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Overview
Fundamentals of Materials Science
and Engineering
Course Objective
Introduce fundamental concepts in MSE
You will learn about:
• materials structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities with materials
Course Information
Lecturer:
Time:
Location:
Dr. Maria Natalia R. Dimaano
W: 7:00 - 9:00 AM
F: 7:00 - 8:00 AM
Rm. 210 (W)
Rm. 109 (F)
Faculty of Engineering, UST
Activities:
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Present new material/lecture
Review lecture concepts
Discuss homeworks
Quizzes and major examinations
Discuss online activities
Oral and written reports on materials
Field trip to MIRDC, DOST
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Course Material
Required Text: William, Smith F., Hashemi, Javad,
Presuel-Moreno, Francisco, Foundations of
Materials Science and Engineering, 6th ed.,
Mc Graw Hill, Inc., NY. 2019.
Optional Material: References cited in course outline
and Materials Mentor Quicknotes
by ASM International
Grading
• Your grades will periodically be posted under
the Grades link on the course web site.
• Discuss anytime conflicts beforehand.
Materials are …
Engineered structures … not blackboxes
Structures ….. has many dimensions
Structural Feature
Atomic Bonding
Dimension [m]
< 1010
Missing 1 extra atom
1010
Crystals (ordered atoms)
108  101
Second phase particles
108  104
Crystal texturing
> 106
Technology: development and transfer of knowledge
and techniques to provide society with its
needs and comforts.
• To continue to offer what consumers expect
and need, designers must keep abreast with
NEW MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT
Materials Science: a discipline involving investigation of
relationships that exist between the
structure and properties of materials.
Engineering materials: materials whose structures are
designed to develop specific
properties for a given application.
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Materials Engineering: deals with synthesis and use
of knowledge (structure,
properties, processing and
behavior) to develop,
prepare, modify and apply
materials to specific needs.
Materials Science and Engineering:
- A major field of study involving generation and
application of knowledge relating the composition,
structure, and processing of materials to their
properties and uses.
Structure, Processing and Properties
• Properties depend on
structure.
• Processing can change
structure.
– Ex. Hardness vs. structure
of steel.
%Fe3C
6
9 12
3
Brinell Hardness
280
240
Fine
200 pearlite
Coarse
pearlite
160
120
Spheroidite
80
0
– Ex. Structure vs. cooling
rate of steel.
15
800
Hard ness [ BHN ]
0
700
600
martensite
500
400
300
Tempered
martensite
200 cementite
pearlite
100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Composition [ wt% C ]
Cooling Rate [ C/s ]
Why Study Materials?
Many applied scientists and engineers will, at one
time or another, be exposed to a design problem
involving materials.
Materials scientists are specialists who are totally
involved in the investigation and design of
materials
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The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application  Determine required
properties
Properties : Mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
2. Properties  Identify candidate material/s
Material: structure, composition
3. Materials  Identify required processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shape.
Ex. Castings, sintering, vapor deposition,
doping, forming, joining, annealing
4. Additional selection criteria
Six Different Property Categories
• Mechanical Property: relates deformation to an
applied load or force
• Electrical Property: stimulus is an electric field
• Magnetic Property: demonstrates the response of
material to the application of a
magnetic field
• Thermal Property: behavior of solids relative to its
heat energy absorbed or given off
• Optical Property: stimulus is electromagnetic or light
radiation
• Corrosive Property: indicates the chemical reactivity
of materials
Electrical resistivity [ 108-m ]
ELECTRICAL
• Electrical resistivity of copper
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Temperature [ F ]
-400 -300 -200 -100 0 +100
5
4
3
2
1
0
-250 -200-150-100 -50 0 +50
Temperature [ C ]
• Adding impurity atoms to Cu increases resistivity .
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles
– Silica fiber insulation offers low heat conduction
• Thermal conductivity of copper.
400
Cu-Zn alloy
300
250
200
150
200
100
100
50
0
0
10
20 30 40
Composition [ wt%Zn ]
Thermal conductivity
[ BTU/ft-F ]
Thermal conductivity
[ W/m-K ]
– It decreases when Zn is added.
OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
– Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent,
or opaque depending on material structure.
Single crystal
Polycrystal
High porosity
Polycrystal
Low porosity
MAGNETIC
• Magnetic storage:
• Magnetic permeability
Recording medium
width
Signal
in
gap
write
Recording
head
read
vs. composition
– Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes better Fe a better
recording medium!
Magnetizaton
– Recording medium is
magnetized by recording
head.
Signal
out
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Magnetic Field
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DETERIORATIVE
Crack speed [ m/s ]
• Stress and saltwater …. - causes cracks!
• Heat treatment: slows crack speed in saltwater
as is
108
held at 100C for 1 hr
before testing
1010
Increasing load
Material: 7150 – T651 Al “alloy”
(Zn, Cu, Mg, Zr)
MATERIALS CYCLE
Extracting
raw materials
Recycling/disposing of
used products and systems
Creating bulk materials,
components and devices
Services of products
and systems
Manufacturing
engineered materials
Fabricating products
and systems
Extraction of Raw Materials
• Basic ingredients are obtained from the earth
– Chemical elements are the basic bldg. blocks of
materials
– Synthesis involves transforming gas, liquid and
solid elements by chemical and physical means
combined to form solid materials
• There must be a concern for the by-products
of refining and synthesis.
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Creating Bulk Materials, Components &Devices
• Bulk Materials: products of synthesis, materials
extraction, refinement and processing usually made in
large quantities processing
• Components: gears, electrical wire, screws, nuts,
jet engine turbine blades, brackets, levers, etc.
• Devices: more complex than components and
designed to serve a specific purpose (i.e. resistors,
microprocessors, switches, heating elements, etc.)
• Product: individual units
• Systems: aggregate of products, components and
devices
Roles of Engineers in Manufacturing
• Manufacturing Engineers – select and
•
•
coordinate specific processes and equipment to
be used.
Design Engineers – design the machines and
equipment used in manufacturing, select and
specify the materials to be used in order to
meet the requirements.
Materials Engineers – devote their major
efforts toward developing new and better
materials for use in commercial products.
Materials Scientists – study how the structure of materials
relates to their properties
Materials Selection
• What selection criteria are important to
suit the requirements of products
needed.
• How do designers select to arrive at the
best material?
• What is an ideal material?
In materials selection,
COMPROMISE is the rule not
the exception.
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Characteristics of an Ideal Material
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•
•
•
•
•
•
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•
endless and readily available source of supply
cheap to refine and produce
energy efficient
strong, stiff, and dimensionally stable at all
temperatures
lightweight
corrosion resistant
no harmful effects on the environment or
people
biodegradable
numerous secondary uses
Selection Tools and Factors
• Availability – material must be available at a
•
•
reasonable cost and in the desired form (if not
available in the desired state, the material
should be convertible to the desired form).
Economics – cost of materials and processing
must be considered.
Properties – materials performance
characteristics
Algorithms or Steps:
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•
•
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Selection Tools
Properties of materials
Materials systems
Additional Selection Criteria
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–
–
–
–
–
–
existing specifications
availability
Processibility
Near-net-shape production
Quality and performance
Consumer acceptance
Design for assembly
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Basic Approaches to
Final Materials Selection
• minimum investment and high
maintenance
• high investment and low
•
maintenance
optimum investment and
maintenance
Reasons why material selection decisions are
among the most important the design engineer
must make:
• The number of materials available is large and constantly
increasing.
• Domestic and foreign competitions increasingly require
product reevaluation.
• Service requirements and consumer demands for
reliability as well as function have become more severe.
• In many cases, the material has a direct relationship to
the appearance of the product and its sales appeal.
• In many cases, the material dictates what processing
must be used in order to manufacture the product.
• Because of strict and comprehensive product-liability
laws, failure of products can result in very costly
litigation and damages.
Aids to Materials Selection
• A broad basic understanding of the nature,
properties and processing of materials.
• Tables of properties of engineering
materials. Data must be computerized to
allow easier access)
• Magazines, periodicals, books, journals,
compilation of current lists or charts of cost
indices and quotations.
• Rating charts.
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Three materials X, Y, and Z are available for a certain
usage. Any material selected must have a good
weldability. Tensile strength, stiffness, stability and fatigue
strength are required with fatigue strength considered
being the most important and stiffness the least important
of these factors. The three materials are rated as follows
in these factors.
Properties
Weldability
X
E
Tensile strength
Y
P
Z
G
G
E
Fair
Stiffness
Stability
VG
G
G
E
G
G
Fatigue strength
Fair
G
E
Which material should be selected?
Classification of Materials
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
4. Composites
5. Electronic-related materials
6. Biomaterials
Summary
Course Goals
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between
properties, structure and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities
offered by materials selection.
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