religion
is a very abstract and complicated concept. In this Most societies in the developing
countries have a cultural component where women are generally laid back in terms of
economic activities. This is further aggravated by various religious beliefs that encourages
women to remain unheard and at the background. All these obviously has psychological
impacts which would take time to reverse.
2.4.5 Social And Economic Issue.
According to Bullough, et al ( 2021) Women’s entrepreneurship is increasingly important
for creating new jobs and contributing to the social and economic growth of their
societies.agin , (Tur-Porcar, Mas-Tur & Belso, 2017; Garima, 2014) stated that More
avenues examine the custom, personal, business, social profiles and problems of African
women entrepreneurs and attempt to recognize patterns of creative innovativeness and
societal and economic challenges faced by women entrepreneurs in Africa with the aim of
attracting global responsiveness to women of Africa so that their funding and aid can help
them get out of their existing condition of denial and paucity. In an interview conducted by
Fernandes and Sanfilippo (2020) for Business News Daily, it was discovered that women CEO
17
irrespective of their achievement are faced with the following challenges, coping with fear
of failure, balancing business and family life difficulty in building a supportive network,
inability to own their accomplishments, struggling to be taken seriously, inability to access
fund and defying social expectations. No doubt, the chief constraint faced by female
entrepreneurs in Africa is a difficulty in accessing finance (Garima, 2014).
Bullough, et al ( 2021) opined that Women entrepreneurs create jobs and contribute to
economic growth and social progress worldwide. From they create initial idea, start up the
business part take in the operations and grow their entrepreneurial initiatives into venture.
.
2.5 How to Remove Barrier in Women Entrepreneurship
Garima (2014) Highlighted some key factors which when adopted by women in creating more
chances in this dispensation will change the challenges being faced around for the better.
They include but not limited to the following; empowering women through education and
training in NGO order to organize business venture successfully. Banks need to develop and
introduce platforms that are capable of encouraging female entrepreneurs to combine as
business startups in Africa’s economic activity.
18
in the Long Nineteenth
Century
Theoretical Framework
Various theories with relevance to Entrepreneurship exist. Zindzy (2018) explained the
following theories:
Cultural Theories: This theory holds that culture determines to a large extent, the
emergence of entrepreneurship. The skills of an entrepreneur comes invariably from the
nature and values of the cultural practices of their immediate environment.
Hoselitz’s Theory: The supply of entrepreneurship is guided by cultural factors and the
smaller cultural groups as spark plugs of entrepreneurial and economic up-liftment. In many
countries, entrepreneurs have come from a particular social-economic class.
Innovation Theory: According to Joseph Schumpeter who believes that entrepreneurs help
the process of progress in an economy; he opined that an entrepreneur is the one who is
innovative, creative and has foresight.
According to him, innovation occurs when the entrepreneurs Presents a new product
Develops a new production method
Opens a new market
Locates a new source of raw material supply
Establishes a new organization in any industry.
This theory focuses on invention, not paying attention to riskiness and capacity to organize
the abilities of entrepreneur, in this case, the women entrepreneurs.
Acquired Needs Theory: According to McClelland, a person has three types of needs at any
given time which are:
Desire for accomplishment ( get success with one’s own exertions)
Aspiration for power ( to dominate, influence others)
Need for affiliation ( maintain friendly relationships with others)
The desire for accomplishment is the peak for entrepreneurs.
Theory of High Achievement: McClelland identified two characteristics of entrepreneurship.
Doing things in a different and better way
Making decisions with risk factor
McClelland emphasized that it is more likely to become entrepreneurs when there are
people with high achievement orientation. Such people are not influenced by money or
external incentives.
They consider profit to be a measure of success and competency.
19
Psychological Theory: Entrepreneurship gets an increment when society has enough supply
of individuals with basic psychological characteristics. The psychological characteristics
includes need for high achievement, a vision or foresight, ability to face opposition
Economic Theory: Entrepreneurship and economic development depends on each other.
Economic development takes place when a country’s real rational income increases over all
period of time where in the role of entrepreneurs is an integral part..
Entrepreneurship and economic growth take place when the economic conditions are
favourable.
Economic incentives are the major motivating factors for entrepreneurial activities.
Economic incentives includes taxation policy, industrial policy, sources of finance and raw
materials, infrastructure availability, investment and marketing opportunities, access to
information about market conditions, technology etc. (Zindzy, 2018)
Theory of Religious Beliefs: Max Weber propounded the theory of religious belief.
According to him, entrepreneurism is a function of religious beliefs and impact of religion
shaped the entrepreneurial culture. He further stated that entrepreneurial energies are
exogenously supplied by means of religious beliefs.
Independent variable
Conceptual Framework
Issues
Dependent Variable
Female entrepreneurism
Issue
Gender discrimination issue
Economic
Development
Cultural issues
20
Role conflict issue
Time management issue
Finance issue
Religion issue
Social and economic issues
Source: conceptualized by the researcher, 2021.
2.6 Empirical Review
Tur-Porcar, A.,Mas-Tur, A. And Belso, J.A.(2017) in their study titled “Barriers to women
entrepreneurship. Different methods, different results? “Analyzed the internal and external
factors in women entrepreneurship and linked these factors to the barriers that women face
when starting businesses. Using two contrasting statistical techniques: Partial least squares
(PLS) Qualitative Comparative analysis (QCA) observed that family duties and difficulties in
obtaining financing (both Internal and external) were the main factors related to barriers
faced by women Entrepreneurs . Garima C. B.( 2014,)also opined that Some challenges were
external such as financial problem and family issues. While challenges such as lack of skills, in
21
adequate or lack of education were internal challenges that African women entrepreneurs
are facing
Drawing on interviews conducted by Maia H. And Cortney S. (2018): women leaders in
Morocco in 2016, which investigated the opportunities and obstacles these women have
encountered in their personal journeys. The paper explores the extent to which elite
background, work sector, religion, and legal codes affect women’s ascent to leadership roles
and shares the women’s own views regarding improving women’s status.
According to the findings in the work of Tur-Porcar et al (2017) demographic characteristics
of age, marital status and having small children are strongly related to the existence of both
types of barriers (external and internal). In addition, is necessary condition for the existence
of gender barriers and education and training/infrastructure barriers and inability to access
fund for women entrepreneurs. While variable of business expansion is not a necessary
condition but the combination of this characteristic with other conditions does form part of
the gender barriers. The report show three necessary condition or significant variable such as
having children 0.98 significant, demographic characteristics (age, family and marital status),
with a consistency of 0.98 for both According to the findings in the work of Tur-Porcar et al
(2017) demographic characteristics of age, marital status and having small children are
strongly related to the existence of both types of barriers (external and internal). In addition,
is necessary condition for the existence of gender barriers and education and
training/infrastructure barriers and inability to access fund for women entrepreneurs. While
variable of business expansion is not a necessary condition but the combination of this
characteristic with other conditions does form part of the gender barriers. The report show
three necessary condition or significant variable such as
22
having children 0.98 significant,
demographic characteristics (age, family and marital status), with a consistency of 0.98 for
both types of barriers and the conditions of financing (internal and external) yield values of
0.92 and 0.93 for the training and gender barriers respectively, and are also found to be
barriers to women entrepreneurs .fungai, & David (2014) in the conclusion of their work,”
challenges faced by women entrepreneurs”, stated that the constraints that women
entrepreneur face relate to inability to access fund, family .work conflicts,networking
challenges, illiteracy and lack of managerial skills in locating and obtaining raw materials
sources are some of the major issues in female entrepreneurship. In a study conducted by Bati
et al (2020) of 348 face-to-face interviews with female entrepreneurs, from the four major
cities of the a total most economically developed region of Turkey, have been conducted,
and various questions about demographic characteristics, business characteristics,
entrepreneurship densities, business, and family conflict situations and investment plans
have been asked. The obtained data has been analyzed and classified via rough set theory.
The study reviewed a
correlative relationship between conflict and investment decision.
Alexandre, . &Kharabsheh, (2019), conducted a study in the Arab region based on the
support of the sociocultural environment, it was discovered that Bahrain women are more in
pull, not push situation to entrepreneurship. However, female entrepreneurs need a role
model to achieve their goals.
23
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The chapter examine the methodology adopted in the study. First a brief description of the
research design, the population of the study, the sample and the sampling strategy are
introduced followed by the source of data, method of data collection, the research
instrument, theoretical framework, model specification. After that the independent,
dependent and control variables as well as their measures are explained. The final section
addresses the methods used to control biases in order to ensure the reliability and validity of
this study as well as the data analysis are proposed.
3.2 Research Design
The study will adopt the survey research design to achieve the objective of the study. This is
as a result of the number of the unit of analysis of the study which is women entrepreneurs
in Edo State. Sample will be extracted from this group to which we will administer
questionnaire within a particular period.
The study adapts a cross sectional survey since it seeks to ascertain respondents’ current
perception of the subject matter. The survey research is the gathering of information for the
purpose of understanding and/or predicting some aspects of the population and it offers
respondent greater anonymity thereby allowing them to disclose their feelings and attitudes
more readily.
24
3.2 Population of the Study
Population of the study will consist of female entrepreneurs of both small and medium
enterprises in Edo State. Women of different age, backgrounds, local government and status.
The study focuses on the issues faced by female entrepreneurship in Edo state, Nigeria
3.3 Sample Size and Sampling Technique
For this study the sampling frame consist of female Entrepreneurs in the different local
Government in Edo State. The total sample will consist of (100) female entrepreneur in Edo
state.
3.4 Source of Data
The data for this study is primary which will be administered to the target population (female
entrepreneurs) in Edo State.
3.4 Method of Data Collection
The researcher will go to the field and administer this questionnaire to the female
entrepreneurs personally and also go to different associations of female entrepreneurs. For
example the female caterers have their association, so questionnaires can be given to their
chairman to distribute to them and a date can be fixed for collection.
Operationalization and measurement of variables (Table 3.1)
S/N
Variables
Proxy by
25
Measured scale
Appears in the data
gathering
instrument as
1
Independent variable:
4-point interval Q1
scale
AGE
19-30
31-42
43-53
54-65
2
Marital status
Single
4- point scale
Q2
4 -point scale
Q4
4 –point scale
Q5
Married
Divorced
Separated
3
Education Qualification
Doctorate
Degree
Masters, Degree
Bachelors,
Degree
Others
5
Family background:
Income on annual basis
< #1,000,000
#1M-2.9M
#3M-#5M
>#10M
7
Socio cultural factor
SCF
5-point scale
Q6-12
8
Gender role orientation
GRO
5point scale
Q12-17
Researchers field work (2021)
3.5 The Research Instrument
The research instrument that will be employed for this study is a questionnaire which consist
of questions which will be centred on the key variables. The questions are closed ended
designed in a manner that will show clarity, clearness and simplicity. Unfortunately the
questionnaire is written in English as a result the researcher must work with the illiterate
entrepreneurs in other for them to understand the questionnaire and secondly for the
26
questionnaires given to the chairmen of the association, a meeting will be held for proper
orientation on how to answer the questions
In other to provide holistic view the question will consist of 4 main parts: Section A
Demographics, Section B contains information about the family background, section C
contains question relating to entrepreneurial vision and section C consist of socio-cultural
questions.
The questions are Likert scale type on a scale of 1-5 to reflect to reflect how strongly they
agree. The questionnaire is adopted from Linan and Chen (2009)
3.6 Validity of the Instrument
The instrument would be checked to ensure that it contained relevant and unambiguous
questions that could elicit answers to the research questions posed in the study.
3.7 Model Specification
Data collected through structured questions will be analysed using descriptive statistics,
Pearson correlation matrix analysis and multivariate regression. Descriptive statistics will be
used to describe the profile sample. Correlation matrix will be used to test the close
relationships between the variables. Multivariate regressions will be used to test the
formulated hypotheses. The analysis will be conducted using statistical packages for social
sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.
27
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entrepreneurship.html
APPENDIX 1
(Questionnaires for female entrepreneur in Edo State)
DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION,
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN,
BENIN CITY,
EDO STATE
QUESTIONNAIRE ON SELECTED ISSUES IN WOMEN (FEMALE) ENTREPRENEURISM
Dear Respondent,
33
I am a master student of the above name institution. This questionnaire is been administered
to enable me gather relevant information on the above topic. You are kindly requested to
answer the following questions as accurately possible. You are been assured that every
information you provide will be treated in confidence and will be strictly for research purpose.
Thanking you for your anticipated corporation.
Yours sincerely,
Group D
34
APPENDIX 2
Section A
DEMOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION OF INFORMATION
Please tick ( ) against the appropriate items to indicate your answers.
RESPONDENT DATA
1. Age:
19-30 (
)
31-42(
2. Marital status: Single (
)
3. Education qualification:
)
43-53 (
Married (
)
54-65(
) Divorced (
)
)
separated(
Doctorate Degree ( ) Masters, Degree(
)
) Bachelors,
Degree ( ) Others( )
FAMILY BACKGROUND:
4. Income on annual basis: < #1,000,000( ) #1M-2.9M ( ) #3M-#5M ( ) >#10M ( )
Section C
SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS
Indicate on the scale of 1 – 5, the extent to which the listed social-cultural items define you.
SOCIAL CULTURAL FACTORS MEASUREMENT SCALE
5. Social status
6. Appreciation to an individual
7. Concern for others
8. Interested in environmental problems
9.
Portray
a
strong
community
identify
10. Participating in festive period
11. Traditional ways of life
12. Dignity
35
1
2
3
4
5
SDA
DA
N
AGR
SAGR
13. Faith in God
14.Religion influence on actions and behaviour
15. Ethnic background influence behaviour
16, Sacrifice self-benefit for the interest of others
Section D
Indicate on the scale of 1 – 5, the extent to which the listed Gender role items define you.
17. does your gender affect the growth of your business
18. does your gender affect access to loan
19. how does gender play a role in time management
20. does your gender affect you balancing your
responsibility
36
1
2
3
YES
NO
NOT SURE