The Dynamic Environment of International Trade Chapter 2 History of World Trade • Early Twentieth Century – Great Depression – World War II • Late Twentieth Century – Marshall Plan – Decolonization – Lowering of trade restrictions Source: www.marshallplan.freeterritorytrieste.com History of World Trade • Problems with internationalization in 1960’s – Resistance to U.S. investment – Increasing competition • U.S. Balance of Trade – 1888-1971= Trade surplus – Since 1971= Trade deficit • Free trade – NAFTA • Asian markets Source: www.globalization101.org History of World Trade • Recent Trends – Rise of other economies – Smaller companies going global Balance of Payments • What is it? • Receipts from other countries (plus side): – – – – Export sales Money spent by foreign tourists Foreign investments into the U.S. Foreign government payments – – – – Imports Spending by American tourists overseas New overseas investments Cost of economic and military aid • Payments to other countries (negative side): Balance of Payments • Three types of accounts – Current account – Capital account – Reserves account • If a country’s expenditures > income, its citizens must reduce standard of living, or its money will lose value against other countries’. – Deficit= Loss of value for the dollar Protectionism • Acts to “protect” a country’s markets from foreign competitors – Why? • Infant industry • National defense • Industrialization of underdeveloped countries Protectionism • Tariffs – A tax on imported goods • Quotas – A unit or dollar limit placed on a good – Sometimes paired with tariffs • Voluntary Export Restraints • Boycotts and Embargoes – What’s the difference? Protectionism • Monetary Barriers – Blocked currency – Differential exchange rate – Government approval to secure foreign exchange • Standards • Antidumping Penalties Easing Trade Restrictions • Market access – Allows US to retaliate against protectionism • Export expansion – Easier to gain an export license – Government responsible for exporter needs • Import relief – Offers assistance to companies impacted by imports Easing Trade Restrictions • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade – U.S. and 22 other countries – Reduces tariffs – Set up an organization to monitor trade – Resulted in deep cuts of tariffs Easing Trade Restrictions • World Trade Organization – Began in 1995 – Governs trade – Settles disputes and issues penalties against countries practicing protectionism Easing Trade Restrictions • International Monetary Fund – Stabilize exchange rates – Lends money to member countries – Special drawing rights • Average base of value to counter fluctuations in world gold values Easing Trade Restrictions • World Bank Group – Lend money and provide assistance to developing countries – Mediate between investors and foreign governments