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APHORISMS
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OF
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HIPPOCRATES,
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VROAl THE LATIN VERSION OF VERHOOFB^
WITH A
J.lTfiRAL
TRANSLATION ON THE OPPOSITE PAGE.
AND
EXPLANATORYNOTES,
X
(^i revera
vult proficercj
Hlppocratem
sibi
exemplo proponet.
Plutarch.
TME WORK INTENDED AS J BOOK OF REFERENCE
TO THE MEDICAL STUDENT.
BY ELIAS MARKS,
Mejnber of tLe^Pl^^sico.IVfeajcal
PKINTBD AND SOLD BY COLLINS
M. D.
Sociel;-
&
.
'j'
'::'hk.
CO,' NO, 189,
STREET.
iaif.
BOS
fr:
I'f.
f-
OLLEG]
^Vf
P£A»I
DISTRICT OF NEW- YORK, ss.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twenty-fourth
day of
December, in the forty- second year of the Independence of the
United States of America, Collins b' Co. of the said district, have
deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof they
claim as proprietors, in the words and figures following, to wit
" The Aphorisms of Hippocrates, from the Latin version of
Vcrhoofd, with a literal translation on the opposite page, and explanatory notes.
*•
Qui rcvera vuk
proficere,
Hippocratem
sibi
exemplo proponet.
^;
"
The work intended as a book of reference to
By Elias Marks, M. D. Member of the
dent.
Society of New- York."
Plutarch.
the medical stuPhysico-Medical
In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States,
An act for the encouragement of learning by securing the
copies of maps, charts and books, to the authors and proprietors of
such copies, during the time therein mentioned," and also an act,
entitled "An act, supplementary to an act, entitled an act for the
encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts
and books, to the authors and proprietors of r,uch copies, during the
time therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the
art« of designing, engraving and etching historical and other prints."
entitled "
JAMES
DILL,
Clerk of the Southern District of
New- York.
[Submitted
to the
PhysicO' Medical Society
of New-York^ and published at the request of
that Association^ pursuant to their Resolution^
dated December^ 1817.]
BOSTON CGLLE
K'
I
to
STEPHEN ELLIOT, ESQUIRE,
PRESIDENT OP THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL
SOCIETY,
OF CHARLESTON, SOUTH-CARGLINA,
AS A
TRIBUTE OF RESPECT
FOR
HIS LITERARY
AND SCIENTIFIC TALENTS,
BY HIS OBEDIENT SERVANT,
THE AUTHOR.
APHORISMS
OF
:
lilt'.
Z^^'coiJ.^
I
Nl
COLLEGE
i
JUT HlLl
PREFACE
Th e
only translations which I have seen
of the Aphorisms of Hippocrates,
M.
Pariset,
printed
English translation of C.
in 1708.
The
French version,
phrase, and
1816;*
in
reader,
I.
is
th^t of
and the
Sprengell,
by reverting
will perceive
much
done
to the
of para-
some tournures de phrase^ by
no means correspondent with the original
text of the author, which I have frequently
Were
subjoined in the margin.
I
of
in
have preferred
the version of Verhoofd, as adopted
riset,
not for
would be,
these objections, this attempt
a measure, supererogatory.
it
by Pa»
not only on account of the elegance
its latinity,
but from
Heurnius, the most
its
literal
being next to
of
many which
That of the learned Villebrune, of 1779, however correct in
the original text, is too diffuse and free in
I
have had recourse
s
to.
Aphorisma D' Hippocrates
L 2tin-FraDcai5>
PREFACE.
X
its latin
version, to be again transfused into
more copious English and
was some danger, lest in recurring to a
the
stiil
:
there
para-
phrastic, instead of a literal translation, that
not only the
spirit,
matter might be
The Lejden
nius,
*
but some of the original
lost.
edition of Johannes
possesses, perhaps, the
and
literal translation
and
is
in its style,
of any
will
be
most close
have yet seen,
I
so analagous to that of
Verhoofd, that the reader,
them,
Heur-
by comparing
irresistibly led to the inference,
no more than a revision of
the former.
But what the various commendiffered most upon, is the
tators have
genuineness of some portions of this work.
that the latter is
While
some
condemn
eighth sections as
as differing in
the
seventh
and
altogether spurious, and
from the
style
dialect of the original
;
terse, Ionic
others view
them
genuine in the main, but as containing
mterpolations and alterations.
as
many
Among these,
Villebrune has given, as genuine, six sections,
and the greatest part of the seventh (down
to
*
Aphor, 66,) observing at the conclusion,—
Hipp. Coi Aphor. Grscce etLatine. Lug. Batav. 1627.
PREFACE.
XI
" Reliquos ut absurdos, inutilcsve,
letio,
cum Me-
Philotheo, Arabibus, pluribus Graeci
neglexi."
But although Villebrune has arrayed on
his side some stout oppositionists, yet there
who
are others, equaiiy strong,
integrity of the
Amidst
many
so
spectable
maintain the
work handed down
to us.
contradictory, and yet re-
authorities,
the
stands bewildered, and like
Medical
Tyro
the devout Mus-
sulman, knows not wherein consists the veBesides, this
ritable part.
of Villebrune, might be
to
*'
ratio sufficiens*'
equally extended
many Aphorisms throughout
the
work
and the gleaner of absurdities might derive
as fine a harvest from the works of the Coan
-Sage, as
from any of the ancients extant,
not excepting the divine Plato, or the critical
Aristotle.
No
one
defend, although he
will seriously
may
attempt to
palliate the errors,
imperfections and absurdities of Hippocrates;
—they were
incident to the age in which he
when the
which beams on
lived,
the antipodes.
influx
of scientific
light
the present day, was yet in
PREFACE.
Xli
I obtained the
Sprengell,*
my
English translation of C.
after
and,
labours,
I
had nearly
in
conripleted
adverting to
more than ever convinced of the
sity of a more correct, literal, and
translation;
in attempting
for others to
decide,
how
which,
far I
it
New- York
it,
was
neceselegant
is
left
have sue-
oeeded.
* In the Library of the
L
Hospital.
STRICTURES
ON THE
LIFE AND WRITINGS
OF
HIPPOCRATES,
Hippocrates, distinguished by the
titles
of Father of Medicine and Prince of Physicians,
the
first
was born
in the island of Cos, in
year of the 80th Olympiade,
and
460 years before the Christian era.
Of
his history, Hke that of most fnen of science^
very little seems to be perfectly known and
;
indeed the
whole of
so
is
it
involved in
doubt, so interwoven with intentional fraud
and anachronism, that
the testimony of the
it is
many
spoken of him, that the
is
only by collating
authors
critical
who have
Biographer
enabled to arrive at any thing like the
truth.
*
greatest
He was cotemporary with the
men of Greece, Socrates, Hero.
—
dotus, Thucydides, Democritus, and others
and was of the family of the Asclepiades, being
himself the eighteenth lineal descendant from
iEsculapius, and the seventeenth from
* See Cydopsedia Edin. Art. Hipp.
2
Por
AND WRITINGS
LIFE
XIV
dalirius, the latter of
accompanied the
Trojans.'^
By
whom, with Machaon^
allied
his
Greeks against the
mother's side he also
claimed lieneage with the Hcraclidae.
From
j^sculapius downwards, the family of the Asclepiades were devoted to the cultivation of
medicine, and, like the Levites of the Jews^
were unwilling
that the inheritance of their
fathers should depart
was
from
their house.
It
thus, that the learning and science of the
age were successively tranmitted from one
generation to another, and were as tenaciously
guarded from the votarist of wisdom, as were
the Apples of the Hesperides, or the Fleece of
Colchis, from the adventurous heroism of the
times.
The
art of printing, w^hich,
in after
ages, gave so wide a range to observation and
facts,
which established as
it
were a commu^
nion of knowledge, and transmitted to a sue»
ceeding age the labours of that which had preceeded, was then unknown.
Consequently
there was a monopoly of ideas as there
was
of power, although in the present enlightened
age, they are the
tlie
elements of
most opposite principles
civil
and
political
ment.
» IlUade, B. IL
in
govern^
OF HIPPOCRATES.
XV
We may then easily conceive how a famithe Asclepiades,
ly like
energies to
science,
directing
cultivation of a
the
and making
all
their
all
particular
their learning
observation contributive to
its
and
advancement^
should, with each succeeding generation, find
new
truths developed, and a
facts
Yet
to act upon.
it
new
series of
does not detract
from the glory of Hippocrates, that his were
the materials of a long line of ancestry
—
that
knowledge which he poured in upon the v/orld, should have been the contri-
the tide of
butions
of
successive
auxiliary
streams,
which, falling into one channel, had rolled on-
ward through
a space of five centuries.
ever gigantic be the
infancy
les
is,
is
manhood
How-
of Science,
its
not always the infancy of a Hercu-
however potent be its
in its origin, for the most
;
in its progress
to
and interrupted.
vance of any
art,
final energies,
part,
maturity,
feeble,
tedious,
it
and
slow,
In tracing the gradual ad-
how
small a proportion does
each individual contribution bear to the grand
result
;
—how great the
difference
between the
rough-hewn, mishapen Hermes of the Egyptian, and the breathing, speaking, animated
Marble of the Greek
!
The
poet and era-
may
tor
AND WRITINGS
LIFE
XYl
start
up
a giant, but Science,
like
the mythological world of the ancients, has
had
its
origin from an Egg-shell.
Althousrh the sacred mantle of the Asclepiades descended upon the shoulders of Hip-
enlarged and
pocrates, yet he possessed too
philanthropic a
mind
to
aim
at confining the
mass of knov/ledge bequeathed by
tors solely to his
own
family.
his ances-
With
pirical practice of his predecessors
the
em-
he combi-
ned the gymnastic medicine of Herodicus,
under whose brother, Gorgias,
lie is
said to
have studied philosophy and eloquence.
He
was, however, both in his practice and writings,
a true eclectic, admitting or rejecting
what preceding ages had
offered to his notice.,
only as they accorded or differed with his
own
observation and experience.
stract theories of Sectarian
The
ab-
philosophy were
from what he considered
carefully seperated
the rational principles of practice.
" Hippocrates Cous primus quidem, ex
omnibus memorise dignis, ab studio
(philosopham)
disciplinam
hanc
^ir et arte et
facundia insignis.*
«
Celsu'^.
sapiential
separavit^
OF HIPPOCRATES,
XVII
Like the philosophers of that age, he ad=
ded to the traditionary knowledge he had rereceived, the instruction which travel, obser»
vation, and an intercourse with the most en-
men
lightened
new
ing
Deriv-
of his time afforded.
accession of facts from the various
countries which he
visited,
he made the
tour of Greece and Asia Minor, and took
his
abode
Most
up
in Larissa, the capital of Thessaly.
of the stories, so highly interesting^ re»
him bv Soranus and others, are'disf
such as his discovercarded by the critics
ing, by his art, that the illness of the young
Perdiccas was owing to the love he bore to
lated of
;
Phila, the mistress
Macedon
;
and
of his
but
whom
sest
whom
at the solicitation
of
they deemed insane
^^
Hippocrates pronounced the wi-
and most sane man of Abdera.
supposed
crates, on
letter
this occasion, is
writers,
(Erasistratus,)
The
of the Abderites to Hippostill
cure of the young Perdiccas,^
most
king of
his visits to the philosopher
Democritus, of Abdera,
the Abderites,
father,
is,
extant.
The
however, by
ascribed to another physician
and
his
visit to
Democritus
appears to be altogether a fictitious drama,
wrought up by some writer who flourished
AND WRITINGS
LIFE
XVIU
him.
The account
given by Ae»
long
after
tins,
of the part he took in the dreadful plague-
which
visited
Athens
in the time of Pericles^,
has met a refutation from the judicious
Clerc*
in related
Le
Plutarch ascribes the actions thereof Hippocrates, to one Acron of
Agrigentum; and Dr. Ackerman thinks that
these fictitious circumstances were conjured
up long after the death of Hippocrates by the
Dogmatic Sect who regarded him as their
founder.
But
the fame of Hippocrates does not con-
sist in
a few interesting incidents, heightened
by classical feeling, and rendered prominent
upon a
it rests
by classical association
more stable and imperishable base on the
vast accession he made to the science which
;
—
;
he professed, and on his endeavours to form a
co'mplete system of medicine, founded upon
observation and rational deduction.
life
After a
spent in the most useful labours, and de-
voted to the purposes of humanity, he died
at Larissa, in Thessaly, at the advanced age
of one hundred and nine.
vine,
was
affixed
to his
The
name
;
epithet, di-
statues and-
* Vids Cyclopsed. Edin. Art. Hippr
OF HIPPOCRATES»
temples were erected to his
SIX
memory and
;
in=
eense was offered up on altars dedicated to
his divinity.
by comparing the medical knowledge
of Hippocrates, with what it was previous to
It is
his time, that
we
shall
be enabled to form an
estimate of the services which he has render-
ed the science, of which he has been consid-
The
ered the fotmder.
like the present,
upon a
w ill not
critical analysis
limits of a
permit our entering
of the peculiar doc-
trines of Hippocrates, or a
the subjects
work^
general detail of
upon which he has
written.^'"
We merely purpose to advert to a few of the
leading
ral
principles
upon which
his
gene-
doctrines rest, as they serve to illustrate
some of his pathological
observations, in the
folio vving work,.
He supposes
a principle,
'7.
(pvn^,
Vv^hich per-
vades the material creation, and which serves,
as the
motive pawer of elementary matter»
This principle
the cause of animal
is
motion, and through
receive heat,
life,
ceived, that the
'-
Vide"
Ojjinia
it,
Qpera
nature,"
Jocsii."
and
the blood and spirits
and sensation.
^'
life
g'^fs's
It will
be per-
of Hippocra-
etCyclopxd. Edip, .Art», Hippi
LIFE
XX
tes, is the
ple,"
—
AND WRITINGS
" Archeus''
''
the
—
the
Vital princi-
Power,"
Sensorial
—and
**
—"
The
"Vis
Medicatrix
Naturae" of succeeding writers.
The Dog-
Excitability,"
matic
their
to
who
Sect,
the
clainried
greatest deference
founder,* paid the
his
'sj^'i'?'?,
Hippocrates as
and viewed her as the
vis con-
derangements of the animal
servatrix in
all
economy.
Their practice was, therefore,
The symptoms
passive^ not operative.
disease were so
many
of
preservative efforts of
the vis medicatrix to throw off the morbific
being duly
matter, after
may
trine,
concocted.
We
trace the spirit of this erroneous doc-
through sucessive ages,
down
to our
was maintained and defended
by the illustrious Sydenham, though very
little influencing his practice^ and forms, at
ovvn time.
It
this day, the basis of the
School.
Its
Theory of the French
tendency in Medicine, like the
doctrine of predestination in Ethics, goes to
paralize every intellectual effort
doptionby the most
;
and
scientific nation in
its
a-
Europe
ean only be ascribed to that classical mania
which measures every species of excellence
* See
this claim refuted,
Cyclopaed
:
Edin.
Art
Medicine,
OF HIPPOCEATES.
by a Greek and Roman
XXI
But
scale.
it
does not
appear, in recurring to the writings of Hipthat he
pocrates,
gave the same indefinite
scope to the curative agency of Nature in
diseases, as
was deputed
ed followers, who,
regarding the
to ker
like true
by
his reput-
sectarians, dis-
adhered religiously to
spirit,
the literal bodt/.
The
anatomical knowledge of Hippocrates
was necessarily circumscribed by the age in
which he lived, when a jnaterial theology^
combined with the grossest
bade a recourse to
superficial
superstition, for-
dissectiojis ;
and when the
knowledge which the student ob-
tained of the structure of the
human body,
was derived from comparative anatomy, and
which accident affordthe opportunities
ed.
To
this
may be
ascribed most of his
physiological and pathological errors
to this,
we add
;
and
if,
the extreme deficiency of the
age, in the Quxiliary sciences of medicine, so
far
from ^vondering
at the errors
encounter in his writings,
we
be
wisdom which he evinces
knowledge of the nature and
We
shall
lost ia
and almost
admiration, at the sagacity
tuitive
which we
in
in-
his
seat of diseases.
shall not advert to the
many
singular
XXU
LIFE
AND WRITINGS.
and ridiculous notions, which,
like spurious
veins of earth amidst the metallic splendour
mine,
of the
among
after
may be found
interspersed
the writings of Hippocrates.
Long
him, when the anatomical labours of
Erasistratus and Herophilus
threw a con-
siderable light on the structure of the
human
body, most of these errors and absurdities
were maintained and defended
;
and we have
only to turn over the pages of Aristptle and
of Plato, to observe these anomalies of genius, modified into form,
system.
The
and extended into
curative plan of Hippocrates
was extremely simple.
He depended much
on the resources of nature, but not to the ex-
by his followers and
recommends a reliance upon her^ in prefertent afterwards adopted
;
ence to a dependance on a rash and uncertain
remedy.
The most
simple plan of treatment
was sometimes alternated with the use of the
most violent and active medicines, such
as Hellebore, Elaterium, Colycinth, and
Scammony. Avoiding indecision on the one
hand, and a
rasli
precipitancy on the other, he
appears to have been prompt, yet judicious
decisivCj
and yet calm.
i;
HIPPOCRATES.
o:F
But
it is
Sxlil
chiefly in matters of fact
and ob-
servation, that the greatness of Hippocrates
consists.
The
own
is,
times,
in a
He
writings.
technical language of our
measure, drawn from his
divided diseases into
first
epidemic^ endefitic, and sporadic, according to
the present acceptations of these terms
and
;
these diseases he again divides into acute and
chronic.
The
duration of an acute disease was
distinguished by the beginning, height, decline^
In the third stage of the
and termination.
disease, decoction took place
was placed between
this
As
crisis to
he observed the
;
and the
and the
crisis
last stage.
supervene, for
the most part, on particular days, he institu-
ted his dies
critici,
and thence deduced
prognostica symptomnta.
his
cal
his
Besides devoting;
pen to the various departments of medi«
knowledge, he paid much attention, in the
education of his pupils, to what
may be
His ideas of the
profession, were as fully ex-
called ethical medicine.
dignity of his
emplified
in his
life,
as they are elegantly
given in his writings
" Decet etiam moribus honestis elegantem
:
esse.
Et cum talem
se
praestiterit,
crga
AND WBITlNGS
LIFE
XXIV
omnes insuper et gravis et humaniis esto,
Promptitudo enim et facilitas medendi ef.
fuse oblata, ab asgris contemnitur
alioqui siimmas benignitatis
:
quamvis
officium
illud
sit."*
and successful
Indefatigable
in
his
re-
searches, he greatly enlarged the empire of
medicine.
His pathology and principles of
cure are, with a few exceptions and modifi-
own times. Yet how
few who pronounce his name with reverence
our
cations, those of
and respect, have ever consulted his oracles.
Satisfied with doing hom^age to his wisdom,
they have dispensed with
its
precepts.
When
the Goths, in the recesses of their forests, had
tasted, for the first time, the vintage of Italy,
they eagerly marched forward in quest of
the land
less
which had produced
ardour does the student
satisfied
with receiving
at
how much
evince, who is
it
:
secondary and
Bary sources, that wisdom which
may be
ter-
ob-
tained at the fountain-head, pure and unadulterated.
The name
of Hippocrates
*
D€ Medic©,
Hipp.
has
become
XXV
CF HIPPOCRATES.
identified
with the science which he pro=
His was the ambition which seeks
fessed.
the aggrandizement of self in encompassing
the happiness of others
;
his the
wished for
whose throne is cotemporary gratitude, and whose crown -the blessings of afHis object was to enlarge the do=
ter ages.
mains of Medicine by multiplying her re=
sources, and by exciting an emulation among
her votariese Before his tim^e, Medicine was
glory,
—
the art of priests and of jugglers
:
he rescued
her from the degrading thraldom into which
she had fallen, and raised her to the
of a Science.
Greece listened with reverence
precepts
to his
dis^nit^^
—
his sentences
were heard
amidst the groves of the Academus and the
assemblages of the Porch, and Philosophy
was proud to
ners he had elevated.
herself
enlist
beneath the ban-
Independent of the advantages to be derived from the study of the ancient Authors^
there
is
connected with the enthusiasm whicli
urges us on to the pursuit, a
curiosity,
which prompts us
spirit- stirring
to seek for the
sources of those streams of knowledge, thst^
in our
own
times, dispense their blessings to
3
LIFE
XXvi
mankind.
vigour
may
AND WRITINGS,
Added
which
to
this,
characterize
&C.
the energy and
attempts,
their
serve to impart a nerve to our
ertions,
and furnish examples to
own ex-
incite
us on
However ample be
the forces of genius, they need some rallying
point to impart to them confidence, and some
to similar undertakings.
authority to marshal their numbers, and give
direction to their efforts.
The memories
of
Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galileo, Harvey, Bacon,
live
Newton, Franklin and Fulton, would
in the gratitude of after- ages, were even
individual contributions
their
terity.
the
Each, as
it
to
pos-
were, gave a fulcrum to
human mind, and
its exertions.
lost
enlarged the sphere of
Their very names
will serve
as w^tch- words to animate the timid votary
of Science onward, and to nerve
him up
for
the encounter; and their memories, like signaL
iires,
blazing from
afar,
and streaming through
the lapse of ages, will, in the darkest night of
the
human
intellect,
few scattered
tliem hope
serve to assemble the
p?trtisans
of wisdom, and bid
HIPPOCRATIS
SECTIO
1.
I.
Vita brevis, ars longa, occasio
ceps,* experientia
fallax,
Oportet autem non
modo
judicium
se
prse-
difficile.
ipsum exhibere
qujs oportet facientem, sed etiam aegrum^ et
pra^sentes^ et externa.
2.
In perturbationibus
Sp«)!ite evenientibus,
alvi,
et
vomitibus
siquidem qualia oportet
piirgari, purgentur, confert, et facile ferunt
minus,
sill
ciiatio,
fert,
contra.
Sic
siquidem qualem
et
facile
ferunt;
vasorum
et
fieri
decet,
minus,
sin
igitur oportet, et
Respicere
teiiipestatcm, et ^tatem, et
fiat,
eva-
con-
contra.
regionem,
et
morbos, in qui-
biis convenit, aut non.
'-
VillebrunCj in his version of 1779, has rendered Kaipog oipt
^:'2omsntit}n
urgens
\
but most translators agree with Verhoofd.
THE
OP
HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
Life
1.
is
I.
short, art long, occasion brief^
experience fallacious, judgment
is
requisite that the Physician exhibit
and that the
is essential,
and
It
difficult.
what
patient, attendants^
which surrounds him, concur therein.
all
and spontaneous vomiting,
2. In diarrhoea
if
the matter voided be of a nature that ought
to
be expelled,
let
the patient be purged, for
in this case, the evacuations are beneficial
and are
but
easily supported;
be otherwise, the contrary
same
rule
when
it
is
obtains
beneficial
it
be
and
othervv^ise,
is
easily supported:
the contrary
therefore,
tieficial
infer
The
indicated.
vascular depletion;
is
to bear in
climate, the season, the age
and thence
the effect
judiciously had recourse
is
We ought,
in
is
if
to,
it
but
if
indicated.
mind
the
and the disease^
whether these things be be-
or otherwise.
3t
Q
50
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
In exercitantibus boni habitus ad sum-
3.
mum
progress!, periculosi,
Non enim
fiienPit.^"
escant,
extremo
Cum
neque ultra possint
vero non qui-
in melius profi=
Ho-
reliquum est igitur ut in deterius.
cere,
rum
in
possunt in eodem ma-
neque quiescere.
nere,
si
igitur causa,
bonum habitum baud cunc-
quo rursus renutritionis principium sumat corpus. Neque conpericulosidentii© ad extremum ducend^e
sed qualis natura fuerit ejus
siiKi enim
taoter solvere
confert,
;
:
qui perferet, eo usque ducenda3.
cuationes ad
extremum
et iursiis refectiones,
Sic et eva-
ducentes, periculosi
cum
extremse fuerint,
periculosss.
Tenuis
4.
loiigis
exquisitus
morbis semper,
convenit,
tremum
Nam
et
periculosus.
victus,
et in acutis,
Et
rursus,
in
et
ubi non
ad ex^
tenuitatis progressus victus, difficilis.
et repletiones
ad extremum progress^,
diiEciles sunt.
* Sensum hujus
loci recte
dat Celsus
lib. i.
" Sed at hujns generis
esereitationes cibique necessarii sint, sic athletic! supervacui,
Ac ae
c„ I.
his
quidem athletarum exemplo, immodicus
Lmplet autem corpus modica exercitatio."
C'riticsB.
c, i.
esse labor debetf
Fillebrane^
Nos^
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
3.
In those having an
violent exercise
stitutions
is
excess of health,
dangerous; for in such con-
an equilibrium of health cannot be
And
maintained.
health
is
31
as their
temperament of
neither stationary nor progressive,
it
must, of necessity, have a retrograde tendency.
For these reasons, therefore, we should speedily
set about reducing this extreme of health, in
may
order that the body
principle of nutrition.
new
take upon itself a
Neither should this
reduction be carried too
we should
for
far,
be guided by the strength and constitution
of the patient.
Thus
the extrem.es of reple-
and depletion are equally to be avoided^
both are attended with danger,
tion
as
4.
In protracted
regimen
is
always
ilfness, a
severe and thin
dangerous,
and
equally so in acute maladies, where
it
it
is
accords
not with the constitution of the patient.
And
again,— an attenuated regimen carried too
is
as difficult to
support,, as
far
an excess of
.
repletion».
BOSTON COLLEGE
FACULTY
LIBRAP'!
CHESTNUT HU
:ASS.
1
^
IIIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
32
In
5.
id
tenui
victu delinquunt aegri;
Omne enim
magis Iseduntur.
quod committitur, multo majus
quam
in
paulo pleniore victu.*
ob
delictum^
fft
in tenui,
Propterea
etiam sanis periculosus est valde tenuis, et
et exquisitus victus, quia de-
constitutus,
licta
gravius ferunt.
Ob
hoc
et exquisitus victus periculosus
igitur tenuis
magis,
quam
paulo pienior.
6.
Ad extremes morbos^,
extrema remedia
exquisite optima.
7.
Ubi
igitur peracutus est
extremos habet labores,
tini
nuissimo victu
iion,
uti
necesse
morbus,
et
est.
sta-
extreme
te-
Ubi vero
sed pleniorem victum exhibere
iicetj
tantum a tenui recedendum, quantum mor->
bus remissior extremis
8.
Cum
morbus
fuerit.
in vigore fuerit, time vel
tcnuissimo victu uti necesse
9.
*
est.
Considerare oportet etiam gegrotantem,
Hic
carpit et
monet auctor medicos
ut plurimum. errebant
aui temporls, qui gr^viter,
in tenui ori dista prsescribcnda,
-
Fillehrunt,
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
The
5.
sick frequently err in the adoption
They
of a spare
diet.
injured.
In the
evil
more
choice of regimen, more
are therein the
from abstraction than from a
results
small
33
excess.
A
thin,
frugal,
and over-
exact regimen accords not even with the
man
in health,
who
Hence,
privation.
grievously supports the
in general, the superiority
of a due refection over that w^hich
ficient.
6.
The
greater the evil
—
^the
is
de-
more vigo=
rous the remedy.
most violent
symptoms supervene the severest regimen
But if these
is, therefore, to be observed.
symptoms be wanting, a more generous diet
.
In
7.
acute diseases
the
:
is
to be permitted
course to
it,
;
only w^e are to have re-
in proportion to the
subsidence
of the malady.
8.
then
When the disease attains most vigour-—
it is,
that the
severest regimen
is
re-
we
are
quired.
9.
In the prescribing of regimen,
to consider,
whether
it
be
sufficient to sup-
port the patient until the disease attain
height
;
its
whether before this period, the patient
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
34
num
ad morbi vigorem victu
an prius
ille
possit, vel
morbus
non
et victu
deficiat,
sufficiat,
et
sufficere
priiis deficiat, et
obtun-
datur.
10.
Quibus
igitur statim vigor adest, sta-
Quibus vero
tim tenuiter alendi.
in
pos-
terum vigor, his ad illud, et paulo ante illud
tempus, subtrahendum. Antea vero uberiiis
alendum, ut
11.
sufficiat aeger.
In exacerbationibus cibuni subtra-
here oportet
:
Et qusecunque
exhibere enim, noxium
est,
per circuitus exacerbantur,
in exacerbationibus subtrahere oportet.*
12.
tiones
et
Exacerbationes autem
indicabunt
periodorum
sive
quotidie,
morbi,
inter
collata
sive
mox
apparent,
Aph. n. desumkur
partes huju3 aph.
e
lib.
se incrementa,
diebus,
si
statim circa
Diat. Act/t. p. 68,69.
Prior de morbis
sive
Quin etiam et per
eadem indicantur,
yelut in pleuriticis sputum,
•
constitu-
anni tempora,
alternis
longiore fiant tempore.
ea, qua3
et
et
cum
BinaB sunt
febre, longis vel acutis;
posterior de morbis periodicis-cum vel sine febre.
P^illsbruns,
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
3-5
may sink from an inability to support the regimen or, whether the malady will, thereby^
;
be previously broken and overcome,
which quickly arrive at thei^ climax, a thin regimen should
immediately be adopted. In those which
attain it at a somewhat later period, we should
10. In those diseases
or before that period, subtract from their
at,
but until then, sufficient nourishment
should be allov/ed, that the strength of the
diet
:
may be
patient
11.
supported.
During the exacerbations, food
be suspended
would be
to administer
:
When
injurious.
periodical, the diet is to
the
at that
it
is
to
time
the returns are
be withdrawn on
coming on of the paroxysms.
12.
The
nature
of diseases, with
their
paroxysms, are ascertained by regarding the
time of the year
of periods
;
—
the comparative succession
— observing
whether the
also,
exacerbations occur each day, or on alternate
days, or at greater
result
*
The
is
foIJoT^-ing distich
" Ars,
"'
by attending
obtained
ftliich indications arc
Mos
taken
aetas, rcgio,
et
intervals.^
The same
to
present
comprehends the general heads from
:
complesio, virtus,
symptoina; repletio, teaipns
ct osus."
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
36
initia
morbum brevem
si
vero
longum futurum denunciat.
Et
subappareat,
posteriiis,
urinas, et alvi
excrementa, et sudores, ciim
apparent, vel judicatu faciles, vel
v.el
;
breves, vel longos fore
difficiles^
mor bos
indicant.
13. Senes facillime jejunium ferunt; se-
cundo
astate
consistentes
omnium minime
centes,
minime
adoles-
pueri
ex
;
his
autem, qui inter ipsos sunt alacriores.*
Qu^
14.
lidi innati
;
crescunt, plurimiim habent ca-
plurimo igitur egent alimento
sin miniss, corpus consumitur.
tem paucus
calor
Senibus au-
propterea paucis fomiti-
;
bus indigent, a multis enim extinguitur.
Idcirco etiam febres senibus
Frigidum enim
acutae.
15. Ventres
*
The
hyeme
non
similiter
est corpus.
et
vere natura sunt
ancients distinguish six different stages of existence.
JStas pueritias, childhood
-
adolescentiee,
juventntis
virilis,
——
;
youth
;
;
to the 5 th year.
to the 25th year.
from the ajth to the 35th year.
manhood
senectQtis, old
;
age
from the 35th to the 50th year.
;
—— crepita, decrepitude
from the 50th to the 6oth year
;
ending
in death.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
symptoms
;
as in pleurisy, if the flow of sa«
liva take place
commencement, the
the
at
duration of the disease will be short
a later period
The
alvine,
tions,
will
&f
—
it
will
be more extended»
and cutaneous excre-
urinary,
serve to indicate whether the disease
be mild or severe, short or protracted.
13.
Old men bear abstinence best; next,
who have
those
attained their climacteric
adolescence, less; and infancy, least;
of
if at
;
all
these, the vivacious support
^
—but
most
it
easily.
14.
The growing body
has most of innate
most aliment
heat, and, therefore, requires
Old men
otherwise the constitution suffers.
have
less heat, and, therefore,
needless food.
An over quantity would injure them.
fore, folio wsjthat fevers
It,
there-
have not that acute ten-
dency with the aged which they have with the
youthful; with the former the body
15. In winter
is
In those
more generous
cold.
and in spring the stomach
necessarily warmer,
extended.
is
diet
and the sleep more
seasons,
is
to
therefore,
be permitted
the augmentation of innate heat
4
;
a
for
demands
a
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
58
somni longissimi. In his
igitur temporibus copiosiora cibaria exhi=
callidissimi,
et
benda sunt
innatum enim calorem majorem
;
ideoque
habent;
copiosiore
indigent
ali-
mento. Indicio sunt states et Athletse.
humidus,
16. Victus
omnibus, tiim
cum
maxim e
febricitantibus
pueris, et
alliis tali
victu uti consuetis, confert.
Animadvertendi sunt etiam quibus
17.
semel, aut bis, et quibus plura vel pauciora,
Concedendum
et per partes exhibenda.
tem
au-
aliquid et consuetudini, et tempestati,
et regioni, et setati.
18. ^Estate et
ferunt:
19.
hyeme
autumno cibos
facillime
Quibus per
nihil dato,
;
difficillime,
'^einde vere.
circuitus exacerbantur,
neque cogito, sed de appositioae
detrahito ante judicationes.
20. Quae judicantur, et judicata sunt perfecte, ea
tis,
neque
neque
mo veto,
neque medicamen-
irritamentis
innovato, sed
ducere oportet,
quo maxime
aliis
sinito.
21. Quae
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
more
plentiful aliment.
This
m youth, and in the habits
A
16.
children
— and with
made
essential.
it
17.
food
—
observable
is
of the Athletse.
moist aliment accords well with
remarkably
constitutions
brile
59
Note well
is [^iaily)
all
those to
well
whom
the constitution,
with
use has
w^herein
required either once, or twice
in greater or less quantities, or
But we
duated allowance.
consideration
fe-
habit,
by a gra-
are to take into
season,
country,
and
age.
18. In
difficult
;
summer and autumn,
in winter, vigorous
;
digestion
in spring,
is
in*-
different.
19. In those diseases wherein the exacer-
bations are periodical, neither give nor force
any thing, but
let
the food be withdrawn be-
coming on of the paroxysm.
20. When the paroxysm is well ascertained, do not disturb it either by medicines or
fore the
any new
irritation
21. That which
:
leave
is
it
to itself.
excrementitious, should
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
40
vergant, eo ducenda, per convenientia loca.
22. Concocta piirgare et movere oportet,
non cruda
geant
;
neque
in
principiis,
tur-
nisi
piurima vero non turgent.
;
23. Quse prodeunt non copia sunt
manda, sed
facile
si
ferat.
sesti-
prodeant qualia oportet,
et
Et ubi ad animi deliquium
ducere oportet, id etiam faciendum,
si
seger
sufficiat.
24. In acutis
initia,
afFectionibus
raro,
et
per
purgantibus utendum, idque diligenti
prills adhibita cautione
faciendum.
25. Si, qualia purgari oportet, purgentuFj
confert,
et facile ferunt;
si
vero contraria,
difliculter.*
* HIc
e
secundo dcsumtiis, ncc hue male adductus,
Hippocrate, ut puto.
Villebruns,
ctsi
non ab
41
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
be drawn
off at the point to
which
it
most
by the most convenient outlets.
22. Purgatives should be administered after the food on the stomach is concocted,
tends,
not while
they be
it
is
crude; neither should
yet
given at
the
commencement of
disease, lest turgescence ensue
;
though the
latter rarely occurs.
23. Depletion
its
is
not to be estimated by
copiousness, but by
its
being judiciously
When
it is
ne-
ad deliquium animi^
let
be done, but previously consult the
re-
used, and easily supported.
cessary to extend
it
it
sources of the patient.
24. In acute affections, and especially at
commencement, purgatives ought rarely
be used, and when permitted, are to be
their
to
administered with care.
25. If the matter voided be of a nature
that
ought
to
be expelled,
let
the patient be
purged, for then, the evacuations are beneficial,
and are easily supported
;
but
if
the effect
be otherwise, the contrary is indicated. (Vide
Aphor.
2. Sect. 1.)
4*
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMr,
42
SECTIO
1.
Quo
kthale;
si
IL
morbo somnus laborem facit^
vero somnus juvet, non est
in
lethale.
2.
Ubi somnus delerium
sedat,
bonum.
Somnus, vigilia, utraque modum excedentia, malum.
4. Non satietas, non fames, neque aliud
quicquam bonum est, quod supra naturae
S.
modum
5.
fuerit.
Lassitudines sponte obortae morbos de-
nuntiant.
6.
lentes
Quicumquc
dolorem
aliqua corporis parte do-
fere
non
sentiunt,
iis
mens
aegrotat.
7.
Attenuata longo tempore corpora lente
reficere oportet
8.
Si a
;
quae vero brevi, celeriter.
morbo
quis
cibum capiens non
roboretur, copiosiore alimento corpus uti sig-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
i.
^
2.
IL
In disease, a laborious sleep presages
great danger
ing,
43
it is
but
;
if
the slumber be refresh-
favourable.
When
sleep sooths
deleriiim,
it
be-
Excessive sleep, or wakefulness,
are
tokens well.
3.
alike injurious
4.
Neither
hunger nor
satiety,
nor any
excess which oversteps the bounds of nature
can be beneficial.
5.
Spontaneous lassitude foreshows
dis»
ease,
6.
Whosoever hath
pain in any part of
his body, without being sensible thereof, is
diseased in mind.
7.
Where
gradual,
where
it
it is
the waste of the
should be
body has been
gradually
restored;
rapid, our applications should
be
prompt.
8.
If the convalescent acquire not strength
from the food he
takes,
it
shows
that the
body
HIPFOCRATIS APHORISMI.
44
Si vero
nificat.
cibum non
eveniat, evacuatione indigere
9.
capienti istud
sciendum
est*
Corpora, ubi quis purgare voluerit,
cile fluentia
reddere oportet.
Impura corpora quo magis
10.
eo magis
nutriveris,
laedes.
11. Facilius est potu repkri
12.
fa-
Qua5
in
quam
morbis post crisim
cibo.
relin-
quuntur, recidivas facere solent.
13.
Qurbus
crisis
bationem gravis est
fitj
;
iis
nox ante exacer-
sequens vero levior
plerumque..
14. In alvi profluviis dejectionem
muta-
tiones juvant, nisi in prava mutentur.
15.
Ubi
fauces aegrotant,
aut tubercula
in corpore exoriuntur, excretiones inspicere
oportet
aegrotat
nutrire
16.
17.
si
;
;
si
enim
biliosse fuerint,
vero similes sanis
tutum
corpus una
fiant,
corpus
est.
Ubi fames^ non oportet laborare.
Ubi cibus prseter naturam copiosior
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES,
But
needs a more plentiful supply.
same
effect arise
of food,
from an
45
if
the
inability to partake
sufficiently evinces the necessity
it
of purgatives.
9.
When
becomes necessary
it
to purge,
the evacuations ought to be loose and free.
Impure constitutions^ when most nourished, are most injured.
10.
11.
Liquids
replete
more
than
easily
solids.
12.
The
matter remaining in the body
af-
produces a
re-
ter the crisis
is
past, often
lapse.
13.
The
night preceding that in which the
crisis takes place, is
follows,
is
distressmg
;
that
which
more comfortable.
14. In alvine fluxes, a
change
in the de-
jections,
unless they assume a vicious ap-
pearance,
is
15.
beneficlah
When
the fauces
tubercles arise therein,
the excretions
;
ture, the entire
be as
and
examine
are affected,
we ought
to
when they are of a bilious nabody is affected but if they
in health, w^e
;
may
safely
impart nou-
rishment16.
17.
Daring hunger, labour is injurious.
Excess of food produces disease^
HIPPOCRATIS A PH OR I SMI.
46
ingressus fuerit, id
autem
18.
morbum
creat.
Ostendit
sanatio.
E or urn
confertim
quae
et- celeriter
nutriunt, celeres etiam fiunt egestiones.
19.
Morborum
acutorum
tutae sunt prsedictiorxes,
non omnino
neque mortis, neque
sanitatis.
dum
20. Quibus,
humid
V,
iis
senescentibus siccanfur;
dum
bus vero,
sunt juvenes, alvi sunt
sunt juvenes,
alvi
quisiecae
sunt, his senescentibus humectantur.
21.
Famem
A
vini potio solvit.
quicumque fiunt morbi,
evacuatione sanantur-; et quicumque ab eva22.
cuatione,
repletione
repletione
sicque aliorum
j
con-
trarietas.
23. Acuti morbi in quatuordecim diebus
judicantur.
24. Septimorum quartus est index^ Alterius septimanae octavus est initium.
dus vero undecimus
alterius
:
is
enim
est quartus
Notandus rursum dehie enim quartus est qui^
septimanae.
cimus Septimus
;
Notan-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
47
same time, points out the
and, at the
re-
medy.
Those aliments which quickly and
18.
agregately nourish, are soonest egested.
19. In acute diseases, predictions of death
or recovery are not always unerring.
Those whose dejections, in youth, are
humid, have with them more of siccity in
20.
age
;
but
on the contrary, the dejections
if,
have a siccity
in
youth, they acquire hu-
midity with age.
21.
A
22.
The
pletion,
potion of wine allays hunger.
is
sickness which arises from re-
cured by evacuation
;
and that
irom evacuation, by repletion.
which
arises
Thus
opposites are
each
counteractive of
other.
23. Acute maladies determine themselves
within fourteen days.
24.
The
seventh
The
;
fourth day
is
the index of the
the eighth, that of the fourteenth.
eleventh
is
to be noted, as being the
fourth day of the second week.
We
again, to notice the seventeenth:
it
is
are,
the
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
48
dem
a decimo-quarto
;
septimus
vero ab
undecimo.*
25. Quartange
breves
;
automnales vero
quae prope
26.
hyemem
Febrem
lius est,
jestivEe
plemmque fiunt
longas, et maxime
inciduiit.
convuisioni supervenire me-
quam convulsionem
febri.
27. His qua? non secundiim rationem
non oportet
credere
vant,
;
neque timere
Ho-
Vaide quae prreter rationem prava Hunt.
rum enim multa
modum
28.
citant,
aut
le-
inconstantia sunt, nee ad-
permanere, neque durare solent.
Eorum
qui non omnino leviter febri-
permanere
et
nihil remittere corpus,
quam
etiam magis
quefieri,
malum
tudinem
significat,
est.
Illud
pro ratione
colli-
enim morbi
longi-
hoc vero infirmitatem.
29. Incipientibus morbis, si quid movendum videatur, move ; vigentibus vero, quiescere melius
* "
The Ancients
est.
f
put too
much
confidence in Pythagorick
bers, whereas, the Physician ought not to
observe the exacerbations themselves."
number the
Gels. Lib.
f Et hoc ctiam intelligendum de motu
e loco
iii.
c.
num-
days, but
v.
ad locum.
Filk.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
fourth day, beginning with the
49
fourteenth,
and the seventh day, beginning with the
eleventh.
25.
Summer
part, short
quartans are, for the most
those of autumn, long
;
espe-
;
when they manifest themselves
commencement of winter.
at the
cially
26.
It
much
is
better
that
convulsions
precede than that they should succeed fever,
27.
We
should distrust an apparent
fa-
vourable change which cannot be accounted
for
:
neither ought
we despair
anv reasonable
without
in those
cause,
which^
are
unfa-
most of these transitions are
uncertain, transient, and variable.
vourabie
;
for
28. In fevers of a serious aspect, where
the
body remains
stationary without suffer-
—and
extreme, —
ing any emaciation,
the waste
is
where
the appearances are,
alike, unfavourable.
protracted illness
also, in those
The former indicates
— the
latter
a
an extreme de-
bility.
commencement of illness, if
motion be allowable, the patient may use it
29. In the
but in the height of the disorder, rest
is
es-
sential.
FAC
%^ COLLEGE
I
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
so
30. Circa principia
debiliora
31.
morbo
circa
nihil
belle
malum
licere corpus,
32.
omnia sunt
circa vigores vero, vehementiora.
;
A
fines
et
comedenti
est.
Ut plurimiim omnes male
quidem bene
initia
postea
fastidiunt,
comedentes, et
qui vero circa
;
habentes^
ad finem rursiis cibum
proficientes,
non appetunt
pro-
nihil
autem
cibos
initia
bene
appetunt,.
melius liberantur.
33. In
omni morbo, mente
valere, et
se habere ad ea quas oiFerunter,
bene
bonum
est
contrarium vero, malum.
34. In morbis
rum
periclitantur
naturae, et setati, et habitui,
magis cognatus
bus horura
35. In
nem
fuerit
et
ii
quo-
tempori
morbus, quam
ii
qui»
nulli similis fuerit.
omnibus morbis, partes quse sunt
ad umbilicum
et
minus
et
imum
habere melius est
eliquatas
esse,
ventrem, crassitudi;
valde autem tenues
pravum.
Periculosum
yero illud est etjam ad infernas purgationes.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
30.
At
commencement and termina-
the
tion of disease,
all is
51
all is
debility
—
at its height^
vigour.
31. If the convalescent gain not strength^
notwithstanding that he eats well-
—
it
shows
unfavourably.
32.
Almost
all
that suffer
w^ho have at
tion,
first
a good, but an un-
profitable appetite,
become,
gusted with food
those,
mencement of
;
illness,
afterwards regain
a
from indisposiin the end, dis-
who,
at
com-
the
loathe their victuals,
for
relish
it,
and
re-
establish their health soonest.
33. In
all
diseases, if the patient evince a
sane mind, and be well disposed to
is
offered,
it
is
favourable
:
all
which
the contrary
is
unfavourable.
34. If the disease be peculiar to the age,
constitution and habits of the patient,
season in which
also to the
less
it
occurs,
and
it is
dangerous than that wherein the circum-
stances are different.
35. In
all
diseases in which the umbilical
and hypogastric regions maintain their usual
plumpness, it is favourable but if they be;
come
flaccid
the latter
is
and emaciated,
the
eompanied with
it is
otherwise
more dangerous when
diarrhoea.
;
ac-
HIPPOCRAXrS APHORISMI.
52
36.
Qui Sana habent
corpora, pharmacis
purgati citd ex solvuntur, ut et qui pravo
utuntur cibo.
37.
sunt
Qui bene
valent
corporc,
purgatu
difficiles.
38.
Paulo deterior
et
potus et cibus, ju-
cundior autem, eligendus potius
liores
quidem, sed
quam me-
ingratiores.
plurimum quidem juvenibus
minus asgrotant quicumque vero ipsis morbi,^,ti^t diuturni, pierumqu^commoriuntur.
39. Senes ut
;
40. Raucedines
et
gravedines in
valde
senibus non coquunfur,
41.
Qui
ssepe et vehementer,
citra rnani-
animo iinquuntur, ex im»
festam causam,
proviso moriuntur.
vehementem quidebilem vero, non facile,
42. Solvere apoplexiam,
dem, impossibile
43.
Ex
mortuis,
ii
:
strangulatis et dissolutis,
non
circa os fuerit.
necdimi
se recoUigunt, quibus
spuma
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
36»
They whose
constitutions are healthy,
down by
are as speedily broken
who
With
as those
37.
5o
purgatives,
use an unwholesome diet.
who
those
enjoy bodily health,
purgatives do not easily operate.
Those aliments which are grateful,
although somewhat objectionable, are to be
preferred to those which are more whole38.
some, yet
39.
less grateful.
The aged
disposed to
fall
are, for the
most
part, less
into disease than the
young
but, with them, protracted diseases generally
prove
fatal.
Catarrh and
40.
are
coryza,
much advanced
in age,
in
who
those
do not
attain
concoction.
41.
Those who
frequently and suddenly,
without any apparent
cause,
phyxia, are suddenly taken
42. In violent
impossible
;
in
fits
fall
into
as-
off.
of apoplexy, relief
those
is
of a lighter nature,
difficult.
43.
Those who
who have
all
are suffocated,
and those
the appearances of dissolution,
without being really dead, are never resuscitated,
when they have
the mouth.
5*-
a froth surrounding
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
54
Qui natura valde
44.
crassi
sunt,
magis
subito moriuntur, qiiam qui graciles.
45. Epilepticis pueris, mutationes,
ime
aetatis, et
regionum,
max-
et vitas, liberationem
faciunt.
46'.
in
^Duobus doloribus simul
eodem
loco,
vehementior
non
obscurat aL
obortis,
terum.
47. Circa puris
generationes, dolores et
febres magis accidunt,
quam
ipso facto,
48. In omni corporis motu, quando dolere
coeperit, interquiescere, statim lassitudinem
curat.
Qui
49.
srunt,
solitos
iabores
ferre
consueve-
etiamsi debiles fuerint aut senes, in-
suetis robustis
licet
et juvenibus,
facilius
ferunt.
50.
A
iongo tempore consueta, etiamsi
fuerint deteriora, insuetis
tent;
oportet
vertereo
egitur
minus turbare
etiam
ad
insolita
so-
se
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
55
Those who are, by nature, very corpulent, expire more suddenly than those
44.
who
have a spare habit.
45. Epilepsy in children
is
removed by,
changes ;* especially by those of age, climatej
and mode of
Two
46.
living.
painful sensations arising at the
same time, though not
the greater obscures the
When
47.
is
same
place,
less.
about forming, there
when suppuration
pain than
greater
is
pus
the
in
is
complete.
48. If pain ensue from bodily motion^, in-
termit
49.
rest is the onlv cure.
;
The
who
aged, and even the weak,
are inured to labour,
bear
it
more
easily
than the young and robust w^ho are not habituated to
50.
it.
Long accustomed and even
vicious
habits are less hurtful, than those which are
themselves preferable, but to which
in
are unaccustomed
;
we
we
ought, therefore, gra-
dually to adopt the latter.
*
This translation
is
literal, and,,
sense of the original; vide Af.
lator renders
exposes
aux
it
somewhat
morts.''
(j^h.
we
believe, conveys the exact
TM.
jS.
The French Trans-
different. Tff.^u^Mu.roi ^«."kXav^
" phis
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
56
Multiim
derepente vacuare,
aiit
replere, aut calefacere, aut frigefacere,
aut
51.
et
modo corpus movere, periculosum est Omne siquidem multum naturae inimicum.
Quod vero paulatim fit
alio
quocunqiie
:
tutum
est
ad alterum
52.
turn alias, tiim
;
si
quis ex altero
transeat.
Omnia secundum rationem
facienti,
non secundiim rationem evenientibus, non
ad aliud transeundum^ manente eo quod ab
et
initio
53»
dum
visum
est.
Quicunque alvos habent humidas.
quidem juvenes sunt, melius liberantur
his qui siccas habent.
pejus liberantur
mum
;
Ad
siccantur
senectutem vero,
enim ut
alvi senescentibus.
54. Procero corpore juventutem
degere, liberale est, nee deforme
veroj
pluri-
inconimodum,
:
quidem
insenescere
et parvis deterius.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
51.
Evacuation,
and calefaction
—
repletion,
57
refrigeration
these or any other corres-
pondent modifications of body, when excessive, or too suddenly accompiished, are
dangerous,
— nature
That which
extremes.
is
safely done,
extreme
52.
being ever opposed to
g-raduallv done?
is
whether we pass from one
to another, or otherwise.
Every thing which
done, without success,
to recede
from our
is
we
judicious being
are not, therefore,
plan, while
same views as we did
Those who have hismid
tertain the
S'^,
when young,
still
en-
at first.
dejections,
are sooner released from illness
than those with
men do
we
whom
they are arid
;
old
not fare so well, because the alvine
excretions in age are generally dry.
54.
An
youth, and
it
is
erect
is
body accords
both proper and graceful
inconvenient in
less than a
age,
more humble
with
well
;
but
and becomes
carriage.
it
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!»
58
SECTIO IIL*
1.
temporum maxime
ipsis temporibus mu-
Mutationes anni
morbos et in
tationes magnte tiim frigoris tiini
csetera pro ratione eodem modo.
pariunt
2.
alise
;
Naturarum
vero ad
caloris, et
quidem ad
alise
hyemem bene
sestatem,
aut male
con-
stitutas sunt.
3.
Morborum
se habent
;
alii
et states
ad
alios
bene aut male
qujedam ad tempora^
et regiones, et victus.
4.
* In
eadem
In temporibus, quandp
die
modo
author treats of the seasons, their peculiar
this section the
modifications as affecting the constitutions of health and disease,
and
as predisposing to peculiar maladies.
understand his division of the year,
tion from Riegerus.
we
(Vide Gaien.
That we may the
shall
Aph.
here subjoin a transla15.
commencing from the equinox and extending
i.
e.
the
hend two months.
last
2.
of April,
"The
Sect. 3.)
ancient Hippocratic Physicians distinguished four seasons
the Pleiades,
better
:
i.
Springy
to the rising
of
which space does not compre-
Smnmer^ commencing from the rising of
the Pleiades, and which consisted
of
two
parts, the
first
called
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
1.
The
III.
mutations of seasons are
productive of
diseases
and
;
59
greatljr
those
great
changes of heat and cold which occur at
from similar
their stated periods, act,
rea-
same manner.
2. There are some constitutions which
summer either improves or injures, and
others again on which winter produces sisons, in the
milar effects.
3.
Some
diseases accord better with
constitutions than others
tains with
;
and
this
some
also ob-
certain ages, as connected with
season, climate, and aliment.
4.
In the various seasons,
if
cold and heat.
M^a extending to the rising of Arcturus ; the
latter, a/^o^a,
the rising to the setting of Arcturus; so that the
fflsted
in all of four
months;
is
from the
latter
summer
con-
end of April to
Autumn commenced with the
setting
finished with the falling of the Pleiades,
which
the beginning of September.
of Arcturus, and
i.e.
from
time comprehends September and October.
menced,
which
consisted of
divided into three part*;
winter
solstice;
a.
i.
Here Winter commore than four months, and was
from the
comprehended
tended to the rernal equinox."
the
first
of
November
winter solstice;
to the
3.
ex-
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
60
calor,
modo
frigus
fit,
autumnales morbos
exspectare oportet.
Austri auditum gravantes,
5.
caliginosi,
caput gravantes, segnes, dissolventes.
hie
dominatum
tiuntur.
tenucrit, talia in
Ciim
morbis pa-
Si vero acquilonium fuerit, tusses,
fauces asperse, alvi durae, urinas difficultates,
horrores, dolores costarum, pectorum.
sic
invaluerit,
talia
in
Ciim
morbis exspectare
oportet*
6.
Quando
^stas veri similis est, sudores
in febribus multos exspectare oportet.
7.
In siccitatibus febres acutss fiunt.
Et
quidem annus majore ex parte talis fuerit,
qualem fecit constitutionem, ut plurimiim
tales etiam morbos exspectare oportet,
si
8.
In constantibus temporibus,
si
tern-
pestiva tempestive reddantur, constantes et
judicatu faciles fuint morbi
:
in
inconstan-
tibus autera, inconstantes, et judicatu
ciies»
diffi-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
61
frequently alternate with each other in the
same day, we must look forward
to
au«
tumnal diseases*
The south wind produces
5.
thickness of
hearing, dimness of sight, heaviness of head,^
and
ing
on the whole, oppressive and relax-
is,
;
srich are the effects in sickness,
the prevalence of such winds.
the north, brings with
it
during
That from;
coughs, sore throats^
dysury, constipation, shiverings, and pains
of the side and breast
toms which take place
sympsickness when this
these are the
:
in
wind holds dominion,
6.
When summer
character of spring,
takes
we
upon
itself
the
are to expect much,
perspiration in fevers.
7-
long droughts,
In
acute type; and
part, dry,
such a
so very apt to bring about
is
expect
Where
assume as
year be, for the greater
febrile character, that
neral, to
8.
it
if the
fevers
we
are, in ge=*
it.
the seasons are constant
and
assume an uniform aspectg
but where the
ascertained
regular, diseases
and are
easilv
;
seasons are irregular, the diseases are als»
irregular,
and are with
6
difficulty understood«.
HIPPOCRATXS APHORISMI.
62
autumno morbi acutissimi, et maxime exitiales: ver autem saluberrimum, et
minime lethale.
In
9.
10.
11.
hyems
Autumnus
Quod ad
anni
tempora,
siquidem
sicca et aquilonia fuerit, ver
pluviosum
et australe,
bres acutas
terias,
tabidis malus.
oriri,
aestate
necesse est
et ophthalmias, et
maxime autem
autem
muiieribus,
fe-
dysen-
et viris
natura humidis.
12. Si vero
hyems
et placida fuerit, ver
australis et pluviosaj
autem siccum
et aqui-
lonium, mulieres quidem, quibos partus in
ver
ex
incidit,
qu^
quitvis occasione abortiunt
vero pepererint, infirmos et morbosos
pariunt pueros,
ita
ut vel statim pereant, vel
tenues et valetudinarii vivant,
Cseteris vero
mortalibus dysenterise et ophthalmiae siccse
oriuntur
;
senioribus
autem
catarrhi
brevi
perimentes.
13. Si vero sestas sicca, et aquilonia
autumnus autem pluviosus
pitis dolores
ad
hyemem
fiat,
et australis, ca-
fiunt, et tusses, et
APHOEISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
63
In autumn, diseases are most acute, and
9.
are extremely fatal
;
the spring
is,
in general,
very healthy and diseases are then less
fatal.
Autumn is injurious to phthisis.
As it respects the seasons, — if a dry
10.
11.
winter, attended with northern winds, be fol-
lowed by a wet spring, and a prevalence of
southern winds, it must necessarily follow,
that the
summer
will
produce acute fevers,
ophthalmia, and dysentery, and thesf.
especially, with
more
women, and men of a lax
fibre,
12. If the
whiter be austral and rainy,
but otherwise calm, and the spring dry and
boreal,
the
wcmen who
expect to bring forth in
miscarry
spring,
causes; and even those
time, brijig forth
w^ho
eitiier
through
from
the
slightest
who go
their full
weak and
sickly children,
immediately perish or linger on,
infirm and emaciated.
life,
Other
maladies resulting from this disposition of
the seasons, are
dry dysentery
—
;-
and
the aged generally dying of
those
of ophthalmia
violent catairhs.
13.
But
if,
indeed, the
summer be dry
and boreal, and the autumn wet and
there
arise,
in winter,
cephalalgia,
austral,
coughs
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
64
raucedines, et gravedines
etiam
nonnuilis
;
et tabes.
14. Si
vero
aquilonius
fuerit aiitumnus,
iis
sine
pluviis
quidem qui natum sunt
liumidi, et mulieribus,
liquis vero
et
commodus
erit
ophthalmias erunt siccae, et
bres acutae, et diuturniB gravedines
busdam vero
15.
Ex
re-
;
;
fe-
qui-
et meiancholige.
anni vero constitutionibus, in uni»
yersum quidem
siccitates pluviosis sunt sa«
lubrioresj et miniis lethales.
Morbi autem
rumque fiunt, et
16.
quidem
in pluviosis
febres
longae,
et
plealvi
lluxiones, et putredmes, et epiieptici, et apoplectici et anginae
:
in siccitatibus vero ta-
urin3e
bidi, ophthalmiae, arthritides,
stillici^
dia, et dysenteriae.
17. Quotidian3£'
lonise
autem constitutiones, aqui-
quidem corpora compingunt,
et
ro-
busta^ et facile m^)bilia, et bene colorata, et
melius audientia faciunt,
cant, et oculos
thoracem,
ciiint.
si
mordent
;
alvos
et
sic-
dolorem circa
quis praeexistat,
Austrinas
etiam
majorem
fa-»
vero corpora dissolvunt,
iiumectant, et auditus graves, et capitis gra-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
hoarseness, and coryza
;
6B
and also some cases
of phthisis.
autumn be dry and boreal,,
those who are by nature of a humid constitution, as also women, will generally enjoy
good health
those of different constitu14. If the
;
tions will be afflicted with dry ophthalmia,
acute
some
15.
and obstinate coryzas
fevers,
will
As
and
;
be affected with melancholia.
it
regards the general constitution
of the year,— droughts are. for the most
more
part^^
healthy, and are less attended with dis-
ease, than excessive rains.
16.
The
diseases
sive rains, are, for
which attcud on excesthe most part, protract-
ed fever, diarrhoea, putrefaction,
apoplexy and
angina
;
those
epilepsy,,
which
arise
from long droughts, are tabes, ophthalmia^
gout, dysuria and dysentery.
17.
Next,
as to the quotidian eonstitution
of the atmosphere,
—-we observe that northern
winds serve to brace the body, rendering
it
strong, agile and florid, and giving great faci^
lity
it
of hearing,
— although,
at the
same time,
produces constipation of the bowels, and
flammation of the eyes
;
and, where a predis-
position to pectoral disease exists^
6^-
in-
it
tends.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!»
Yitates
faciunt,
corporibus
et
motum
oculis, et
vertigines in
difficilem,
hu-
et alvos
mectantc
Secundimi tempora autem, vere qui»
dem, et prima aestate, pueri, et his eetate
prokimi, optime degunt, et maxime sani
S8.
.
tiimni,
senes.
19.
Morbi autem
quibus
libet anni
quadam
aii^
sed autumno^ et
Reliquo
liyeme, qui medii sunt
in
parte
instate vero, et
sunt,
aetate.
quilibet fiunt
temporibus
;
quidem
nonnulli
vero in quibusdam ipsorum potius et
fiunt,
et exacerbantur.
20. Vere quidem^ insania?, et melancholiae,
et epilepsias, et sanguinis lluxiones, et
anginae^et gravedines, et raucedines, et tusses^
et leprae, et impetigines, et vitiligines, et pustular ulcerosae plurimce, et tubercula,
et ar-
ticulorum dolores»
21. iEstate vero, et
febres
continuae, et
plurimse, et
horum
ardentes,
quartafi^e,
et
nonnulla, et
et
tertian ae
vomitus^ et alvi
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
to aggravate
hand,
other
it.
Southern winds,
on the
produce lassitude and humirender
dity
of body,
the
head heavy,
the
hearing thick,
and impart dizziness of
sight, sluggishness
of body, and laxity
bowels.
18. In
67
succession
the
spring and beginning of
of
seasons
summer
of
—the
are ge-
nerally favourable to children, and those ap-
who then
The summer and
proximating to youth,
enjoy excel-
lent health.
early part of
autumn agree
well with the aged
;
but with
those of a middle age, the wniter and latter
autumn appear to
part of
Although diseases occur
19.
periods of the year,
diseases,
at various
yet there are peculiar
which appear, and seem most to pre^
peculiar seasons.
vail, at
20.
suit best.
The
spring
is
frequently
attended
with mania, melancholia, epilepsy, hemorrhage,
angina,
defiuxions
of
the
head,
hoarseness, cough, leprosy, cutaneous
affec-
tions,
white leprosy,^
ulcerative pustules,
and arthritic pains.
21. The summer, besides many of the
tubercles,
above
*-
We
Med.
affections, is attended
with continued
have here followed Coxe's definition of FHiligo.
Diet.
Vide.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
G8
fiuxuSj et ophthalmice, et
oris exulcerationes,
dines, et
22.
auriom dolores,
pudendorum
et
et
putre-
sudamiaa.*
Autumno autem,
quartans, et
et febres
et
ex
sestivis multay.
et lienes, et
erraticas,
hydiopes, et tabes, et urin^
lienterise, et dysenterise,
et
stiilicidia,
et
coxae dolores, et
angina, et asthmata, et volvuli, et epilepsic^y
et insani e, et melancholia.
23.
Hyenie
vero,
pleuritides,
peripneu-
moniae, lethargi, gravedines, raucedines, tusses, dolores
borum,
pectorum,
et laterum, et
lum-
vertigines,
apo-
et capitis dolores,
plexicc.
24. In setatibus aiitem talia eveniunt. Par^
vis
quidem
et
recens natis pueris aphthsSj,
vomitus, tusses,
vigilise,
pavores, umbilici
inflammationes, aurium humiditates.
25.
Ad dentitionem vero accedentibus gin-
«ivarum pruritus,
profluvia
;
et
febres, convulsiones, alvi
maxime
Sttdanaina, hydros,
ubi caninos dentes
Vide Coxe*s Med. ."DkU-.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
and inflammatory
and
quartans,
spontaneous
fluxes,
ophthalmia,
vomitings,
frequent tertians
fevers,
aivine
69
ulcerations
otalgia,
of the mouth, putrid affections of the geni-
and miliary eruptions.
tals,
22.
Autumn, with many of
of summer, has,
also,
the diseases
quartan and erratic
fevers, spleen, dropsy, tabes, strangury, lientery, dysentery, sciatica, angina, asthma, iliac
passion, epilepsy, insania
23. In
winter there
and melancholia.
arise
pleurisy,
ripneumony, lethargy, catarrh,
cough, pains of the breast,
pe-
hoarseness,
loins
side,
and
head, vertigo and apupiv xy,
24.* The following diseases obtain with
different ages
:
'witk early infancy^
—aphth^^
vomiting, cough, v>^atchfulness, terrors,
bilical
inflammation,
um-
and humidity of the
ears.
25.
At
the
commencement
there arise irritation
* This, and
rious
diseases
predisposed.
gums, fevers,
-these, more es-
of the
convulsions and diarrhoea
pecially, take place
of dentition,
;
—
on the appearance of the
the seven following Aphorisms,
to
which the
several periods of
treat of the valife
are peculiarly
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
70
producunt,
et ils qui inter
pueros sunt eras-
sissimi, et qui alvos duras habent.
26. lis autem qui aetate sunt majores, toninflammatae,
sillse
vtrticuli in
occipitio in-
trorsum extrlisiones, asthmata, calciilorum
generationes,
verrucae
iumbrici
rotundi,
ascarides,
satyriasmi.
(strangurias,)
strumas, et csetera tuber cuia,
maxime vero
pens' les,
suprct dicta.
27. iEtate vero adhuc provectioribus, et
jam ad pubertatem
dem
horum
progressis,
qui-
multa, et febres diuturn^, et ex nari-
bus sanguinis fiuxiones.
28.
Plurim£8 quidem affect'ones
in pueris
judicantur, aii^ in quadraginta diebus,
iae in
septem mensibus,
alise ipsib
alis in
al-
septem annisj
ad pubertatem accedentibus.
Quae
vero in pueris permanserint, neque solutae
fuerint circa pubertatem, aut in ioeminis circa
menstruorum eruptiones, diu perseverare
so-
lent.
29, Juvenibus autem, sanguinis spuitiones^
tabes, febres acutae, epilepsiae, et caeteri mor-^
bij
maxime
vero supra nominati.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
canine teeth, and are
children
who
71
aggravated in those
are of a gross constitution, and,
also, in those of a constipated habii".
26.
A
more advanced age
is
attended with
tonsillary inflammation, exostosis within the
occipital
brici,
vertebra,
27.
Still
lum-
satyriasis,
and other tumours,
scrophula,
specified, for the
worts,
pensile
ascarides,
strangury,
asthma, calculus,
most part, above.
advancing onward, until we
we observe
rive at puberty,
that with
ar-
most
of the above diseases, are joined protracted
fevers,
and nasal hemorrhages. (Vide note,
p. 69.)
28.
fest
Most of the diseases
of children mani»
themselves within forty days
seven months
:
others in
;
the former determine them-
selves in seven years
;
the latter frequently
But those which continue during childhood, and which do not
extend to puberty.
arrive
at a crisis
males)
with the
with puberty, or
first
appearance
(in fe-
of
the
menses, are apt to assume a permanent and
chronic character.
29. Those
who have
attained puberty, are
subject to sanguineous expectorations, tabes,
acute fevers, epilepsies, and
fections,
many
other af-
but more particularly the above.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
72
SO.
Ultra banc setatem vero progressis,
asthmata, pieuritides, peripneumoniae, lethargi, phrenitides, febres ardentes,
alvi proflu-
via diuturna, cholerse, dysenteriae, lienterisSj
haemorrhoides.
31.
Senibus autem,
spiraiidi difficultatesj
catarrh! tussiculosi, stranguriee, dysurise, ar-
ticulorum
doiores,
nephritides,
vertigines^
apoplexi^, mali corporis habitus, pruritus
totius corporis,
et
vigilise,
alvi,
et
oculorum,
narium humiditates, visus habetudines,
glaucedines, auditus gravitates.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES»
30.
As we
proceed onward
rive at the climacteric point)
risy,
(till ive
—asthma,
chronic
sentery, lientery
Age
affections,
ar-
pleu-
peripneumony, lethargy, phrenitis,
dent fever,
31.
73
diarrhoea, cholera,
ar^
dy»
and hsemorrhoides»
brings with
it
dyspnoea, catarrhal
strangury, dysury, painful articu«=
(of the joints)'^ likewise, nephritis^
vertigo, apoplexy, cachexy ; as also, itch, aflation
fecting the whole body, watchfulness,
dity of stomach, eyes
sight, cataract,
and
humi-
and nose, dimness of
diffiulty
* See note. Sect.
I.
of hearing.*
Apor.13.
HIPPOCRATXS APHORISMI
74
SECTIO
1.
Pr^gnantes purgandse,
mensem
:
hse vero
et seniores foetus,
utilia
tia,
minus.
:
Juniores autem^
talia e
etiam
qualia
sunt
materia tur-
caute vitare oportet.
In purgationibus
ducenda,
si
usque ad septimum
geat, quadrimestres, et
2.
IV,
contrario
corpore sunt
sponte prodeuntia
autem modo prodeun-
sistenda.
3.
Si
gentur,
quidem
qualia purgari oportet, pur=
confert, et facile
ferunt
:
contraria
vero, difficulter.
4.
Purgandum,
periores ventres
5.
Sub
;
aestate
hyeme
quidem, magis su«
vero, inferiores»
cane, et ante canem, difficiks sunt>
purgationes.
6. Graciles, et
purgandi, vitantes
facile
vomentes,
hyemem.
sursam
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
1.
nant
IV.
much turgescence in pregwomen, they may be purged from the
If there be
fourth to the seventh
extending to the
month
though seldom
;
more advanced
2.
In
We
period.
latter
should
very young, or
carefully avoid injuring the
the
75
foetus.
purgations— such matter
is
to
be
from the body, whose sponta-
eliminated
neous expulsion appears to be beneficial:
but
we
if
the latter
produce a contrary
are not to have recourse to
3.
Vide Aphor. 25.
Sect.
effect,
it.
1.
summer, we should prefer evacuating
stomach upwards
in winter, down-
4. In
the
;
wards.
5.
Preceding and during the
canicular
period, purgatives are with difficulty
sup-
ported.
6.
they
When
the delicate easily bear vomiting,
may have
to avoid
it
recourse to
in winter.
it
;
but they are
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
^b
Difficulter,
7.
autem vomentes,
et medio-
criter carnosi, deorsiim, vitantes sestatem.
Tabidi
8.
vero,
vitantes
(purgationes)
siirsum.
Melancholicos autem,
9.
sumpurgabis.
Eadem
uberius deor-
ratione^ coiitraria ad*
hibens.
Purgandum
10.
in valde
geat materia, e^Idem die
libus
malum
;
acutis,
si
tur«
morari enim in
ta-
est.
umbilicum
dolores, et lumborum dolor, qui neque purgante, neque aliter solvitur, in hydropem
11.
Quibus tormina,
et circa
siccum firmatur.
Quibus alvi sunt lientericge, eos hyeme
sursum purgare, malum.
^
12.
13.
Ad
elleboros, qui
non
facile
sursiim
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
77
But with those with whom vomiting
does not well agree, and who are inclined to
7.
of habit,
fulness
it
particularly, to
is,
avoided during the winter season.
8.
Those
be
'^
from phthisis should
suffering
avoid vomits.
9.
The
melancholic should be copiously
evacuated downwards
;
and, from the
same
principle of reasoning,
those of a contrary
temperament should be
differently treated.
In very acute affections, attended with
10.-
turgescence, purgatives are immediately to
be used
:
here,
procrastinate
to
is
dan-
gerous.
Those w^ho
11.
are tormented with severe
gripings, pains about the umbilicus, and in
the region of the loins, and
relieved by purgatives,
usually
12.
fall
It is
who
are neither
or any other means^
into tympanites.*
dangerous to vomit those whose
evacuations are lienteric, especially in winter.
13.
*
The
Those who
Latin version, both of Verhoofd and Villebrune,
fbUows the original
spirit
are not easily vomited
;
rather than the
but
we
letter
are
disposed, here, to
of the Author.
j'Cndered ut^w^» '^vfov^'tympanites.
7*
by
literally
regard the
We have,
therefore,
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI,
78
purgantur,
iis
ante potionem corpora prae-
humectanda, copiosiore alimento,
et quiete.
Ubi biberit quis elleborum, ad motiones quidem corporum magis ducito
ad
somnos vero, et quietem, minus. Declarat
autem etiam navigatio, quod motus turbat
14.
:
corpora.
Quando
15.
moveto corpus
iium
facito, et
vis
:
magis ducere elleborum,
quando vero
cessare,
som-
non moveto.
16. Llleborus periculosus est sanas carlies
habentibus
convulsionem enim inducit.
Non febricitanti
17.
oris ventriciili
et
tigo,
opus
:
appetitus dejectiis, et
morsus, et tenebricosa ver-
amarescensj
OS
sursum purgante
esse, indicat.
18.
Supra septum transversum
doloresp
qui purgatione egent, sursum purgante opus
esse indicant
19,
Qui
;
in
qui vero
infra,
deorsum.
purgantium potionibus pen
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES,
hellebore, should, previous to taking
fresh the system by rest and a
79
it,
re-
more copious
aliment.
14.
Motion of body favours the action
of hellebore
;
The
active.
rest
eft'ect
and sleep render
of sailing
is
it
less
an instance
of the influence of motion on the body,
15.
the
When
to
of hellebore
action
motion
:
becomes necessary
it
when we wish to
promote quiet and
16.
To
hellebore
— have
those
is
lessen
to assist
recourse to
it,
endeavour
sleep.
who
are
sound of body,
dangerous, and has a tendency
to induce convulsions.
17.
Want
of appetite,
uneasy sensation
of the upper orifice of the stomach, attended
with vertigo and obscure vision, and bitterness of
mouth
;
all
these
symptoms
existing,
without the presence of fever, indicate the
necessity of vomiting.
18. If there be
pain
immediately above
or beloiv the diaphragm, wherein evacuation
is essential
;
the former
demands vomiting,
the latter, purging.
19.
Those who during the operation Qf
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
80
diim purgantur, non cessant, prius-
sitiunt,
quam
sitiverint.
Non
20.
genum
febricitantibus
gravitas, et
fiat
si
iumborum
tormen,
et
dolor,
deorsum
qnalis
sanguis
purgante opus esse indicat.
Dejectiones
21.
niger,
nigrae,
cum
sponte prodeuntes, et
sine febre,
pessimae
et,
\
febre,
et
quanto colores de-
jectionum piures fuerint pejores, eo deterius
cum
purgante vero, melius
lores piures
non mali
atra,
vel
et
quanto co-
sunt.
22. Morbis quibus vis
bilis
;
;
incipientibus,
si
sursum, vel deorsum pro-
dierit, lethale.
23. Quibus
cumque ex morbis
acutis, aut
ex diuturnis, aut ex vulneribus, aut
quocumque modo
aliter
extenuatis, bilis atra, vel
qualiscumque sanguis niger prodierit, postridie
moriuntur.
24. Dysenteria,
si
ab atra
bile inceperitj
lethale.*
* Dejectio nigra velut sanguis, et
est
:
malae item omnes variorum
rat», pravae.
Coasts Frcenot
:
cum
febre et sine febre,
colorum
Aph.
;
et
abundc
17. Cap. xjtviii.
mala
bile aaCU'
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
81
purgatives have no thirst, ought to be purged
be induced.
until thirst
20. Pain in the lower region of the ab-
domen, with griping, and aching of
the
knees, unattended with fever, indicate the
necessity of purgatives.
Dark coloured dejections, resembling
black blood, coming on spontaneously, ei«
21.
ther with, or without fever,
vourable
;
and, the
these dejections
more
very unfa-
is
so, if the
become, with
colour of
their conti-
more depraved but if the evacuations assume a more favourable com-
nuance,
still
:
plexion, or,
if their
fect of purgatives,
dark colour be the
less evil is to
ef-
be appre-
hended.
At
commencement of all diseases,
of whatever nature they may be, the purging
22.
the
or vomiting of atrabilious matter
is fatal.
23. In those wasted by acute or chronic
diseases,
by wounds or any other received
injury, the evacuation of atrabilious matter,
or of a matter resembling dark blood,
is fol-
lowed, on the succeeding day, by death.
24. Dysentery, proceeding from atrabili*
ous matter,
is fatal.
B6sTON COrLEGE
FACUtrV LIBRARY
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
82
25. Sanguis sursiim quidem, qualiscum-
que
sit,
malum
deorsum
:
vero,
bonum,
ni-
ger subtiis secedens.
26. Si a dysenteria detento velut caruncecesserint, lethale est.
Guljfi
Quibus per febres sanguinis copia
undecumque eruperit, his in refectionibus
27.
alvi
humectantur.
28.
ditate
Quibus
biliosss
superveniente,
sunt egestiones, surcessant
et,
:
quibus
surditas est, biliosis supervenientibus, cessat.
29.
Quibus per
fuint, difficuiter
30.
Quibus
j
febres sexta die rigores
udicantur.
exacerbationes
eumque hora
eadem hora si
dimiserit
fiunt,
febris,
qui-
postridie
corripuerit, difficuiter judi-
©antur.
31.
Lassatis per
circa maxillas
febres ad articulos, ct
maxime, abscessus
fiunt.
;
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
The
25.
of
expectoration
small soever in quantity,
83
injurious
is
the evacuation of black blood
how
blood,
but
:
downwards
is
(frequently) advantageous.
26.
during dysentery, there come away
If,
by evacuation, substances resembling small
pieces of hesh, the disease will prove fataL
27.
A
profuse haemorrhage taking place
in fevers,* ironi whatsoever part,
followed,
during
recovery,
is
generally
by a
humid
stomach.
28.
With
those whose dejections are bi-
lious, if deafness supervene, a cessation of
the former will take place
who
:
and with those
coming on of
cuation generally removes it.
are deaf, a
bilious eva°
29. In fevers, where rigors take place on
the sixth day, the result
is
not easily
de^-
termined.
Where
30.
roxysms, go
attended
fevers,
off at a certain hour,
the following day, at the
ficult to
determine the
with
pa-
and return
same hour,
it is
dif=
with lassitude,
in-
crisis.
51. Fevers, attended
dicate a deposition of matter about the joints
and more especially near the maxillary
ar-
ticulation.
*
The
observations from the ayth to the 73d Aphor,
most part,
treat of pyrexial
symptoms.
&r
the
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
84
32.
Quibus ex morbo resurgentibus aliquid
dolet, ibi abscessus fiunt.
33. Sed
ibi se figit
quid doluerit ante morbum,
et, si
morbus.
34. Si a febre detento, tumore in fauci-
bUs non
existente, suffocatio
ex improviso su-
perveniat, lethale.
35. Si a febre detento collum derepentc
inversum
fuerit, et
more non
existente, lethale.
vix deglutire possit, tu-
36. Sudores febricitantibus
boni sunt die
si incesserintj
tertia, et quinta, et
septima, et
Bona, et undecima, et quarta decima, et sep-
tima decima,
et
septima,
trigesima prima, et trigesima
et
vigesima prima,
et
vigesima
Hi enim sudores morbum judicant*
Qui vero ita non fuint, laborem significantj
€t morbi longitudinem et recidivas,
quarta.
cum acuta quidem
mortem cum mitiore veroj
37. Sudores frigidi,
febre evenientes,
;
suorbi longitudinem significant.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES,
85
32. If in those recovering from indisposi»
occur any local pain,
tion, there
it
foreshows
the formation of an abscess.
33, But,
disease,
it
if local
pain immediately precede
foreshows a determination of the
disease to that part.
When
34.
suffocation suddenly
any tumour being present,
in fever, without
it
immediately proves
When,
35,
comes on
fatal.
consequence of fever, such
iii
an inversion of the action of the oesophagus
takes place, that, notwithstanding the absence
of tumour, deglutition can scarcely be per-
formed,
it is fatal.
36, Perspiration, in fever,
when
ninth,
it
comes out on the
is
third, fifth, seventhj
fourteenth,
eleventh,
favourable^
seventeenth,
twenty-first, twenty-seventh, thirty -first
thirty-fourth day
;
for these several
periodic
€al sweats are indicative of the disease.
if
they do not occur in this
ord«^^r,
shows a tedious and protracted
and
it
But
fore-
disease, at-
tended with many relapses.
37. Cold sweats
ver,
coming on with acute
annourice a speedy dissolution;
fe-
when
they exist but in a slight degree, they foretd
protracted illness.
8
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
86
38.
Et qua
morbum
39.
frigus,
40.
si
corporis parte inest sudor, ibi
esse indicat.
Et qua corporis parte inest calor, aut
ibi morbus est.
Et ubi in toto corpore mutationes, et
corpus perfrigeretur, aut rursus
aut color alius ex alio
nem
fiat,
calefiat^
morbi longitudi«
significat.
41. Sudor multus a somno, citra causam
manifestam factus, corpus uberiore alimento
Si vero
uti significat.
hoc
flat,
cibum non
capienti
evacuatione indigere significat.
Sudor multus, frigidus aut calidus,
semper fluens, frigidus quidem majorem, ca42.
minorem morbum significat.
43. Febres quaecumque non intermitten-
lidus vero
tes
tertia
|iericulos8e
mittant,
vehementiores
die
:
fiunt,
quocumque autem niodo
quod
sine periculo
siiit
magis
inter»
significat.
44. Quibus febres longse, his tubcrcula ad
articulos, aut dolores fiunt.
45. Quibus
tubercula ad
articulos,
aut
dolores et febribus iongis fiunt, hi pluribus
Utuntur
cibis.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
From whatsoever
38.
sweat breaks forth,
it
87
part of the
body
foreshows a determina-
tion of the disease to that part.
39. In wliatever part of the
cold arises,
40.
—
body heat or
there the disease seats
Where
itself.
there occur alternate changes
of cold and heat, and the complexion under-
goes various changes of colour, we
dict extended illness.
may pre-
41. Profuse sweats, during sleep, without
any manifest
local aiFection,
too plentiful diet
withstanding
men,
it
tlie
;
but
if it
may
arise
from a
take place, not-
observance of a frugal regi-
shows the necessity of evacuations.
42. Profuse
sweats,
continually present,
—
either
cold
the former
or hot^
denotes a
greater, the latter, a less disease.
43. Continued fevers, that increase in violence on the third day are, in consequencCj
more dangerous but if they,
assume an intermittent form,
the
;
in
any way,
the
danger
entirelv ceases.
44. Protracted fevers bring with
them
mours and pains of the joints.
45. Those vv^ho, from extended
have tumours or pains of the joints,
clined to excess in their food.
tu-
fevers,
are in-
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
88
46. Si rigor incidat febri non intermittently
debili
jam
existente aegro, iethaie.
47. Exscreationes in
febribus non inter-
mittentibus lividse, et cruentae, et graveolen-
omnes malse sunt. At probe
ht eadem ratio est quod
secedentts, bona?,
ad alvi egtstiones, et quod ^d uriuas. Si
tes, et biliosee,
vero
nihil
hsec loca,
ex conducentibus excernatur per
malum.
48. In non
intermittentibus febnbus, s!
externa quidem frigida
sint.
interna veru uran-
tur, et sitim habeant, lethale.
49. In lebre non intermittente,
si
labium,
aut supercilium, aut oculus, aut nasus pervertatur, si
jam
non
videat,
si
non auaiat, corporc
debili existente, quicquid
propinquo mors
50.
Ubi
in
fiat,
in
est.
febre
non intermittente
c ultas spirandi et delirium
51. In
horum
febribus,
fit,
diffi-
Iethaie.
abscessus qui non sol-
vuntur ad primas judicationes, morbi longi-
tudinem
52.
significat.
Quicumque
in febribus, aut in cgete-
—
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
89
46. Rigors coming on, in those enfeebled
by long continued
prove
fever,
fatal.
47. Livid, bloody, foetid and bilious stools^
coming on in continued
favourable
;
fevers, are alike
un-
but a timely appearance of them
is beneficial.
The same
observation
may be
applied to the alvine and urinary discharges
but
if
;
the matter offending be not thrown out
along with the excretions
—these
excretions
are injurious.
48. In continued fevers,
parts
be cold,
much
thirst, the disease will
aiid the
if
the external
internal hot,
49. In continued fever,
if
prove
the
with
fatal.
lip,
the eye
and eyebrow, and nose, become distorted
if
—
over the whole system —
the sight and hearing
vail
these
fail
debility pre-
all
and each of
foretel the near
approach of
;
symptoms
if
death.
50. In continued fever, delirium,
accom-
panied with difficulty of breathing, proves
fatal.
where abscesses have not
ht^n dispersed, during the primary stages
51. In fever,
of the disease, they foreshow extended
ill-
ness.
52.
When, in
fever, or in
8^
any in other
af-
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
90
ex proposito lachrymantur^
ris inlirmitatibus,
nihil incoiiveniens
sito,
qui vero non ex propo-
:
magis inconveniens.
53,
Quibus
in febre
cumnascuntur,
his
ad dentes viscosa
febris
fiunt
cir-
vehemen-
tiores.
54.
Quibus
diii
tusses siccse, pauh'im
tantes, in febribus ardentibus,
non
irri-
admodum
siticulosi sunt.
55, In bubonibus
febres,
omnes
malse,
prseter ephemeras.
56. Febricitanti sudor superveniens, febre
non
malum.
reniittente,
morbus,
57.
A
et
copiosiorem humiditatem indicat.
convulsione aut tetano detento,
bris superveniens solvit
58.
A
Prolongatur enim
morbum.
febre ardente detento, rigore super-
veniente, solutio
(fit).
59. Tertiana exquisita in septem ad
mum
60.
fe-
sum-
circuitibus judicatur.
Quibus
in febre aures obsurduerint,
his sanguis e naribus effluens, aut alvus ex-
turbata,
morbum
solvit.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
91
fection, the patient sheds tears voluntarily,
is
not unfavourable
luntarily,
it is
;
but
around the
they flow invo-
somewhat alarming.
When, during
53.
if
it
teeth,
it
fever,
sordes
collect
denotes the violence of
the disease.
54.
Those who,
in ardent fevers, are trou-
bled for a long time with dry cough, and
somewhat of irritation, have not much thirst,
55. Buboes arising in fever are always dangerous, except in ephemera.
56. Perspiration
coming on
in fever, with-
out a remission of the disorder taking place,
is
an unfavourable circumstance
case,
;
for in that
denotes a too copious humidity of the
it
system, and foreshows a prolongation of the
disease.
57. If in convulsion or tetanus, fever su-
pervene,
58.
he disease goes
When
they prove
rigors
off.
come on
in ardent fever,
critical.
59. Severe tertians determine themselves,
at farthest, in
60.
is
Wnen
generally
©r diarrhoea.
seven paroxysms.
comes on in fever, it
removed by nasal haemorrhage,
deafness
92
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
61. Febricitanti, nisi in diebus imparibiis
dimiserit febris, reverti solet.
Quibus in febre morbus regius snpervenit ante septimum diem, malum est.
63. Quibus in febribus quotidie rigores
62.
iiunt, quotidie febres solvuntur.
64.
Quibus
in febre septima, aut
nona, aut
undecima, aut quart a decima morbus
re-
bonum est nisi dextrum
hypochondrium durum sit alioqui, non bogius supervenit,
:
;
num.
65. In febribus circa ventrem sestus vehe-
mensj
et oris ventriculi dolor,
66. In
febribus
malum.
acutis convulsiones,
circa viscera doiores vehementes,
et
malum.
67. In febribus, ex somnis pavores, aut
convulsi >nes,
malum.
68. In febribus spiritus ofFendens,
eonvulsionem enim
malum
:
significat.
Quibus urinse crassae, grumosse, paueae, non sine febre, copia ex his succedens
tenui, juvat.
Tales autem iis maxime pro69.
deunt, quibus ab initio morbi^ aut brevi post,
subsidentiam continent.
—
APHORISMS OP HIPPOCRATES.
61.
day,
Unless fever depart on an irregular
apt to return.*
it is
62.
jaundice supervene be-
in fever,
If,
fore the seventh
63.
93
Those
day
—
fevers
it is
unfavourable.
which have daily
rigors^
have dailv remissions.
64. Jaundice supervening, in fever, on the
seventh, ninth, eleventh and fourteenth day
favourable: but
is
if
drium be indurated,
65.
If,
hypochon-
the right
it is
not so.
in fever, a violent heat arise
about
the stomach aud upper orifice of the stomach?
it is
unfavourable.
66. Convulsions and violent pains of the
viscera, in acute fever, are unfavourable.
67.
If,
in fever,
the sleep be disturbed
convulsion or terror,
68.
An
—
When,
grumy, scant
precedes convulsion.
it
with existing fever, a thick,
urine, is followed
copious discharge
the
more
so,
disease, or a
sits
denotes danger.
interrupted respiration in fever is
unfavot-rable
69.
it
by
—
when,
little
it is
beneficial
at the
time
by a thin and
is
commencement
of
after, the
a sediment.
* See
Aphor.
but
it
24. Section
II.
;
urine depo«
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
94
70.
Quibus autem
in febre uriiise contur-
batae, quails ju mentor um, his capitis doloreSj
aut ads Lint, aut aderunt.
Quibus morbi septima die judicantur,
lis nubeculam rubram urina die quarta continet, et csetera secundum rationem.
71.
Quibus urinee pellucidse, albae, malae,
Maxime autem in phreneticis observatur»
72.
73.
Quibus hypochondria
elevata
lumborum superve-
murmurantia,
dolore
niente, his alvi
humectantur
:
nisi flatus eru-
perint, aut urinse copia prodierit.
bus autnii
74.
sunt
In fehri-
^'(ec.
Quibus spes
est
abscessum fore ad
ticulos, eos abscessu iiberat urina
multa
crassa, et alba reddita, qualis in febribus
;
aret
cum
iassitudine quarta die quibvisdam fieri incipit.
Si vcrj etiam ex naribus
perit, brevi
admpdum
sanguis eru-
solvit.
75. Si quis sanguinem,
aut pus mingat,
renum, aut vesicae exulcerationem
significat.
;
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
When,
70.
the urine has a tur=
in fever,
bid appearance, such as
in labouring animals,
sent, or
is
it
wont
to take place
denotes either pre-
approaching pains of the head,
When the
71-
95
disease determines itself
on
the seventh day, the urine contains a red ne*
bulous matter, and assumes other character^
istic
appearances.
When
72.
the urine assumes a white pel-
lucid appearance,
is
it is
unfavourable, for such
a distinguislied character of phrenitis.
73.
When
distention of the hypochondria,
attended with borborygmus, takes place,
if
pain of the loins supervene, diarrhoea follows
unless there be a discharge of wind, or copi°
Tkus much of/ever.^
ous issue of urine.
74.
Where
there
is
any expectation of ab-
scess being about to take place in the joints,
it
prevented by a plentiful emission of
is
urine, of a thick, white consistence, such as
is
voided in the fourth day of fevers attended
with lassitude.
with
But
if
there be
combined
haemorrhage from the nose^ the
still more sudden.
this, a
relief is
75.
A
micturition of blood or pus de-
notes ulceration of the kidneys or bladder»
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI,
96
76. Qiiibus in urina crassa existentc ca«
runculae parvse, aut veluti
una
pili
exeunt.,
his de renibus excernunturo
77.
Quibus
in urina crassa existente fur-
furacea simul minguntur,
iis
vesica scabie
laborat.
78.
1,
Qui
f^^ponte
renibus vci
79.
illis
ge
Quibus
sanguinem mingunt,
ruptionem
in urina,
significat.
arenosa subsidentj
vesica calculo laborat.
80. Si quis
sanguinem mingat,
@t urinas stiiucidium habeatj
imum
ad
his
et
grumos^
et dolor incidat
ventreni, et perinseunij partes eirca
vesicam laborant»
81. Si quis banguinem et pus raingat^ et
squamas,
tionem
82.
ti
odor gravis
vesicae exuicera^
signiiicat.
Quibua
in urinaria fistula
Bascitur, bib, bupparato
tic
sit,
tuberculuna
eoet perrupto,
solu-^^
fit,
83. Mictio noctu multa contingens^ par-
Vatn alvi dtjectioncm significat.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
76.
When
a thick urine
is
97
voided with
small caruncles, resembling short pieces of
excretion proceeds from the kid-
hair, the
neys,
77.
A
micturition of thick urine, together
with a furfuraceous matter, shows an ulceration of the bladder,
78.
A
spontaneous micturition of blood,
shows the rupture of a
79.
A
sandy deposit
from a calculus
renal vein.
in the urine
proceeds
in the bladder.
80. If a micturition of blood and
grumous
matter, be connected with strangury and pain
in the
hypograsirmm and perinseum,
it
mdi-
Gates an affection about the bladder.
81. If there be a micturition of blood,
pus
an squamse, accompanied with a disagreeable odour,
it
denotes an ulceration of the blad-
€ler.
82. If a tubercle, arising in the urethra^
suppurate and break, the disorder ceases.
83.
A
the night,
copious emission of urine, during
is
indicative of a less copious al-
vine dejection,
9
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMIa
98
SECTIO
1.
2.
V.
Convulsio ab elleboro
Vulneri
convulsio
lethale.
superveniens,
le-
thaie.
3.
Sanguine multo
effuso,
singultus superveniens,
4.
Purgationi
malum.
immodicae convulsio,
singultus superveniens,
5.
convulsio, aut
malum.
Si quis ebrius ex improviso
convulsus moritur,
aut
nisi
febris
mutus
fiat,
corripuerit^
aut ubi ad horam qua crapulae solvuntur,
pervenit, locutus fuerit.
6.
Qui a
tetano corripiuntur, in quatuor
diebus pereunt
;
si
vero hos efFugerint, sani
fiunt.
Quibus epilepsise ante pubertatem conQuibus vero
tingunt, mutationem habent.
7.
accidunt
viginti
quinque annos
natisj
his-
plerumque commoriuntur.
8.
Qui
pleuritici
facti,
non repurguntui?
superne in quatuordecim diebus,
purationem convertitur.
is
in sup-
APHORISMS OV HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
1.
99
V.
Convulsion, arising from hellebore,
is
Convulsion, arising from a wound,
is
fataL
2.
fatal.
Convulsion, or hiccough,
3.
from haemorrhage,
Convulsion,
4.
from immoderate
If
5.
briation
aphonia
is
proceeding
dangerous.
or hiccough, proceeding
catharsis,
dangerous.
is
come on suddenly from
ine-
—death ensues, — unless fever super-
vene, or the speech return, on the intoxication going off.
Those who
6.
are
expire within four days
seized with tetanus,
;
but
if
they survive
the fourth day, they generally recover.
Those who
7.
are attacked with epilepsy
before the age of puberty, have a chance of
cure
the
;
but when the disorder comes on after
twenty-fifth year,
it
ceases
only with
life.
8.
In pleuritic affections,
Gome not on
commences.
if
expectoration
in fourteen days, suppuration
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
100
9.
Tabes maxime
fit
aetatibus
ab anno oc-
tavo decinio usque ad quintum trigesimunie
Quibus anginam effugientibus ad pulmoneni vertitar, in septern diebus tnoriuntur.
10.
Si vero hos efFugerint, suppurati fiunt.
11.
A
tabe vexatis,
si
sputum quod ex-
tussiuntj^prunis superfusum,
et capiiii
^e
capite defiuant,
1% Quibus
graviter oleat,
letiiaie.
tabe laborantlbus capilli de
hi alvi iiuxu super veniente,
capite ciefiuuut,
moriuntur.
13.
his
Qui sanguinem spumosum ex spuunt,
ex pUiUione
14.
A
talis rejectio
lit.
tahe detento alvi proilavium super-
veniens, lethale.
15.
Qui ex
pleuritide
intra quadraginta dies,
facta,
repurgentur
suppurati fiunt,
ex quo ruptio
superne,
si
fuerit
liberantur
:
si
vero minus, ad tabem transeunt.
16.
Calidum, eo frequenter utentibus, has
effeminationem,
ner-
vorum impotentiam, mentis torporem,
san-
affert
noxas
:
carnis
guinis eruptiones, iuiimi deiiquia
bus mors.
:
hsec qui-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
Phthisis manifests
9.
from the eighteenth
part,
for the
itself,
101
most
to the thirty-fifth
year.
10.
When
lungs, the
patient
he escape
this
dies
in
the
itself to
angina translates
seven days
;
if
suppuration com-
period,
mences.
11. In phthisis, if the matter expectorated,
when thrown upon
odour
and
;
the disease
if
live
the hair
coals,
fall
emit a
foetid
from the head,
is fatal.
12. In phthisis, if the hair
head, and diarrhoea ensue
—
fall
the
from the
disease
is
fatal.
13.
The expectoration of a spumous blood
proceeds from the lungs.
14. In phthisis, diarrhoea proves
15.
risy,
—
When empyema
if,
fatal.
comes on
in pleu-
after the abscess breaks,
the mat-
be expectorated within forty days, the
ter
disorder ceases
:
but, if
it
happen otherwise,
the disease assumes the character of phthisis.
Excess of heat induces debility of
muscular fibre, impotence of nerve, tor-
16.
tiie
por of mind, haemorrhage,
lastly, death.
fainting,
and,
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI,
102
Frigidum
17.
autem,
convulsiones,
te-
tanos, nigrores, et rigores febriies.
Frigidum inimicum ossibus, denti-
18.
bus, nervis, cerebro, spinali medullae
lidum vero
ca-
utile,
Quse perfrigerata
19.
:
oportet, prseterquam
sunt,
excalefacere
sanguinem pro-
quae
fundunt, aut sunt profusura.
quidem mordax,
cutem obdurat, dolorem non suppurantem
20. Ulceribus frigidum
nigrores, rigores febriles, convulsiones,
facit,
et tetanos.
21. Est vero, ubi in tetano sine ulcere,
juveni bene carnoso, sestate media^
revocationem facit;
multse afFusio caloris
calor
autem hsec
frigidae
solvit.
22. Calidum suppuratorium, non in
ulcere,
cutem
maximum signum
ad securitatem
emollit, attenuat, dolores
sedat,
gores, convulsiones, tetanos mitigat
tis
vero gravitatem solvit
confert ossium
nudatis
capite
fracturis
:
:
omni
:
;
ri-
capi-
plurimum autem
max me
i
vero de-
quidem maxime, qui in
ulcera habent
et quae a frigore mo:
ex
his
:
riuntur^ aut ulcerantur
:
et herpetibus exe-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
103
Excess of cold induces convulsion,
tetanus, petechiae, and febrile rigors.
17.
18.
Cold
prejudicial to the bones, teeth,
is
marrow
nerves, braia, and spinal
the contrary,
Those
19.
is beneficial
pvirts
heat,
on
to them.
which have suffered from
ought to be warmed,
cold,
:
haemorrhage takes place, or
—except
when
about to take
is
place.
Cold proves corrosive
20.
to harden
the
to ulcers, tends
causes
skin,
pain
by sup-
pressing suppuration, and induces petechias,
febrile rigors, convulsions
21.
When
and tetanus.
place, without
takes
tetanus
previous ulcer, in the middle of summer, in
those of
full habits,
—
cold affusion serves to
recall the absent heat, and,
thereby, termi-
nate the disease.
22. In most
tions) heaty^
greatly
wounds (with few excep-
by favouring suppuration, tends
to their
cure
:
it
softens
tenuates the skin, subdues pain,
rigors, convulsions
the
for
attendant
and
particularly those in
nuded, and
^
is,
at-
mitigates
and relieves
of head
it is,
tetanus,,
heaviness
the most part,
and
beneficial
:
in fractures,
which the bone
furthermore,
is
greatly
deser-
Te ^egjCtov—however, CaliJa A^aa ought, here, to be understood^
;
104
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
dentibus, sedi, pudendo, utero, vesicae. His
ealidum quidem amicum et decretorium
frigidum vero inimicum et occidens.
23, In his autem frigido uti oportet unde
sanguis erumpit,
super
Ipsa,
aut erupturus
sed circa haec
unde
est
:
influit.
non
Et
quajcumque inliammationes, aut flammei ardores ad rubrum et sanguineum coiorem vergentes novo sanguine, super ipsos
nam
:
inveteratos nigrefacit
exulceratum (juvat)
:
:
erysipelas etiam
non
quoniam exulceratum
Igedit,
24. Frigida
velut nix,
glaeies,
pectori
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
105
it,
alsOg
wounds of the head
does good when applied to parts ulcerated
viceable in
:
or mortified by coid
;
and, also, to that spe-
cies of ulcerative tetter affectnig the
womb
pudendum,
and bladder
these, therefore, /ie«^*
dicious in
its
— with
beneficicii
is
application
;
anus,
and ju-
whereas cold
;
highly prejudicial and even
all
is
atal.
23. In those instances where haemorrhage
takes place, or
is
about to take place, the
application of cold f
tually to the
parts
is
h emorrhage
circumjacent.
But
itseif,
but to the
wheresoever
in-
new
ac-
flammation exists, or when, from a
cumulation
quire
oi
blood, the parts affected, ac-
a preternatural
part
is
itself
;
to be
and assume a
heat,
flame-coloured appearance,
of cold
the
application
made immediately
to the
otherwise, by a long continuance
of the inflammation, discolouration
parts
not ac-
necessary,
will take
place.
of the
In erysipelas, unat-
tended with ulceration, cold applications are
beneficial,
but when ulceration
is
present,
they are injurious.
24. Cold applications, such as
• See note, p. loj.
f Aqua
snow and
friglda.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
106
inimica, tusses movent, sanguinis eriiptiones
ac catarrhos induciint.
Tumores autem
25.
absque ulcere,
et podagricos, et convulsiones;
horum plurima
et attenuat, et
in articulis et dolores
frigida
multa
dolorem
solvit.
afFusa,
et levat
Torpor enim
inodicus doloris solvendi vim habet.
Aqua, quae
26.
cito calefiat, et cito
re-
frigeratur, levissima.
Quibus autem bibendi
27.
tu,
valde
iis
sitientibus,
appetentise noc-
si
obdormierint,
bonum.
28. SulEtus
ssepiiis
autem
aromatum muliebria ducit,*
et
ad
alia utilis esset, nisL ca-
pitis gravitates induceret.
29.
teria,
Pr ipgnantes purgandse, si t orgeat ma»
quadrimestres, et usque ad septimum
mensem
et
:
semores
hae vero minus.
Juniores autem,
foetus, cautevitare oportet.
Mulierem in utero gerentem ab acuto
aliquo morbo corripi, lethale.
30.
* Villebrune understands here " aromatum sufposHorum,^'
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
to the breast,
ice, are injurious,
107
producing
cough, catarrh, and hasmorrhage.
Tumours, and
25.
attended with
pains of the joints, un-
ulcer;
convulsive and
also,
podagrical aiFections, are, for the most part,
by frequent cold
affusions,
which
have a tendency to mitigate and throw
off the
moderate degree of
torjjor
benefitted
complaint
has the
:
for a
of subduing pain.*
eftect
Tiat water
26.
est heated
which
is
soon-
those
who need much drink du-
—
sleep succeed great thirsty
ring the night,
it is
lightest
and cooled.
With
27.
is
if
a favourable symptom.
28. Aromatic fumigations
menstrual flux
they are, also, serviceable in
:
other instances
bring on the
;
but we should discontinue
them where they induce heaviness of head.f
29. See Aphor.
With
30.
From
Sect. iv.
pregnant women, acute diseases
generally prove
•
1.
fatal.
the inference here drawn,
it
will appear
that
Hippo»
crates considered cold, in every stage, as a sedative.
f
J}e,
We
have our doubts, whether
indeed,
ridieuleut.
his suggestion (so oftefl ridieuled^
HIPPOCRAIIS APHORISMI.
108
31. Muiier
utero gerens
in
abortit, et magis, si
32.
struis
33.
Mulieri
major
secta vena
fuerit foetus.
sanguinem evomenti,
erumpentibus, solutio
men-
fit,
menstruis deficientibus, e
Mulieri,
naribus sanguinem fiuercj bonum.
34. Mulieri in utero gerenti,
muU
alvus
si
tiim fiuxerit, periculum ne abortiat.
35. Mulieri ab uterina passione vexatse^
aut difiicuiter parienti, sternutatio superveBiens,
bonum.
S6, Mulieri menses decolores, neque se-
cundum eadcm semper prode antes,
purga=
tione opus esse significant.
37. Mulieri
in
utero gerenti
ex improvibo graciles
38.
Mulieri
liiamma
in
litrum abortit, et
iat^
marem
:
si
si
vero
mammae
fiant, abortit.
utero
gracilis fiat,
si
gerenti,
altera
si
gemellos gestanti,
quidem dextra
sinistra^
alter-
gracilis
feminam.
APHORISMS OF aiPPOCR ATES.
31,
With
109
pregnant women, venesection
produces abortion
especially
;
if
gestation be
far advanced.
32.
in
When
women,
it
vomiting of blood takes place,
ceases on the appearance of the
menses.
S3,
When
a deficiency takes place in the
menstrual discharge, nasal haemorrhage
is
be-
neficiaL
34.
When
comes on, in preg>some danger of abor-
diarrhoea
nant women, there
is
tion.
35\ In hysterical affections, or difficult parturition, sternutation is beneficial.
36, Discoloured and irregular menses indicate the necessity of purgatives.
37,
A
sudden subsidence of the breast%
during pregnancy,
is
followed by abortion.
38, In pregnancy, where twins
stre
pres^n%
a subsidence of either breast foreshows the
death of one of them
;
a male foetus
the right breast, and a female,
reft.
10
—
if it
if it
be
be the
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
110
39. Si mulier
qnx
peperit, iac habeat, ei
nee prasgnans est nee
menstrua defecerunt,
mammas
40. Mulieribus quibus in
insaniam
-guis convertitur,
Mullerem
41.
iians sit, iibi
si velis
significat,
cognoscere an pr^g-
dato, et
quidem tormen
si
habeat circa ventrem, prsegnans est :
minus, prsegnans non
bene colorata est
si
:
tjuidem
si
marem
vero feminam,
colorata.
43. Si mulieri prsegnanti
Htero
ver©
si
est.
42. Mulier pryegnans,
male
san-
dormitura est (incoenatsej aquam
mulsam bibendam
gestat,
.
fiat,
erysipelas
in
lethale.
44. Quae
prtaeter
naturam tenues
in utero gerunt, abortiunt,
existentes-
priusquam
cras-
sescant.
45. Quae vero mediocriter corpus habentes
abortiunt bimestres et trimestres
causa manifest», his uteri acetabula
;
sine
muco
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
A
39.
those
had
Ill
secretion of milk, in the breasts of
who
are not pregnant,
offspring, proceeds
and have never
from a suppression of
the menstrual discharge.
A
40.
secretion of blood (instead
in the breasts
(ofpuerperal
of 7tiilk)
women ^) is
folio w^-
cd by mania.
41. In order to ascertain whether a wo-
man be pregnant
on her
or not, administer hydromel,
retiring supperiess to
duce griping, she
is
bed
pregnant
:
—
if it
pro-
—otherwise,
not.*
42.
In pregnancy
dicates a male,
—a
fine
complexion
and the contrary
—
in-
a female
foetus.
43.
rus,
An
erysipelatous affection of the ute-
during pregnancy, proves
44.
Women
who, during pregnancy, be-
come exceedingly
begin to grow fat.
45.
bit of
fatal.
thin,
When women
miscarry until they
of a tolerable
*
The
ha-
body, miscarry, without any manifest
cause, about the second or third
with
full
philosopher, the extent of whose
his douks
credo,
("•
staunch sectarian
!
— As
quod impossibile
we
Mid/was
est")
month of
in
a
direct ratio
must have been a
profess no particular professional creed?
Wje leave this Aphorism as " un morceau" for the
critic.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI»
il2
plena sunt, et non possunt continere fostmn^
abrumpuntur.
prae gravitate^ sed
46. Qugeprseter naturam crassae existentes
non
concipiiint
in utero, his
uteri comprimit,
omentum
os
priusquam attenuentur^
et,
praegnantes non fiunt.
47. Si uterus coxi incumbens suppuratus
necesse
fuerit,
mniem
est, ut pure
colllquescant.^
quidem
48. Foetus, mares
minse vero in
49.
'indito,
profuso, vicmia in
sinistris
Ut secundse
in dextris, fe-
magis.
excidant,
sternutatorio
nares et os apprehendere oportet.
50. Mulieri menstrua
cucurbitam
si
velis
cohibere.
quam maximam ad mammas ap-
pone.
* In the
latter part of this
Latin version of Villebrunc
rant.
j
Aphorism
which the
we
have preferred tht
original text seems to
war
AFH02irSMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
pregnancy,
it
il3
denotes a too copious mucosi--
tv in the pelvis of the uterus
;
womb,
the
becomes incapable of retaining the
which latter detaches itself by its own
therefore,
foetus,
weight.
46.
Women
excessively corpulent do not
conceive, on account of the
omentum com-
mouth of the uterus
they
cannot become pregnant until the
pressing the
therefore,
;
3.
system be reduced,
47. (In prolapso uteris) where the
womb
upon the ischia, should suppuration
commence, the pus soon degenerates into
sanies, and the parts adjoining are melted
down.
rests
48.
The male
the female^
—
-to
foetus inclines to the right
the
—
left side.
49. In order to hasten the rejection of the
secundine, a sternutatory
tered, at the
is
to be adminis-
same time the mouth and nose
are to be closed.
50.
To
restrain the menstrual; discharge^
a large cupping-glass
is
to
breasts,-
m^
be applied to
tlio
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
114
Quae
51.
clausum
in
utero gerunt,
harum
est.
Mulieri in utero gerenti
52.
ex
lactis
mammis
significat.
fluxerit,
infirmum foetum
graciles
fiant,
dolor
Si
fiunt.
erit,
mammsej
sfgnificat.
Quae perditurae sunt
mse
multum
si
Si vero solidse fuerint
saniorem foetum
53.
os uteri
aut in
mam-
foetus, his
vero rursiis
mammis,
durae
aut incoxis^
aut in oculis, aut in genibus, et non perdunt.
Quibus os uteri durum
cesse est OS uteri clausum esse.
54.
55.
Quaecumque
est,
his ne-
in utero gerentes a febri^
bus corripiuntur, et vehementer attenuantur,
absque manifesta occasione, difficulter et
periculose pariunt,
aut
abortientes pericii*
tantur,
56. Si fluxui muliebri convulsio et animi
deliquium superveniat, malum,
Mensibus copiosioribus prodeuntibus,
morbi contingunt non prodeuntibus^ ab *it€^
57.
:
ro fiunt morbi*
58.
Recto intestino inflammato,
et uter^
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
During
51
womb
is
gestation, the
Il5
mouth of
the
closed.
52. If a great flow of milk from the breasts
take
place during gestation,
weakness of the
foetus
maintain their firmness,
;
it
but
is
it
if
denotes the
the breasts
indicative of a
healthy child.
53.
A
subsidence of the breasts
ed by abortion
;
but,
is
follow-
they resume their
if
usual firmness and become painful, accom-
panied also with pains in the hips, eyes and
kneesj the result will be favourable.
54.
When the mouth
to the touch,
55.
it is
of the uterus
is
hard
necessarily closed.
Those who, during pregnancy,
are
seized with fever, attended with great waste
of body, and that, too, without any manifest
cause, have a difficult and dangerous parturition,
or an abortion, followed by alarming
consequences.
56.
If,
in
menorrhagia, convulsion and
fainting supervene, the case is alarming.
57.
A too
copious menstrual discharge in-
duces (general) disease
;
a suppression, on
the other hand, causes a (local) affection of
the uterus.
56. Inflammation of the
rectum and
tite-
HIPPOCRATXS APHORISMI.
116
infiamniato^ et
renibus
stjliicidium hupervenit
i
suppuratis,
hepati
iinnse
autem iniiam»
mato, singultus supervenit.
59.
Mulierj
an conceptura
velis aiitem scire
circumtectam subter
procedere
tibi
non
ventre
in
si
suffito
;
concipiat,
sit,
vestibus
et si
quidem
videatur odor per corpus ad
nares et ad os, scito hanc, non propter se ip-
sum, iofecundam
esse.
60. Si mulieri in iitero gerenti purgationes
prodeant, fcetum
sanum
esse impossibile.
61. Si mulieri purgationes non prodeanty
neque horrorcj neque febre supervenicntCj
cibi
auteni
fastidia
ipsi
accidant
;
hanc in
Htero gerere putato.
62.
Qu^
frigidos ac
densos uteros ha-
non concipiunt et quce prsehumidos
habent uteros, non concipiunt extinguitur
bent,
;
;
enim
ipsis genitura
adurentes
:
rumpitur.
mentum
:
alimenti
et quae siccos
magis
enim inopia semen
et
cor-
Qua? vero ex utrisque tempera-
habent moderatum, hae ipsae pro-
Jiferae fiunt.
—
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
rus,
117
and suppuration of the kidneys, are suc-
ceeded by strangury
the liver
is
but inflammation of
;
followed by hiccough.
59. In order to ascertain whether a
wo-
man, who has not conceived, be capable of
conception,
let
hi her garment,
if
her be completely enveloped
and fumigated from beneath
;
the odour, pervading the body, be percep-
nose and mouth,
tible at the
is
it
an evi-
dence that her non- conception proceeds from
no impotence on her part.*
60. If the menstrual discharge occur du-
ring pregnancy,
an unhealthy
a sure indication of
is
it
foetus.
61. If there happen a suppression of the
menses, unaccompanied with horrors and
fe-
but attended with loathing of food,
we
ver,
may
conclude
that
conception has taken
place.
62. Conception does not take place
the uterus
cold,
is
where
dense or humid,
for
here, the generative fire
neither does
has too
the seed
ment
it
much
is
*
is
extinguished
;
take place where the uterus
of heat or siccity,
—
for here^
destroyed for want of due
those
:
—
only
who
are
removed
Vide note accompanying Aphor. 41.
p.
iii»
ali-
from.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
118
autem
63, Similiter
Aut enim
propter corporis
adeo
extrti fertur
et
propter ciensitatem
foras
;
etiam
raritateiii spiritus
semen nun eniittat aut
humidum non pervadit
:
aut propter frigiditatem liOn incalescit,
ut ad hunc locum congregetur
caliditatem hoc
64.
masculis.
in
aut propter
idem contmgit.
Lac dare
Malum
;
malum*
capita dolentibus,
vero etiam febricitantibus, et
qui»
bus hypochondria elevata sunt, nmrmnrantia,
et siticuiosis.
Malum autem
dejectiones biiiosse, et
febribvss
:
et
est egestiO.
modi
Ui
iis
et
quibus
qui in acutis sunt
quibus copiosi sanguiias facta
Convenit vero tabidis non ad-
vaidL febricitantibus (lac) dare,
in febribus iongis et ianguidis, nuilo
pradictis sigrus praesente
quideni cxienuatis.
;
et prteter
et
ex su-
rationem
;
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
and who are possessed of a
cither extreme,
moderate temperament, are
The same
63.
tain with males
;
prolific.
circumstances equally ob-
— scmttimes,
the body,
of
meability
119
from the per-
the
subtile
spirit
escapes outward, in so much, that no emis-^
semen takes
sion of
from the
impervious
eretiiig
orgcmj the
ternally
:
place (in coitu)
(of the ex^
cannot escape ex-
may
frigidity of the parts,
may
from a
also arise
whereby they cannot
be excited to emission
excessive heat
or
nature
fluid
impotence
^
also
(during coition)
produce the same
effect.
64. Milk
afflicted
is
injurious to
who
those
are
with headach, fever, and distention
hypochondrium, attended with bor-<
borygmus,— also, where great thirst exists ;
of the
furthermore,
it is,
injurious
in
bilious
jections and acute fevers, and where
blood
is
voided
in egestion
beneficial in phthisis,
sent,
—
also,
in
when
:
fever
it,
we
are,
;
present.
in
therefore,
serve, that none of the foregoing
fee
is
slow protracted fevers,
tended with great emaciation
ministration of
much
however,
it is,
little
de--
the
preatad-,
to ob-
symptoms
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
120
Quibus tumores
65.
in ulceribus apparent,
non valde convelluntur, neqiie insaniunt*
His autem derepente disparentibus, quibus
in postica quidem parte fuerint, convulsiones
ii
et tetani
fiunt
:
quibus vero in antica,
saniie, aut lateris dolores acuti,
ratio, aut dysenteria, si
in-
aut suppu-
rubicundi fuerint tu-
mores,
66. Si magnis et pravis existentibus
vuL
neribus, tumores non appareant, ingens
ma-
lum.
67.
Laxi
tumores,
boni
crudi
;
vero^
mali.
68. Postica capitis parte dolenti, recta in
fronte vena secta juvat.
69. Rigores incipiunt, mulieribus quidem^
ex lumbis magis, et per dorsum ad caput ;
viris autem postica magis parte, quam anlica corporis, velut ex cubitis ac femoribus,
Sed
et
cutis viris
rara
Hoc quidem
est.
gilus indicat.
70.
A
quartanis eorrepti,
h,
convulsioae
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES»
65.
Tumefaction supervening
wounds^
in
prevents both spasm and delirium
wounds
of the back,
of the
but in
the tumefaction sud-
if
:
body
tetanus
are attended with delirium, or
acute pains of the side
tion, or dysentery,
if
;
and convulsions
wounds received on the fore-part;
denly disappear,
follow
121
also with suppura-
;
—and
this
more
especially
the tumefaction be very red,
66.
If
in
bad
and
large
conditioned
wounds, tumefaction does not take place^ the
danger is considerable,
Tumours which have a
67.
l^eneficial
;
soft feel are
those which are hard and callous
are unfavourable,
68. Pain in the back part of the headj
relieved
by opening the
69. Rigors
and
women
;
is^
frontal vein.
commence differently with men
—-with
the latter, they begin at
the loins, and extend along the vertebrae to the
head
;
with the former, they originate rather
at the posterior
body,
—
arm and
for instance, at the
thigh.
as is evident
70.
than the anterior part of the
The cutis
from the
back of the fore-
of
men
is
thinnest,
hairs inserted in it.*
Quartans are never
We
*
cannot perceive what connection
iYpborism has ^ith the former.
11
attended
tiic lattcff
with
part of
^is
HIPP0CRATI$ APHORISMI.
122
non admodiim corripiuntur
;
si
vero prius
Corripiuntur, et postea quartana supervenerit,
liberantur.
71.
it
Quibus
cutis obtenditur arida ac dura,
sine sudore moriuntur
ac rara,
ii
cum
72, Icterici
;
quibus vero lax^
sudore moriuntur.
non admodum
flatulenti sunt*
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
convulsions
;
on
the
disappear, on the
71.
When
and hard,
the
—-death
;
occurs without perspira-
but when, on the contrary,
is
accompanied
with sweat.
The
latter
coming on of the former.
lax and thin, dissolution
72»
n
the cuticle appears tense, dry
tion taking place
it is
contrary,
12
icterical are
never
flatulent»
12.4
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!.
SECTIO
1.
Diuturnus
VI.
intestinorum
Isevitatibus
ructus acidus superveniens, qui prius noii
fuit,
2.
sigiium bonum.
Quibus nares natura humidiores,
et
genitura humidior, imperfectius sani sunt
:;
quibus vero contraria, perfectiuSo
3.
tus,
In iongis dysenteriis appetitus prostra-
malum
:
et
cum
febre pejus.
4.
Uicera circum-glabraj maligna.
5.
Dolores
et in lateribus et in pectoribus^
et in caeteris (partibus), si
considerandum»-
multum
difFerant*
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
125
SECTION VL
1.
first
Acid
eructations supervening, for the
time, in long protracted lientery,
is
a fa-
vourable symptom.*
2.
trils
A
preternatural humidity of the nos-
and of the seminal
of imperfect health
;
liquor, is indicative
but when the contrary
the case, the indication
is
A total loss of
3.
appetite, in long conti-
unfavourable
nued dysentery,
is
danger
when
is
great,
favourable.
is
it is
;
but the
accompanied by
fever.
4.
Ulcers which have a smooth circumfe-
rence, are of a malignant nature.
5.
Pains of the side, breast, and of other
parts, often varying,
demand
attentive obser*
vation.
^ " For
on
this
It
testines is in
may
a.
denotes, (observes
Van
Swieten, in his commentary tip-
Aphorism), that the contractile force of the stomach and in-
some measure returned, whereby the ingested
be retained, at
least, so
aliments,
long in the stomach a; to degenerate fetf
spontaneous csrrupthn,^'
11^
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMX-
1.26
Renum
6.
et vesicae dolores difficulter sa-
rantur in senibus.
Dolores qui in ventre
7.
dem^
leviores
non
:
elati
fnint,
elati
qui-
vero vehementiores.
Hydropicis ulcera in corpore orta non
8.
facile sanantur,
Efflorescentiae latae
9.
non admodum pru-
liginosae.
Caput
10.
laboranti,
et
circum circa do^
ientij
pusj aut aqua, aut sanguis effluens per
iiares,
aut per os, aut per aures, solvit mor-
bum.
1 i . Melancholicis, et nephriticis,
haemor-
rhoides supervenientes, bonum.
Ab
12.
nisi
haemorrhoidibus sanato diuturnisj
una servata
fuerit,
periculum est ne hy-
drops super veniat, aut tabes.
13.
A
singultu detento, sternutationes
sti-
l^ervenientes, solvunt singultum.
14.
dum
Ab
hydrope detento
si
aqua secun-
venas in alvum fiuxerit^ solutio
A
fit*
diuturno alvi profluvio
detento^,
sponte superveniens vomitus^ alvi
profluvi'^-
15.
Aim
solvit.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
12'?^
Pains of the kidneys and bladder,
6.
in-
eld men, are of difficult cure.
When
7.
distention accompanies pain of
the belly, the latter
but
is
is,
by no means, severe
;
there be no distention present, the pain
if
greater.
In dropsical patients, ulcers are of dif-
8.
ficult cure.
Large exanthematas
9.
are never prurigi-
nous.
10.
Pains of the head and neighbouring
by an efflux of pus, or wa=
or blood, from the nostrils, mouthy or;
parts are relieved
ter,
ears.
11. In
melancholia
and
nephritis,
coming on of the heemorrhoides
is
the
beneficiaL
12. In long continued haemorrhoids, a total
cure
is
frequently followed
by dropsy or
phthisis.
Sternutation removes hiccough,
13.
1,4.
In dropsy,
intestines,
if
the water pass off into the
by means of the
veins, the disease
ceases.
15.
Long
continued diarrheea
h^ spontaneous vomiting.
is
arrested
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISM!,
128
A
16.
pleiiriticle,
aut a peripneumonia de^
tento, alvi profluvium superveniens,
Ophthalmia laborantem
17.
malum.
alvi profluvio
bonum.
18. Cui persecta est vesica, aut cerebrumj
aut cor, aut septum transversum, aut aliquod ex intestinis tenuibus, aut ventriculus,
corrissi,
aut hepar, lethale.
Ubi dissectum
19.
fuerit os, aut cartilage,
autnervus, aut gense pars tenuis, aut prseputiunij
neque augetur, neque
20. Si in ventrem
prseter
coalescit.
sanguis elFusus fuerit
naturam, necesse est suppurari.
21. Insanientibus
si
varices, aut hsemor-
rhoides supervenerint, insanise sokitio
22.
lit.
Qu?e ruptiones es dorso ad cubitos
descendunt, venae sectio solvit.*
23. Si metus et
aeverant,
tristitia
multo tempore per-
melancholicum hoc ipsum.
* In the text used by Vlllebrune
which we have given
we have 5
in the translation.
aKyrifAara^f^idQlarest)
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
12§
16. Diarrhoea supervening in pleurisy, or
peripneumonia,
is
unfavourable.
17. Diarrhoea supervening in ophthalmia^
is beneficial.
A
18.
lesion of the bladder, brain, hearty
diaphragm, stomach,
small intestines, proves
When
19.
liver,
or
any of the
fatal.
an entire section takes place of
a bone, cartilage, or nerve
;
or of the
pre-
puce, or thin portion of the cheek, no after-
growth or adhesion of the parts can take
place.
20. If an effusion of bL')od take place within the
abdomen, suppuration necessarily
fol«
lows.
21.
vene
22.
back
When
varices or haemorrhoids super*
in mania, the disorder ceases.
Sudden
pains,
extending from the
to the fore-arm, are relieved
by venesec^
tion,
23. Fear, attended with an obstinate
de-.
pression of spirits, indicates a disposition to
meiaiieholiaa
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI-
130
24. Si ex intestinis tenuibus aliquod
sectum
fuerit,
non
coalescit.
quidem intro
vero foras, bonum.
25. Erysipelas foris
non bonum,
intiis
dis--
verti,
26. Qiiibus in febre ardente tremoresfiunt?
delirium solvit.
27.
avit
Qui suppurati aut hydropici urunturj
secantur, hi, pure, aut
aqua acervatim
ef-
omnino moriuntur.
28. Eunuchi non laborant podagia, neque
fluente,
calvi iiunt.
29. Mulier non laborat podagia, nisi men*'
ses ipsi defecerint.
30. Fuer non laborat podagra ante veneris
iisum.
31.
Oculorum
dolores
meri potus, aut
balneum, aut fomentum, aut venae
sectio, aut
purgatio solvit.
32. Balbi ab alvi profluvio
maxime
cor-
ripiuntur longo.
33.
Acidum
ructantes non
admodum pleu^
ritici fiunt.
34.
fiunt.
Qui calvi sunt, his varices magni non
Quibus vero, dum sunt calvi, super^
veniunt varices^ hi rursus
capiiiati fiunt.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
24.
A lesion
of the small intestines
ver followed by a
re- union
25. Erysipelas,
ly, is injurious
nally
;
when
but
its
131
is
ne-
of parts.
it
inward-
recedes
re-appearance exter-
is beneficial.
Tremors supervening in ardent fevers^
go oiF on the coming on of delirium.
27. In dropsy or empyema, the evacuation
hy cautery or incision, of a great quantity of
26.
water or pus,
is
always followed by death.
Eunuchs never suffer from podagrical affections, or become bald.
29. Women are exempt from podagrical
28.
affections, until the cessation of the
30.
Gout does not appear
menses,
in adolescence^
previous to venery.
31. Pains of the eyes are relieved by pure
wine, bathing, fomentation, venesection and
purging.
32. Stammerers are
much
subject to chro»
uic diarrhoea.
33.
Those who have acid
eructations are
never subject to pleuritic affections.
34.
Those who
with severe varices
are bald are not affected
:
but
if
considerable, the hair again
ance.
the latter
become
makes its appear-
HIPPOGRATIS APHORISMI.
132
35. Hydropicis tussis superveniens,
ma-
lum.
36. Urinse difficultatem v^nse sectio solvit
secandce veto internee.^
:
37.
Ab
angina detento, tumorem
bonum
COllo,
38.
Quibus
curare melius
Non
:
foras
enim
In
vertitur.
occulti cancri fiunt, eos noix
Curati enim cito pareunt
est.
curati vero longius
39. Convulsio
^yacuatione.
fieri
fit,
Sic
tempus perdurant,
aut a repletione, aut ab
quidem etiam
singultus.
40.
Quibus ad hypochondrium dolores
fiunt,
absque inilammatione, his febris super-
veniens solvit dolorem.
41. Quibus suppuratum quid in corporc
existens nullum sui
L
e.
signum
Secare autcm eportet intenoi vmasj
FaesiuB, et Htf^rniti^.
proditj his prop-
fetg itoo,,
Sk
Villebrune.-
—
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
Cough supervening
35.
in
dropsy
133
is
unfa-
vourable.
Dysury
36.
but
is
it
is
relieved
the artery
by blood-letting
which ought
to
be open-
ed.*
A tumour arising on
37.
na
is
favourable, as
the neck in angi-
denotes a derivation of
it
the disease externally.
38. Occult cancers should not be molest-
ed
attempting to discuss them, they
in
;
quickly become
remain
fatal
when unmolested, they
:
in a scirrhous state for a length of
time.
39.
Convulsion
or evacuation
the
may
arise
hiccough
;
from repletion
may proceed from
same causes.
40. Pains in the hypochondrium, unattend-
ed with inflammation, are relieved by
41.
When
fever.
an abscess exists in any part
of the body, w^ithout any signs of suppuration being present, the latter
*
circumstance
Hippocrates must, here, allude to the operation of arteriotomy,
as frequently practiced
by the
dangerous consequences,
tenotomy is now
aneients,
for the
who were
not aware of the
most part, resulting from
scarcely ever performed in
poral artery.
12
it.
Ar»
any other, but the tem-
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
1S4
ter crassitudinem puris, aut loci,
signum non
exhibct.
42. In ictericis hepar
43.
Qui
lienosi
durum
fieri,
malum.
a dysenteria corripiunturj
his longa superveniente dysenteria,
hydrops
supervenit, aut intestinorum Isevitas, et pereunt.
44. Quibus ex urinse
stillicidio
volvulus
supervenit, in septem diebus pereunt, nisi
abunde fluxerit.
45. Ulcera qusecumque annua fiunt, aut
longius tempus occupant, necesse est os absfebre superveniente urina
cedere, et cicatrices cavas
46.
fieri.
Qui gibbi ex asthmate, aut
tussi fiunty
ante pubertatemj pereunt.
47.
Quibus vense
ducit, his
sectio, aut purgatio con-
vere convenit
purgationem
facere.
vcnam
secare, aut
^
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
may
arise
from the inspissated
1S5
of the
state
pus, or the thickness of the superincumbent
part.
42.
The
induration of the liver, in jaun-
dice, is unfavourable.
43.
Long continued
superve-
dysentery,
ning in affections of the spleen,
either
dropsy or
lientery,
induces
and consequent
death.
44.
When volvulus
arises
from strangury
the patient dies in seven days, unless fever
and a copious flow of urine supervene.^
45. When ulcers have continued one year,
or longer,
it
becomes necessary
the bone lying beneath,-
denude
to
—thus forming, as
it
were, a depressed cicatrix.
Those who, before puberty, become
gibbous from cough or asthma, generally pe46.
rish.
47.
Those
with
whom
venesection
or
purgatives agree, should have recourse to
them
in the spring.
An iliac passion, and
which have
sympcoms
upon
*
"
kidneys.
that of a fatal tendency, has followed^,
indicated the disease in the bladder or
Galen seems to have a doubt about
this
met with it, though it must be confessed that the
and uncommon." Van Swieten, Com. abridged,
;
but
case
I
Is
p. 344.
have once
very rare
,
HIPPOCEATIS APHORISMI.
136
48. Lienosis dysenteria superveniens, boniini.
49.
Qui podagrici morbi
fiunt, hi sedata
infiammatione, in quadraginta diebus dece-'
dunt.
50.
Quibus percipum
fuerit
his necesse est febrem, et bilis
cerebrum
vomitum
su-
per venire.
51.
Quibus
sanis dolores derepente fiunt
in capite, et statim
muti
fiunt,
ae stertunt, in
septeni diebus pereunt, nisi febris apprehenderit.
52. Considerare vero etiam oportet oculo-
rum subtds
apparentia in somnis. Si enim
bi quid, palpebris
reat,
commissis, subtus appa-
idque non ex alvi profluvio
potione purgante,
al-
sit,
pravum signum,
aut ex
et valde
lethale.
cum risu quidem accidentia,
cum studio vero, periculosiora.
53, Deliria,
securiora
:
54, Inacutis affectionibus qu2e
cum
febre
sunt, luctuosse respirationes malse.
55, Podagrici morbi, vere et
ventur ut plurimiim.
autumno mo-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
137
48. Dysentery supervening in affections of
the spleen,
is beneficial.
Those attacked with the gout,
49.
entirely freed of
it
in forty
days
are
after the sub-
sidence of the inflammation.
A
50.
lesion of the brain is necessarily
followed by fever and bilious vomiting.
come on
attended with imme-
51. If sudden pains of the head
during perfect health,
diate aphonia
and
stertor, the patient dies in
seven days, unless fever supervene.
52. It
is
particularly n cessary, in disease,
to observe the appearance of the eyes during
sleep
if
;
so that
the eyelids be imperfectly closed,
some of the white
is
observable (the
patient not being, then, under the operation
of purgatives, or existing diarrhoea) the symp-
tom
is
very unfavourable, and frequently
fatal.
53. Delirium,
is less
accompanied with laughter,
dangerous, than that accompanied with
a severe expression of countenance.
54. In acute diseases, attended
with
fe-
ver, painful respiration is unfavourable,
55. Podagrical affections
most
part, in spring
come
and autumn.
12»
on, for the
HIPPOCRATiS APHORISM!.
138
si
56»
Morbis melancholicis ad haec perieulo-
sunt
humorum decubitus,
aut corporis sid-
erationem, aut convulsionem, aut insanianij
aut csecitatem significant.
Apoplectici
57.
aetate
autem
liunt
maxime,
ab anno quadragesimo usque ad sexa-
gesimum.
58. Si
omentum
exciderit,
necesse
est
putrefieri.
59.
Quibus a diuturno coxendicis morbo
vexatis coxa excidit, et rursiis incidit, his
mucus
60.
innascitur.
Quibus a diuturno coxendicis morbo
vexatis
coxa excidit, his crus
claudicant, nisi usti fuerint,
tabescit, ct
:
APHOaiSMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
139
56. In melaiicholick* affections, the translation of the
humours
to various parts, has
a tendency to produce the following diseases
apoplexy, mania, convulsion, and blindness,
57.
Apoplexy
is
most prevalent from the
fortieth to the sixtieth year.
58. In omental hernia, the part protruded^
necessarily mortifies.
59. In long continued sciatica,
where the
motion of the joint of the thigh has been
terrupted, if the
mucus be
the articulation
restored.
is
in-
again secreted,
60. In long continued sciatica, where the
head of the femur has been displaced, the
parts below become emaciated, and lameness
ensues, vmless the actual cautery be used.
* The word
melanchoUch
is
used here, as referring to a eause^ and
as its etymological sense imports,
is
synonymous with
atrabilious.
HIPPOCRATIS APHOBISMI.
J40
SECTIO
1.
VII.
I
In morbis acutis, extremarum partium
frigus,
malum.
2.
Ex
3.
A
osse segrotante caro livida, malum.
vomitu singultusj
et
occuli rubri^
malum.
4.
A sudore horror, non bomim.
5.
Ab insania dysenteria,
bonum.*
In morbo diuturno,
aut hydrops, aut
extasis,
6.
tus, et
7.
appetitus prostra-
meracsB dejectiones, malum.
A
multo potu
A
tumoris intus ruptione, exsolutio,
rigor,
et delirium,
ma-
lum.
8.
yomitus, et animi deliquium
* Ratio hujus patet in
Aph.
fit.
56. Sect. vi.
Yiilebrafie.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
SECTION
1.
is
unfavourable,
Lividity of the flesh, arising from an
unhealthy bone,
3.
VII.
In acute diseases, coldness of the ex-
tremities
2.
141
is
unfavourable.
Hiccough, and redness of eyes, arising
from vomiting, are unfavourable.
4.
A sensation
of horror, succeeding per-
spiration, is unfavourable.
Dysentery,
5.
dropsy, or exstasis,
fol-
lowing insania, are beneficial.*
6.
Long
illness,
attended with a prostration
of appetite and unassimilated dejections,
is
dangerous.
7.
Rigors and deliriums, proceeding froni
excess of drink, are dangerous.
8.
The
rupture of an internal tumour
is
followed by lassitude, vomiting, and deliqumm
anmi,
*SeeAph,56,SecVl.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
142
9.
A
sanguis fluxu
convulsio,
Ab
10.
delirium, aut etiam
malum.
ileo
vomitus, aut singultus, aut
convulsio, aut delirium,
malum.
11.
A pleuritide peripneumonia,
12.
A
13.
Ab
sio,
malum.
peripneumonia phrenitis, malum.
ardoribus vehementibus convul-
aut tetanus, malum.
14.
A plaga in caput, stupor aut delirium,
malum.
A
15.
sanguinis sputo,
puris
sputum,
malum.
16.
lum.
A
puris sputo, tabes, et fluxus,
Postquam vero sputum
retinetur,
mamo-
riuntur.
17.
Ab
hepatis inflammatione singultus,
malum.
18.
A vigilia convulsio,
aut delirium, ma-
um.
19.
um.)
Ab
ossis dedunatione erysipelas (ma-
'
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
9.
When
143
delirium, or convulsions, pro-
ceed from haemorrhage,
it is
dangerous.
Vomiting, singultus, convulsion, or
10.
delirium, arising from iliac passion,
is
dan-
gerous.
Peripneumonia, arising from pleurisy,
11.
—dangerous.
—dangerous.
12. Phrenitis, arising
Convulsion,
13.
from excessive
When
14.
heat,
from peripneumonia,
or tetanus,
proceeding
—dangerous.
a blow on the head causes stu-
por or delirium, the symptoms are unfavourable.
A
15.
spitting of blood, followed
purulent expectoration,
16.
Tabes and
is
by a
unfavourable.
colliquative diarrhoea, aris-
ing from purulent expectoration, are unfa-
vourable
;
if
the expectoration {suddenly)
stops, the patient dies.
17- Singultus, proceeding
from
hepatitis,
—dangerous.
18. Convulsion, or delirium, arising
from
vigilancy, is dangerous.
19. Erysipelas, caused
bonc^
—dangerous.
by a denudation of
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
144
20.
Ab erysipelate putredo,
aut suppuratio
(malum.)
21.
A
forti pulsii
in ulceribus, sanguinis
cruptio.
22.
A
dolore diuturno partium circa ven-
trem, suppuratio (malum.)
23.
A
24.
Ab
cuum
25.
meraca dejectione dysenteria.
osse "perscisso delirium,
in va-
si
penetravit.
A
purgantis potione,
convulsio,
le-
thale.
26.
A dolore vehementi partium circa ven-
trem, extremarum frigus, malum.
27. Mulieri in utero gerenti, tenesmus superveniens, abortire
28.
facit.
Quodcumque
os, aut cartilago,
nervus in corpore dissectus
aut
neque
fuerit,
augetur, neque coalescit.
29.
mens
30.
Si a leucophlegmatia detente vehediarrhoea superveniat,
Quibus spumosse egestiones
profluviis, his
31.
morbum
Quibus
de capite pituita
solvit.
in alvi
defiuit.
febricitantibus, in urinis subsi-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
147
20. Sphacelus, or suppuration, arising from
erysipelas,
—dangerous.
21. In ulcers, a strong pulsation of the
part,
foreshows haemorrhage.^
22. Suppuration surpervening in long con-
tinued pain of the abdomen,
23.
A dejection of
is
unfavourable,
unconcocted matter
is
followed by dysentery.
24.
Wounds, which extend
low of the bone,
are followed
into the hol-
by delirium.
25. Convulsion arising from purgatives,,
proves
fatal.
26. Coldness of the extremities, proceed-
ing from severe pains about the abdomen, is
dangerous.
27. Tenesmus, during pregnancy, produces
abortion.
28.
nerve,
The
is
lesion of
a bone, cartilage or
never followed by a growth, or
re-
union of parts.
29. If a severe diarrhoea supervene in leu-
cophlegmasia, the
latter affection ceases.
30. Diarrhoea, attended with an evacuation
of
spumous
matter, foreshows a defluxion of
the head.
3
1.
In fevers, a subsidence in the urine of
from existing aneurism.
13
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
148
dentise fiunt crassiori farinae similes,
longam
infirmitatem significant.
Quibus autem biliosae subsidentise,
ab initio vero tenues, acutum morbum signi32.
ficat.
Quibus autem
33,
vehemens
est in corpore turbatio.
Quibus vero
34.
renum
urinse divulsse fiunt, iis
in urinis bullae superstant,
afFectiones significant, et
longam
fore
invaletudinem.
35.
quod
Quibus autem pingue est et confertum
supernatat, his affectiones nephriticas,
et acutas significat.
36.
Quibus vero,
nephriticis existentibus,
praedicta signa accidunt, et dolores circa
mus-
ora fuint,
quidemadloca exteriabscessum exspecta futurum ex-
trorsum
si
culos spinales
;
fiant, si
vero dolores fiunt magis ad in-
terna loca, etiam abscessum magis introrsum
fore expecta.
quidem
si vero cum febre, masine febre, salutare
Curandum autem refrigerantibus, et
lum.
37.
Qui sanguinem vomunt,
:
astringentibus.
si
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
a thick farinaceous
149
substance, indicates a
long continuance of the disease.
32.
A
limpid urine, having a bilious de-
posit, is indicative of
33.
When
an acute
affection.
the urine has a troubled, cloud-
ed appearance,
it
denotes great commotion in
the system.
34.
The
presence of bubbles on the sur-
face of the urine, indicates an affection of the
kidneys, and extended
35.
But
if
illness.
the supernatant substance be of
a thick, oily consistence,
tic,
it
shows a nephri-
and, also, an acute affection.
36.
In nephritic affections, accompanied
with the above
symptoms,
together with
about the muscles of the spine
pains
—
if
the pains be external, 'we are to expect the
appearance of an external abscess
;
but
if
they be situated internally, the abscess will
determine
37.
fever,
sent,
itself
inwardly.
Vomiting of blood, without existing
is not dangerous
but if fever be pre-
it is
frigerants
;
injurious
:
the cure consists in rc^
and astringents.
HIPPOGRATIS APHORISMI.
150
38. Distillationes in ventrem supernum,
in viginti diebus suppurantur.
S9, Si quis
sanguinem
ct
et stranguriam habeat, et
perineum,
et
imum
grumos mingat^
dolor incidat ad
ventrem, et pectinem,
partes circa vesicam laborare significat.
40. Si lingua ex improviso impoten's
fiat,
aut aliqua corporis pars siderata, melancholiciim
hoc ipsum
fit.
41. Si senioribus nimiiim purgatis, singultus superveniat,
42. Si febris,
at,
aqua multa
bris solutio
non bonum.
quae non est a
et calida in
bile,
detine»
caput affusa,
fe-
fit,
43. Mulier ambidextra non
fit.
Qui suppurati uruntur, aut secantur,
quidem purum effluat pus et album, eva44.
si
dunt
:
si
vero subcruentum, et Gcenosum, ac
graveolens, pereunt,
Qui ad hepar suppuratum uruntur, aut
secantur, si quidem purum efiluat pus et album^ superstites evadunt: ipsis enim pus
45.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
38.
thorax,
151
An
extravasation in the cavity of
tlie
is
followed within twenty days
by
suppuration.
39. See Aphor. 80. Sect.
iv.
A
sudden paralysis of the organs of
speech, or of any part of the body, is fre40.
c[uently the eifect of a melancholick affection.*
41. Singultus arising in old
men from hy-
symptom.
42. Fevers, not proceeding from bile, ?vre
cured by an affusion of warm water on the
percatharsis, is an unfavourable
head.
Women are
43.
never ambidextrous.
44. In opening an abscess, either
or actual cautery,
jsion
if
the matter issue
pure and white, the patient recovers
it
be of a bloody,
foetid
the disease proves
by inci-
;
but
if
and offensive nature,
fatal.
45. In opening an abscess of the liver
either
by
incision or actual cautery, if the
matter issue pure and white, the patient reco•vers
:
for
we
are to recollect that the
enclosed in a sac
;
but, if the matter
* 5ec Aphor. 56.
13^
Sa^t.
vK
pus
is
which
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
152;
est
111
tunica
si
:
vero
effluat velut
amurca,
pereunt.
46. In doloribus oculorum, postquam me-
rum bibendum
veris,
47.
dederisj et multa calida la-
venam secto.
Hydropicum
si tussis
habeat, despe-
ratus est.
48. Urinae stillicidium, et urinse difficult
tatem vini potus, et venae sectio solvit
;
se-
candae vero ihternse (venae.)
49.
Ab
pectore
angina detento tumor
super veniens,
bonum
:
rubor in
et
foras
morbus,
50. Quibus cerebrum sphacelo
enim
vertitur
fectum, in tribus diebus pereunt
fuerit af;
si
vero
hos effugerint, sani fuint,
51. Sternutatio
fit
ex
capite,
cerebro, aut perhumectato,
pite,
vacuo,
modum
foras
Aer enim qui
effunditur.
percalefacto
quod
est in ca-
intus est supra
Strepit autem,
quia per augustum ipsi est transitus.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
flows out, resemble inspissated
ISS
the patient
oil,
dies.
46. In pains of the eyes, after having pre-
scribed the use of good wine, and of frequent
warm
47.
When
the case
48.
we
collyria,
is
are to bleed.
cough takes place
in
dropsy
desperate.
Dysury and strangury
wine and venesection
;
are relieved
by
but we are to open an
internal vein.
49. In angina, the appearance of redness
and tumour on the breast
is
favourable
;
thev
denote an external derivation of the disease.
50. Sphacelation of the brain proves fatal
within three days
;
—
if
the patient escape this
period, the disorder ceases.
51. Sternutation proceeds either from calefaction or
humidity of the brain
;
for the
superfluous air within the cavity of the head
and the noise it makes
from the narrowness of the
thereby eflfused
is
in issuing, arises
;
passage.^
*
while we
smile, here,
we
should recollect that there are
manv
physiological /hypotheses which are equally rational with this faneijfiil
«upposition of the
Coan Sage.
This Aphorism
to the peculiar doctrine of the ancients,
seyueir^ as it
^th? body.
were, of
all
who made the
is
conformable
head a mere re
the humours, distributed to various parta of
1B4!
52.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
Quibus hepar circumcirca
fbbris superveniens,
dolorem
dolet^ his
solvit.
Quibus sanguinem de venis auferre
conducit, his vere venam secare oportet.
54. Quibus inter septum transversum et
53.
dolorem exhineutrum ventrem habens transitum,
ventrem
bet, in
Ills
pituita cxcluditur, et
per venas in vesicam pituita versa, mor-
bi^solutio
fit.
*
-
Quibus hepar aqua repletum ad omentum emperit, his venter aqua impletur, et
55.
moriuntur.
^^, Anxietatem, oseitationem,
vlnum par
57.
fit,
pari
aqua potum
Quibus in
horrorem.,
solvit,
urinaria fistula
tuberculum
his suppurato eo et perrupto, soivitur dolor.
58.
Quibus cerebrum concussum
ab aliqua causa, necesse
est eos statim
fuerit
mutos
fieri.
humidas cames habentibus, famem inducere oportet: fames enim
59. Corporibus
siceat corpora.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
155
52, Pain, about the region of the liver,
ceases on the supervening of fever.
55,
When
bleeding
be performed
54.
When
is beneficial, it
should
in the spring.
a serous collection,
attended
with pain, takes place between the diaphragm,
and abdomen, without
either cavity,
the
—
if
its
having an issue in
the fluid be
body by means of the
drawn out of
veins, the disorder
ceases.
55. In dropsy
discharge
itself
of the
liver, if
the water
through the omentum, into
abdomen, the disease proves fatal.
56. Anxiety, oscitation and horrors, are
relieved by potations of wine and water, in
the
equal quantities.
Aphor. 82. Sect.
57. See
58.
iv.
A concussion of the brain,
soever cause,
is
from whatfollowed by an immediate
deprivation of speech.
59.
When
much moisture abounds in
we ought to have
the body,
stinence,
too
recourse to ab-
which has a tendency to dry up the
humours.*
• Abstinence
(by which
we
understand a spare
diet,)
was employ-»
rd as one of the most potent means in the curative system of the an-
HIPPOCRAnS APHORISMI.
156
60.
Ubi
in
toto
corpore mutationes, et
corpus perfrigeratur, et rursus
calefit,
aut
color alius ex alio permutatur, longitudinem
morbi
significat.
Sudor multus, calidus, aut frigidus,
semper fluens, humidi redundantiam adesse
61.
significat.
Educere
quidem, superne
62. Febres
:
igitur oportet, robusto
debili vero, inferne.
non intermittens,
urn diem vehementiores
fiant,
Quocumque autem modo
ficat periculi esse
63.
si
per
terti-
periculosse.
intermittant, signi-
expertes.
Quibus febres longae
sunt, his aut tu-
bercula, aut ad articulos dolores fiunt.
64.
Quibus tubercula
diutina, aut
ad
arti-
culos dolores ex febribus fiunt, hi cibis utnn-.
tur copiosioribus.
65. Si quis febricitante
lescenti
bus
fit.
quidem, robur
;
cibum
det,
conva-
a^grotanti vero,
mor-
APHOEISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
Aphor. 40, Sect.
60. See
iv.
61. Excessive perspiration,
continually going on,
is
dant moisture within
:
157
cold or
hot,,
indicative of a redun-
we
ought, therefore,
from the system, either by vomiting, if the patient be strong, or by purgation, if he be weak.
to evacuate
62» See
it
Aphor, 43. Sect.
iv.
63* See Aphor. 44. Sect. iv.
64. See
65,
Aphor. 45. Sect.
iv.
That nourishment which
is
in the convalescent stage of fever,
beneficial
would be
injurious during the prevalence
highly
of
the disease.
cients.
In
modern
practice,
Sydenham
cha, and with the greatest success.
diseases of his
Nev/-York,
it
in
Syno
day to the non-observance of
it
;
and Dr. E. Miller, ©f
in his Original Observations, observes " that the ap-
proach of a febrile attack
abstinence."
rigidly prescribed
Dr. Cheyne ascribes most of the
is
often prevented by a timely recourse te
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
158
Per
66.
vesicam
prodeuntia
inspicere
QucC
eo morbosiora sa-
oportet, an sint qualia sanis prodeunt.
igitur
minime
his similia,
nis vero similia,
eris, et
et
minime morbosa.
Et quibus
67.
;
egestiones,
si
stare permis-
non moveris, subsident veluti ramen.si pauca fuerint, parvus fit morbus
ta
;
si
vero muita,
:
magnus
Si
ferne purgari.
;
his confert
alvum
in-
autem non purgata alvo
sorbitiones dederis, quanto plures dederis, eo
magis
68.
Isedes.
Quae cruda deorsum secedunt, ab
sunt bile
:
si
atra
plura, major; si pauciora, mi-
nor est morbus.
non
69. Exscreationes, in febribus
mittentibus, lividae, et cruentae,
et graveolentes,
omnes malae
secedentes, bonae.
Sic
inter-
et biliossej
sunt.
At
rite
etiam per alvum.
:
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
66.
We
159
should attend to the urinary dis-
charge, in order to ascertain, whether
it
be
conformable to what takes place in health
in proportion as
departs from the healthy
it
state, is the severity
of the disease, and vice
versa,
67.
on suffering the urine to remain^
If,
without disturbing
it,
we
observe a deposit
resembling saw-dust, the greater or less quanof this deposit
tity
or mildness
rity
case,
is
it
gatives
is
indicative of the seve-
of the disease
in either
necessary to have recourse to pu?'-
we
in proportion as
;
;
neglect these, for
a nutritive regimen, will be the augmentation
of the disease.
68.
Crude dejections proceed from an
atrabilious matter in the system, and in pro-
portion as a greater or less quantity
sent, will
is
pre=-
be the severity of the disease.
69. In continued fever, the expectoration
of a
ter,
livid,
bloody,
bilious
or fcetid mat-
isalike unfavourable; but, if the expec-
toration be good,
vourable
:
the
and in due season,
same <may be
and urinary discharges
:
it is
fa-
said of the alvine
furthermore, any
excrementitious matter remaining in the sys-
14
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
160
et vesicam, et
titerit
ubicunque quid secedens
non purgatum, malum.
Corpora oportet, ubi quis purgare
70.
vult, facile fluentia reddere.
velit
res-
efficere facile fluentia
sistere
71.
Somnus,
cedentia,
quidem
sursiim, alvum
si
vero deorsiim, humectare.
si
:
Et
vigilia,
utraque
modum
ex-
morbus.
non inter mittentibus febribus, si
externa quidem sint frigida, interna vero
72. In
urantur, et sitim habeant, lethale.
73. In febre
non
intermittente,
si
labium,
aut nasus, aut oculus, aut supercilium distorqueatur,
si
non
debilis existens
;
videat, si
non
audiat,
quicquid horum
fit,
jam
lethale.
74}.
Leucophlegmasise hydrops supervenit.
75.
Ab
76.
A
alvi profluvio dysenteria.
dysenteria intestinorum lasvitas (su^
pervenit).
77.
A sphacelo
78.
A
abscessus ossis.
sanguinis vomitu tabes, et puris
^urgatio sursum.
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
and not coming away with the evacua-
tern,
tions,
proves injurious.
When the
70.
is
161
system requires purging,
it
necessary previously to prepare the body,
by a
laxative
On
regimen.
w^e intend to vomit, the
body
the contrary, if
is
but purging requires a
jied;
to
be forti-
preparatory
emollient course.*
71. See Aphor, 3. Sect.
ii.
72.
See Aphor. 48. Sect.
iv.
73.
See Aphor. 49. Sect.
iv.
74. In leucophlegmasia, dropsy supervenes.
75. Diarrhoea induces dysentery.
76. Dysentery
is
often followed
by
lien-
tery.
77. Sphacelus produces exfoliation of the
bone.
78.
Vomiting of blood
is
followed by tabes
and purulent expectoration.
» This
is
conformable to the French practice, and
;he term rafrakh'tr.
is
expressed
by
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
162
79. Qualia etiam in his quag per vesicam,
et in his
qu^
per alvum iiunt egestionibusj
et in his quae per carnes, et sicubi alia naturae via
corpus exeat
bus
:
fit
uiultunij
:
si
multum, magnus
hoc ipsum lethale.
si
SECTIO
1.
parum, parvus mor:
admodum
si
VIII.
Qui supra quadraginta annos
ci iiunt,
phreneti-
non admodum sanantur.
Minas
enim periclitantur, quorum nature, et astati,
morbus similis fuerit.
2. Quibus m infirmitatibus occuli ex proQuibus verp
posito lacrymantur, bonum.
sine causa, malum.
3.
Quibus,
in febribus quartanis existent!-
bus, sanguis ex naribus fiuxerit, malum.
4.
Sudores
vehementes
in
diebus
criticis
et veloces, periculosi
oborientes,
:
pelluntur ex fronte, velut guttse, et
et
qui ex-
aqu^
§a-
APHORISMS OP HIPPOCRATES.
79. It
alvine
is
essential to attend to the urinary,
and cutaneous excretions, in order to
ascertain whether
it
be by these or any other
outlet
of nature, that the body
wastes
itself:
is
165
alarming
;
the emaciation be small, so
if
the disease
if
;
but
if
gradually
much, the disease
is
more
extremely great, the disease
proves fatal.
-*««•
®
-El
SECTION
1.
year,
occurring after the fortieth
Phrenitis,
is
VIII.
incurable.
The danger
is less, in
pro-
portion as the disease accords with the constitution
2.
and age of the
With
those labouring under disease-
tears, either as
luntarily,
patient.
they flow voluntarily or invo-
give a favourable or unfavourable
indication.
3.
In those suffering under quartan fever,
—haemorrhage from the nose
is
an unfavour-
symptom.
4. Sudden and violent sweats which break
forth on critical days, are dangerous ; as also
those which come out on the forehead in
14^
able
HIPPOCRATIS APKORISMI.
164
lientes,
enim
frigidi valde,
est talem
tia, et
5.
et
ac multi: necessc
sudorem prodire cum
violen-
laboris excessu, et expressione diutur-
Ex morbo
diiiturno alvi defluxus,
ma^
liim.
6.
rum
Qii88 medicamenta
sanat.
nis sanat.
non sanant, ea
Quae ferrum non sanat, ea
Quae vero ignis non sanat, ea
fer-.
igin-
sanabilia existini?ire oportet.
Tabes maxinie fiunt ab anno octavo decimoj usque ad quintum ettricesimum.
7.
Quse secundum naturam ad tabem disposita sunt, onmia quidem vehement] a quse8.
;
dam vero
etiam
lethalia.
Secundum autem,
quidem in eo tempore aggrotet, cum tempus ipsum una cum morbo impugnat, velut
si
cum
ems.
febre ardente sestas,
cum hydrope
Natura enim longe superior
vero plus
afFert timoris.
est
:
hylieni
APHORISMS or HIPPOCRATES.
large salient drops
;
cold and abundant,
165
likewise those which are
—
such excretions are
for
the effect of long, repeated, and violent, inter,
nal action.
Diarrhoea, supervening in long continu-
5.
ed
dangerous.
illness, is
That which medicine does not
6.
the knife frequently effects
;
eifect,
and what the
knife does not effect, actual cautery often effects
;
—but when
all
these
fail,
the disease
is
incurable.
«The greatest predisposition to phthisis
7.
exists
from the eighteenth
to the thirty-fifth
year.
8.
ists,
Where
the
a predisposition to phthisis ex-
symptoms
aggravated,
are greatly
and generally end fatally the danger becomes
greater when the disease continues beyond
;
The
proper period.
its
season of the year
has a considerable influence oyer the disease,
in the s?ane
manner
as
summer
gravate ardent fever, and
toms of dropsy
ally
the
symp^
If the spleen supervene,
becomes more alarming.
The dogmatic
trious CcLsus,
v»'inter,
natural agents having gener-
most influence.*
the disease
^"^
:
tends to ag-
tiOn of this position.
among whom may be numbered the illiismuch of their euraiive sysfem on the amplifica»
sect,
founded
HlPPOCRATiS APHORISMI.
166
Lingua nigra atque cruenta, si quid horum signorum abest, non valde malum mor9.
:
bum enim minorem declarat.
Haec igitur in febribus acutis notare
10.
oportet,
quando quis moriturus
sit,
et
quando
evasurus.
11. Testis dexter frigidus
et convulsus,
lethale.
12.
Ungues
dum frigidi,
nigri et digiti
manuum
contracti, vel remissi,
et pe-
mortem in
propinquo esse ostendunt.
13.
Labia
livida, aut
etiam resoluta, et
in-
yersa, et frigida, lethalia.
14.
Aures
frigidse,
pellucida?,
contractae,
lethales sunt.
Et tenebricosa vertigine laborans, et
lucem aversans, et somno ac ardere multo de15.
tent us, desperatus.
16.
et
Et quiinrabiem actus
non agnoscit,
ligit,
et
neque
jam moribundus
est.
fuerit intrepide,
audit,
neque
intei-
APHORISMS OF HIPPOCRATES.
If the tongue
9.
be neither black nor
fio^
by no means unfathe absence of these symptoms
indications are
rid, the
vourable
;
for
shows the mildness of the
The
10.
167
disease.
we
following are what
should
pmiicularly notice in acute fevers^ in order to
infer either a favourable or unfavourable re-
sult
:
When
11.
the right testicle
is
cold and
spasmodically affected, the disease proves
fa-
tal.
12. Blackness of the nails, coldness, contraction, or relaxation of the fingers
—foreshow the near approach of
coldness,
sion of the
—
The
contracted
—
and
toes,
death.
13. Lividity,
lips,
14.
fatal.*
ears, cold,
parent,
1 5.
paralysis, or inver^
and
trans-
fatal.
The
patient falling into vertigo, attend^
ed with an obscurity of vision, an aversion
to light, and comatose sleep,
fatal.
—
16. Delirium, attended with transports of
which the patient has neither a sense
rage, in
of hearing nor seeing
;
nor a consciousness?
of what takes place about
toms of approaching
him
—
are symp».
dissolution.
«
•
Vide CoacK PrseBotioncs, Cap. v.Aph.j.
HIPPOCRATIS APHORISMI.
168
17. Morituris signa hsec
magis
nifesta, et ventres attolimtur,
liunt
ma-
atque inflantur.
Terminus vero mortis est, si animse
calor supra umbilicum ad locum septo transverso superiorem ascendent, et omne humidum fuerit combustum. Postquam pulmo
et corhumorem amiserint, calore in mortife18.
ris locis
coacervato, caloris spiritus confer-
tim exhalat, unde totum in toto
Rursiis
constitit.
partim quidem per carnes, partim
vero per spiracula in capite, unde vivere di-
cimusj relinquens anima corporis tabernacufrigidum, et mortate simulacrum, una
lum,
et
cum
bile, et
sanguine,
et pituita, et carne,
deditione tradit.
FINIS,
APHORISMS OP HIPPOGRATES.
17.
To
these premonitory
death, succeed an elevation
169
symptoms of
and turgescence
of the abdomen.
18.
when
The
closing scene at length arrives,
the heat of the soul, placed near the
umbilicus, ascends above the diaphragm, and
the
humours of
pated.
the
body
It is then, that
lose their humidity
—
the lungs and pulse
that the heat locally con-
centrates itself previous to
and that the
spirit
consist, leaves its
are entirely dissi«
its final
extinction^
of heat, of which
tenement forever.
all
things
Lastly,
the soul, partly by the pores of the skin, partly
by the
orifices
of the head, which have
served the various purposes of
earthly tabernacle
of
bile,
leaves
— now wholly made
of blood, of serum, and of flesh.
FINIS.
m^
its
and abandons the cold and
inanimate image of manlip
life,
DATE DUE
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