VIET NAM OIL AND GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY
DIESEL FUEL
GROUP 11
K7 REFINING AND PETROCHEMICALS
Supervisor: Le Thanh Thanh, PhD
MEMBERS
Hồ Nguyễn Thành Trung
Nguyễn Lê Minh Tuân
Chế Ngọc Trung
Nguyễn Ngọc Trưng
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CONTENT
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05
PROBLEMS
04
DIESEL PRODUCT
QUALITY EVALUATION
03
DIESEL ENGINE
02
PROPERTIES OF
DIESEL FUEL
01
OVERVIEW
3
OVERVIEW
Gas (C1 – C4)
Gas ( Few – Rarely )
Gasoline (C5 – C10)
Kerosen (C10 – C15)
≥ 180 – 250 ℃
Diesel (C15- C20)
≥ 250 – 350 ℃
Mazut (≥ C20)
≥ 350 ℃
Vaccum Distillation
Atmospheric
Distillation
Crude Oil
≥ 30 – 180 ℃
Fuel oil 1
Fuel oil 2
Fuel oil
(C20 – C40)
350 - 500℃
Fuel oil 3
Gudron (≥ C40)
> 500℃
Figure 1: Crude Distillation Unit
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Overview
I.
Definition:
• Diesel fuel is the liquid fuel used in
diesel engines. The most common is
a specific fraction distilled petroleum
•
A mixture of carbon chains that
typically contain between 15 and 20
carbon atoms per molecule.
• Boiling range between 250–350 °C at
atmospheric pressure.
• Diesel fuels were originally straightrun products obtained from the
distillation of crude oil
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Figure 2: Diesel Fuel
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Overview
II. Classification: Diesel fuel is produced various sources, the most
common being petroleum. Other sources include biomass, animal fat,
biogas, natural gas, and coal liquefaction.
Petroleum
Diesel
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Synthetic
Diesel
Biodiesel
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Overview
III. Application
• Trucks
• Locomotives
• Passenger cars
• Military vehicles
• Canoe
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Properties of Diesel fuel
I. Density
• The density should be between 0.820 and 0.860 kg/l
• Specific gravity – ratio of the density of fuel to the density of water
• API gravity – common in petroleum industry. API = 141.5/SG – 131.5
• Can be one indicator of fuel economy, power, deposits, wear, and
exhaust smoke
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Properties of Diesel fuel
II. Viscosity
• Viscosity depends on temperature
• Viscosity
increases
of
diesel
as
the
noticeably
temperature
decreases, changing it into a gel
at temperature of -19℃ to -15 ℃,
can not flow in fuel system.
Figure 3: About Viscosity
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Properties of Diesel fuel
III. Freezing point
• The highest temperature at which a diesel product
cooled under certain conditions can no longer flow
• The more amount of paraffin increase, the more
freezing point increase
°
𝑇𝑑𝑑
= 𝐾1 + 𝐾2 . 𝑙𝑔𝐶
Where:
C is paraffin content
𝐾1 , 𝐾2 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• In the case of low paraffin content, solidification is due to a
decrease in temperature, a sharp increase in the viscosity made
the fuel solidify again
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Properties of Diesel fuel
IV. Flash point
• The flash point of a liquid hydrocarbon is the lowest
temperature at which sufficient vapors are produced above the
liquid such that spontaneous ignition will occur if a spark is
present.
• It is an important specification for diesel related to safety in
storage and transport in high temperature environments.
• Flash point indicates the fire and explosion potential of a fuel. A
low flash point fuel is a higher fire hazard.
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Properties of Diesel fuel
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine
 Today internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles,
aircraft, construction machinery and many others, most commonly
use a four stroke diesel engine.
Figure 4: Four Stroke Diesel Engine
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine
 The working of a four-stroke engine consists :
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine
1. The first time, the piston starts at Top Dead Center (TDC) of the
cylinder and moves to the Bottom Dead Center (BDC).
2. Secondly, in compression stroke, Once piston reaches BDC & moves
back TDC, the inlet valve will be closed. As the piston moves towards
TDC.
3. Thirdly, In expansion stroke, Both the valves are closed.
4.
Finally, In this stroke exhaust valve is opened when the piston
reaches BDC & moves to upward.
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine
Figure 5: Four Stroke Diesel Engine principle
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4 Stroke Diesel Engine
The Diesel engine is very much like gasoline engines, however, it has
more advantages :
1. Having compression ratio higher
2. The exhausted gas of diesel engine is not as toxic as gasoline
engine
3. Diesel engines have much better fuel economy
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Diesel Product Quality Evaluation
I. Cetane number:
A measure of ignition quality of diesel fuel
Affect combustion roughness
The higher the cetane rating, the more easily it ignites
Reaching desired cetane levels also limit the aromatic content
of diesel fuel
Diesel engines operate well with a cetane from 48 to 50
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Diesel Product Quality Evaluation
Figure 6: Cetane- Octane Comparison
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Diesel Product Quality Evaluation
Figure 7: Cetane number of hydrocarbons
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Diesel Product Quality Evaluation
Effect of cetane number
If the cetane number is too high , it will waste fuel
If the cetane number is too low, the engine will
exothermal strongly and vibrate
Adding additives in order to improving cetane number
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Problems
• 𝑆𝑂𝑥 , 𝐶𝑂𝑥 , 𝑁𝑂𝑥
ENVIRONMENT
• Hydrocarbon
METHODS
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• Decreased sulfur content
• Inject oxygen compounds into DO fuel
• Optimize cetane number and
fractional component
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REFERENCE
[1] “ Hóa học dầu mỏ và khí”, Đinh Thị Ngọ, Nguyễn Khánh Diệu Hồng,
NXB Khoa học và Kỹ thuật, 2015.
[2] Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining, Elsevier, 2010.
[3] Biodieselmanual - https://www.slideshare.net/.
[4] Four stroke diesel engine - https://www.slideshare.net/.
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