The Typology of Modern Slavery Defining Sex and Labor Trafficking in the United States Why types? • Must define the problem in order to disrupt. • Human trafficking is a “crime of crimes” and must be approached as such. • Many efforts to combat trafficking have been far too generic. • Exposes unique vulnerabilities in trafficker business models. Methodology 32,208 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 65% of cases could be classified into types Data from operating: • National Human Trafficking Hotline (12/07/07 – 12/31/16) • Polaris’s BeFree Textline (03/28/13 – 12/31/16) 10,085 CASES OF LABOR EXPLOITATION 60% of cases could be classified into types Limitations Based only on National Human Trafficking Hotline and BeFree Textline cases: • Not random sample • No structured interviews We must consider: • Who has access to hotline numbers • Who has the means to self-identify and reach out • General awareness about certain types of trafficking Our Data in Context This data is based on information communicated to the National Human Trafficking Hotline and may not reflect the true scale or scope of particular types of trafficking in the U.S. • Some types of trafficking are better known and more easily recognized. • Types of trafficking in which extreme isolation and monitoring of victims is common may be less likely to be reported. • Particular communities may be less likely to contact the hotline than others. Escort Services Illicit Massage, Health, & Beauty Outdoor Solicitation Residential Sex Trafficking Domestic Work Bars, Strip Clubs, & Cantinas Pornography Traveling Sales Crews Restaurants & Food Service Peddling & Begging Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Personal Sexual Servitude Health & Beauty Services Construction Hotels & Hospitality Landscaping lllicit Activities Arts & Entertainment Commercial Cleaning Services Factories & Manufacturing Remote Interactive Sexual Acts Carnivals Forestry & Logging Health Care Recreational Facilities TYPE Escort Services Illicit Massage, Health, & Beauty Outdoor Solicitation Residential Sex Trafficking Domestic Work Bars, Strip Clubs, & Cantinas Pornography Traveling Sales Crews Restaurants & Food Service Peddling & Begging Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Personal Sexual Servitude Health & Beauty Services lllicit Activities* Construction Hotels & Hospitality Landscaping Arts & Entertainment Commercial Cleaning Services Factories & Manufacturing Remote Interactive Sexual Acts Carnivals Forestry & Logging Health Care Recreational Facilities NUMBER OF CASES: 16,951 TOTAL 792 616 575 524 494 424 405 295 187 144 124 112 102 93 78 78 52 50 46 37 1,643 1,290 1,190 2,949 4,651 Cases of Sex Trafficking Cases of Sex and Labor Trafficking Cases of Labor Trafficking NUMBER OF CASES: 16,951 TOTAL 01 Escort Services Commercial sex acts that primarily occur at temporary indoor locations. • Hotels/Motels (in-call & out-call) • Delivery Services (out-call only) • Internet ads 4,651 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Male Female Victims may be tricked into a situation through fraudulent job offers, such as fake modeling contracts. Gender Minorities 225 5% 4355 94% 34 <1% Adult 2762 59% Minor 1986 43% U.S. Citizen 2120 46% Foreign National 445 10% 02 Illicit Massage, Health, & Beauty Primary business of sex and labor trafficking is concealed under the façade of legitimate spa services. 2,949 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Male Female Most victims of illicit massage businesses are women from the mid-thirties to late fifties from China and South Korea. Gender Minorities 51 2% 2195 74% 0 0% Adult 1606 54% Minor 355 12% U.S. Citizen Foreign National 97 3% 1243 42% 03 Outdoor Solicitation Potential victims are forced to find customers in outdoor locations. • “Tracks” or “Strolls” • Truck and rest stops 1,643 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Male Female Traffickers more frequently use physical violence in outdoor solicitation than in other types of sex trafficking. Gender Minorities 64 4% 1548 94% 12 <1% Adult 843 50% Minor 844 50% U.S. Citizen 691 42% Foreign National 55 3% 04 Residential Sex Trafficking Commercial sex occurring at a non-commercial residential location. • Organized Brothels • Private/Family Homes • Drug Distribution Homes 1,290 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Male Female Sex trafficking within residences informally used as brothels typically involves child victims, with boys making up a growing percentage. Gender Minorities 99 8% 1219 94% 7 <1% Adult 820 64% Minor 617 48% U.S. Citizen 432 33% Foreign National 304 24% 05 Domestic Work Live-in housekeepers, nannies, cooks, or personal assistants. Types of Domestic Work (n=750 cases) 52% - Housekeeping & Cooking 4% 29% - Child Care 29% 52% 9% - Adult Care 6% - Other 9% 6% 4% - Household Repair & Maintenance 1,190 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 396 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Male Top 10 States Reported as the Primary Location of Trafficking (n=594 cases) Female Gender Minorities 160 8% 1219 94% 7 <1% 157 140 120 # OF CASES 99 100 Adult 820 64% Minor 617 48% U.S. Citizen 432 33% Foreign National 304 24% 93 80 73 60 63 62 59 40 26 20 21 20 20 NJ PA WA 0 CA TX FL VA MD NY DC Original Visa Type (n=289 cases) 120 108 100 80 # OF CASES 60 54 40 30 23 20 0 en m u oc d n U B -1 d te ( m o D es tic in s u r W /B . k ) ) 2 B- ou T ( A -3 tic es m o D ( ) r ke t ris s es 22 or W 1 K )) c an G -5 tic es m o D ( 19 ) r ke e e( i (F 20 or W J -1 ( Au r) i Pa F1 ( 6 ) e e g t en d u St 7 u f e R Labor trafficking victims in domestic work commonly work 12-18 hours a day (some as much as 24/7) for little to no pay. 06 Bars, Strip Clubs & Cantinas Fronts as a legitimate bars, restaurants, food trucks and clubs selling food and alcohol while exploiting victims for sex and labor behind the scenes. • Bars/Cantinas • Strip Clubs/Go-Go Clubs 792 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Recruitment and Exploitation Routes in Cantina Cases (n=750 cases) Male Female Gender Minorities Recruitment sites/states and recruitment routes. Site/State of exploitation and rotation routes between sites of exploitation. Location or state of border crossing. Housing location for potential victim while in trafficking situation. 35 4% 756 95% <3 <1% Adult 551 70% Minor 276 35% U.S. Citizen 248 31% Foreign National 292 37% Nationalities of Potential Victims by Case (Non-Cumulative) N=201 40 35 35% 30 24% 25 20 15 8% 10 8% 5 5% 0 Mexico All Central America Other Latin America (Excl. Brazil) USA Brazil 2% Other These statistics are non-cumulative. Cases may reference multiple victims of different genders and nationalities or may not provide this type of information. Thousands of women and girls from Mexico, Central America, and U.S. Latino communities are prisoners of a violent underground sex economy in the United States. 07 Pornography Pre-recorded sexually explicit videos and images. • Informal Distributions • Formal pornography companies 616 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Male Female The rate of male victimization in pornography is four times the rate in other types of sex trafficking. Gender Minorities 97 16% 490 80% 3 <1% Adult 260 42% Minor 377 61% U.S. Citizen 223 36% Foreign National 78 13% 08 Traveling Sales Crews Potential victims travel in groups to various cities/states selling items such as magazines door-to-door. Items Sold By Crews 10% 1% 64% - Magazines 9% 16% (n=375 cases reported to NHTRC and BeFree Textline) 16% - Other 10% - Candy / Cookies 52% 9% - Cleaning Products 1% - Coupons 575 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 88 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES “As soon as I told [my managers] I wasn’t going to stay, they kicked me out of my hotel room and left me in a bad part of town without any money. I had to find my own way to the bus station and I had to ask around for hours before I got there. My mom paid for my ticket, but by the time I got home I was sick and hadn’t eaten for three days.” Male 367 64% Female 305 53% Gender Minorities Adult 381 66% Minor 182 32% U.S. Citizen 312 54% Foreign National - From Polaris Interview with S. Hunt. 3 <1% 46 8% Locations of Traveling Sales Crew Cases (1/1/2007 – 12/31/2015) 09 524 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Restaurants & Food Service Potential victims are exploited for their labor as servers, busers, dishwashers, cooks, etc. 1217 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Male 286 55% Female 311 59% Gender Minorities Victims can be confined at the restaurant around the clock or be isolated in a nearby home provided by the traffickers. <3 <1% Adult 417 80% Minor 95 18% U.S. Citizen 35 Foreign National 6% 433 83% 10 Peddling & Begging Potential victims are expected to beg for “donations” or sell small items such as candy, at a stationary, often outdoor location to benefit exploiters. 494 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 59 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Some case data has shown familial links with traffickers forcing their more vulnerable family members into begging. Male 279 56% Female 243 49% Gender Minorities 0 0% Adult 159 32% Minor 364 74% U.S. Citizen 190 38% Foreign National 78 16% 11 Agriculture & Animal Husbandry Farming business in which potential victims are exploited for their labor in growing/maintaining crops, cultivating soil, or rearing animals for their byproducts. 424 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 1529 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Male Traffickers have been known to subject victims to squalid living conditions, often denying them even basic necessities such as beds and indoor toilets. Female Gender Minorities Adult 365 86% 72 17% 0 0% 376 89% Minor 35 8% U.S. Citizen 16 4% Foreign National 387 91% 12 Personal Sexual Servitude A potential victim is forced to provide chronic and ongoing sex acts to person(s) in exchange for something of value. The controller and the “buyer” are usually the same person. • Survival sex • Permanent selling of victim • Within forced marriages 405 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES In some cases, victims may be “sold” by a family member to a trafficker. In other cases, recruitment involves the exploiter posing as a benefactor for the victim or misrepresenting the living arrangement or relationship. Male Female Gender Minorities 62 15% 351 87% 4 <1% Adult 299 74% Minor 123 30% U.S. Citizen 158 39% Foreign National 147 36% 13 Health & Beauty Services Potential victims are exploited for their labor in businesses such as nail salons, hair salons, acupuncture businesses, etc. 295 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 116 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Male They are heavily monitored and tend to live isolated within the business or rely solely on traffickers for transportation, making it almost impossible to escape control. Female Gender Minorities 70 24% 268 91% 0 0% Adult 244 83% Minor 36 12% U.S. Citizen Foreign National 9 3% 232 79% 14 144 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES Construction Potential victims are exploited for their labor in carpentry, masonry, painting, roofing, etc. 405 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Male Female Gender Minorities Employers may misclassify workers as independent contractors, thus limiting their access to worker protections and benefits. 124 86% 20 14% 0 0% Adult 123 85% Minor 25 17% U.S. Citizen 21 15% Foreign National 120 83% 15 Hotels & Hospitality Potential victims are exploited for their labor as hotel housekeepers, front desk attendants, bell staff, etc. 124 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 510 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Most are women and men from Jamaica, the Philippines, and India, and typically they are told that they will make lucrative wages to support family back home. Male 57 46% Female 85 69% Gender Minorities <3 <1% Adult Minor U.S. Citizen Foreign National 109 88% 6 4% 18 15% 101 81% 16 Landscaping Potential victims are exploited for their labor in gardening, maintaining public or private grounds, or within nurseries. 112 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 664 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Workers may be forced to pay rent to their employers at rates much higher than market, despite sometimes not getting paid for their work. Male 57 46% Female 85 69% Gender Minorities <3 <1% Adult Minor U.S. Citizen Foreign National 109 88% 6 4% 18 15% 101 81% 17 Illicit Activities A potential victim is forced to provide labor or services to contribute to an illegal/illicit business operation. • • • • Forced drug dealing Forced drug smuggling Forced drug production/cultivation Other gang activity 111 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 76 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Latino cartels and other criminal entities are known to abduct people or fraudulently promise their victims protection in their migration to the United States only to force them to carry drugs across the border. Male 68 61% Female 47 42% Gender Minorities <3 <1% Adult 82 74% Minor 30 27% U.S. Citizen 24 22% Foreign National 62 56% 18 Arts, Sports, Entertainment Potential victims are exploited for their labor in amateur, scholastic, or professional athletics, modeling, exotic dancing or other performing arts. • • • • Exotic dancing (adults only) Athletics Modeling Performing arts 102 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 52 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES In the modeling industry, foreign and U.S. citizen women can be fraudulently recruited through social media and online classifieds with exaggerated job offers and fake immigration benefits. Male 25 25% Female 81 79% Gender Minorities 0 0% Adult 84 82% Minor 21 21% U.S. Citizen 38 37% Foreign National 39 38% 19 Commercial Cleaning Services Potential victims are exploited for their labor in janitorial/cleaning services often in multiple private households, office buildings, and other commercial/public properties. We have not included potential victim demographics from Types #19-25 due to an insufficient number of cases 93 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 344 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Foreign national men, women, and unaccompanied children from Latin America are most susceptible to labor trafficking within these businesses. 20 Factories & Manufacturing Potential victims are exploited for their labor in food processing, clothing/shoe manufacturing, factories producing electronic devices, vehicles, and more. • Food processing • Textile/Clothing 78 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 200 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Victims tend to be subjected to long hours, extreme surveillance, confiscation of documents, and threats of harm. They may experience threats to blacklist them from future employment opportunities or to report them to immigration authorities. 21 Remote Interactive Sexual Acts Live streamed, interactive simulated sex acts or ”shows” • Webcams • Text-based chats • Phone chat lines 78 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 22 Carnivals Potential victims are exploited for their labor in operating rides, games, and food stands. 52 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 79 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES 23 Forestry & Logging Potential victims are exploited for their labor as pine tree farm workers, reforestation planters, loggers, and workers maintaining woodland areas. 50 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 163 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES 24 Healthcare Potential victims are primarily exploited for their labor in residential nursing homes or occupational health facilities, or as home health aides. 46 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 59 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES 25 Recreational Facilities Potential victims are exploited for their labor in amusement/theme parks, summer camps, golf courses, and community swimming pools. 37 HUMAN TRAFFICKING CASES 22 LABOR EXPLOITATION CASES Next Steps: Typology 2.0 • • • • General Awareness Stakeholder Engagement Cross-cutting Systems/Industry Report Strategic Disruption & Prevention Cross-cutting Pressure Point Systems & Industries Thank You.
