Electric cars come in many forms.
Electric trolley cars or other vehicles that get their electricity from a 3ed rail or overhead wires have
been used for many years. An electric motor has full torque from a starting position so a transmission is
not necessary and electric motors can be built into the axle or as a hub motor so a rear differential my
also not be necessary. With regenerative braking there will be a lot less of a demand for the brakes but
they are kept for a backup.
The entire engine of a normal car is not necessary so that doesn't exist. Without the fuel you don't need
a gas tank either. Electric cars could get their energy from an overhead grid or from a trailer towed
behind but a lot of people are thinking of some methods to store energy on board. Flywheels, fuel cells,
capacitors are all considered but mostly we hear about batteries.
With batteries there must be a system for charging the vehicle. This is often located at the home. The
power may come from rooftop solar cells or "the grid." The battery charger provides the right voltage
and current for the batteries. Time of use metering can make grid electricity cheaper as the vehicle is
charged when fewer people are demanding electricity.
In the vehicle there is a system for making sure that the vehicles are charged evenly. This is the BMS or
battery management system. It may also control the discharge of the batteries.
If the motor is an AC motor there will have to be an inverter to change the power from DC to AC. Power
then goes to the motor controller. This will change the speed of the motor so you can go faster and
slower. It may help handle regenerative braking and keep the motor safe from overloads.
The motor turns and powers the vehicle.
An EV may need heating and this can be provided from the batteries but will lower the range of the
vehicle as will any other electrical usage.
Please Follow Me on Quora to inspire me.
(Don’t forget to up vote or down vote (as you think about this answer))
Don’t forget to comment your opinion.
Thanks
Original Question: How does the electric engine of a car work?


Internal combustion engines have been around for about 140 years. In that time, we’ve become fully
versed in all their nuances. We can chat with our pals about compression ratios and horsepower and
valve timing. We know the advantages of displacement and the efficiency of turbos. Car meets quickly
turn into oceans of popped hoods. Even the most cutting-edge engine tech in the latest hypercar is
parsed out thoroughly in the automotive media. We know engines. We talk engines. We love engines.
We don’t love motors, though—the electric ones, that is. You know, the ones that have been around for
almost 250 years and were powering cars in the 1880s, until gasoline engines overtook them due to
their range and speedy refueling. (One of the first alternating-current induction motor inventors: Nikola
Tesla.) Our collective and virtually absolute lack of knowledge of what actually drives the wheels of all
the new electric vehicles on the roads today is, indeed, puzzling. How bad is this problem? Most EV
owners probably don’t even know where the motors are in their cars, or how many there are, or what
they look like.
Making things worse: Technical information is scarce, and mostly found only in forums and niche
technology sites. Consider, as well, the fact that our own Alex Roy just reviewed the brand-new Tesla
Model 3, and in the course of 4,000 carefully-crafted words, didn’t mention the motor once.
Not that you could blame him: The Tesla Motors page on the Model 3, which includes a “specs” section,
itself makes no mention whatsoever of the motor. Furthermore, the company’s own application to the
EPA last year for the car’s Certificate of Conformity dedicated 250 words to describing the battery, but
just 20 to the motor. (It’s a “3-phase, 6-pole AC internal permanent-magnet motor” producing 258 hp—
or 192 kW—and 317 lb-ft of torque, in case you were wondering.) Similarly, Chevrolet’s page on its new
Bolt EV makes no reference to the motor except to say that the car has an “electric drive unit.” Even
BMW—a company that literally has "motor" for a middle name—only deigns to reveal on its i3 product
page that the motor is “AC synchronous.” Meanwhile, the engine in the base-model 3 Series a few clicks
over is described as a “2.0-liter BMW TwinPower Turbo inline 4-cylinder, 16-valve 180-hp engine that
combines a twin-scroll turbocharger with variable valve control (Double-VANOS and Valvetronic) and
high-precision direct injection.” That's before the site goes on to describe the engine’s electronic
throttle control, auto start-stop function, direct ignition system with knock control, electronically
controlled engine cooling (map cooling), brake energy regeneration, and driving dynamics control with
Eco Pro, Comfort, and Sport settings.
Among reviewers, Roy is far from the only one to give the motor short shrift. Most EV reviews gloss over
that key part of the tech, except to note its relative quiet, its torquey response, and its simplicity and
long-term low maintenance requirements. Most of the space dedicated to the powertrain focuses
instead on the battery—how big, its construction and composition, where it sits, how much range it has,
how many days it takes to fully charge, and so forth.
TESLA

The electric motor placement of the Tesla Model S P 90D
But then, it's hard to blame people for not giving a damn. Most consumers—hell, even car geeks—don’t
possess the knowledge or vocabulary to authoritatively converse about electric motors, and on the
surface, there would seem to be precious little indication that there’s even anything meaningful to
discuss about them. It’s a lot harder to get excited about, say, the difference between permanent
magnets and AC induction than it is between V-8s and twin-turbo sixes. The fact that carmakers and the
media don’t billboard motor innovation naturally leads the public to assume that there’s nothing much
going on there.
Except...that’s just not true.
While the electric motor has its own century of progress under its belt, there’s still much that can be
done. Consider, for one thing, that most carmakers have brought motor manufacturing in-house. If
there weren’t room for innovation, they’d just order them out of a catalog from external suppliers.
Lighter materials in motor construction, new alternative solutions for rare-earth magnets, and optimized
overall performance characteristics for different vehicle demands are all very much in the crosshairs of
automotive engineers. And that’s just the start, says Venkat Viswanathan, a mechanical engineering
professor at Carnegie Mellon University who studies EV performance.
“The motor efficiency map—that is, its efficiency as a function of torque and speed—determines the
energy consumption for consumer vehicles, and the peak power characteristics are an important factor
for high-performance demands,” Viswanathan said. “In addition, the heating of the motors in-use—at
high speeds—is another area with room for innovation and development.”
Once you dig in a bit, it becomes clear how much of said optimization and development is really going
on. One of the key choices is the general type of the motor. “Typically, most of the manufacturers use
synchronous motors, but whether it is a permanent magnet or electromagnet strongly influences the
performance,” said Viswanathan.
Tesla, for instance, while typically very tight-lipped about its innovation, made a significant change with
its Model 3 in its decision to use a permanent-magnet electric motor instead of the AC induction motor
it has used so far. The key difference is that AC induction motors have to use electricity to generate the
magnetic currents inside the motor, which cause the rotor to spin, whereas a permanent magnet motor
doesn’t require that additional current since its magnets—created from rare-earth materials—are
always “on.” This all means that the Model 3’s motor is more efficient and thus better for smaller and
lighter cars, but not ideal for high-performance cars, since an AC induction motor can produce greater
power. The Chevy Bolt uses a similar strategy for the same reason.
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How do electric cars work?
43 Answers

Shahed Jakir, Digital Marketer at Social Media (2012-present)
Answered 3 years ago
Electric cars come in many forms.
Electric trolley cars or other vehicles that get their electricity from a 3ed rail or overhead wires have
been used for many years. An electric motor has full torque from a starting position so a transmission is
not necessary and electric motors can be built into the axle or as a hub motor so a rear differential my
also not be necessary. With regenerative braking there will be a lot less of a demand for the brakes but
they are kept for a backup.
The entire engine of a normal car is not necessary so that doesn't exist. Without the fuel you don't need
a gas tank either. Electric cars could get their energy from an overhead grid or from a trailer towed
behind but a lot of people are thinking of some methods to store energy on board. Flywheels, fuel cells,
capacitors are all considered but mostly we hear about batteries.
With batteries there must be a system for charging the vehicle. This is often located at the home. The
power may come from rooftop solar cells or "the grid." The battery charger provides the right voltage
and current for the batteries. Time of use metering can make grid electricity cheaper as the vehicle is
charged when fewer people are demanding electricity.
In the vehicle there is a system for making sure that the vehicles are charged evenly. This is the BMS or
battery management system. It may also control the discharge of the batteries.
If the motor is an AC motor there will have to be an inverter to change the power from DC to AC. Power
then goes to the motor controller. This will change the speed of the motor so you can go faster and
slower. It may help handle regenerative braking and keep the motor safe from overloads.
The motor turns and powers the vehicle.
An EV may need heating and this can be provided from the batteries but will lower the range of the
vehicle as will any other electrical usage.
Please Follow Me on Quora to inspire me.
(Don’t forget to up vote or down vote (as you think about this answer))
Don’t forget to comment your opinion.
Thanks
Internal combustion engines have been around for about 140 years. In that time, we’ve become fully
versed in all their nuances. We can chat with our pals about compression ratios and horsepower and
valve timing. We know the advantages of displacement and the efficiency of turbos. Car meets quickly
turn into oceans of popped hoods. Even the most cutting-edge engine tech in the latest hypercar is
parsed out thoroughly in the automotive media. We know engines. We talk engines. We love engines.
We don’t love motors, though—the electric ones, that is. You know, the ones that have been around for
almost 250 years and were powering cars in the 1880s, until gasoline engines overtook them due to
their range and speedy refueling. (One of the first alternating-current induction motor inventors: Nikola
Tesla.) Our collective and virtually absolute lack of knowledge of what actually drives the wheels of all
the new electric vehicles on the roads today is, indeed, puzzling. How bad is this problem? Most EV
owners probably don’t even know where the motors are in their cars, or how many there are, or what
they look like.
Making things worse: Technical information is scarce, and mostly found only in forums and niche
technology sites. Consider, as well, the fact that our own Alex Roy just reviewed the brand-new Tesla
Model 3, and in the course of 4,000 carefully-crafted words, didn’t mention the motor once.
Not that you could blame him: The Tesla Motors page on the Model 3, which includes a “specs” section,
itself makes no mention whatsoever of the motor. Furthermore, the company’s own application to the
EPA last year for the car’s Certificate of Conformity dedicated 250 words to describing the battery, but
just 20 to the motor. (It’s a “3-phase, 6-pole AC internal permanent-magnet motor” producing 258 hp—
or 192 kW—and 317 lb-ft of torque, in case you were wondering.) Similarly, Chevrolet’s page on its new
Bolt EV makes no reference to the motor except to say that the car has an “electric drive unit.” Even
BMW—a company that literally has "motor" for a middle name—only deigns to reveal on its i3 product
page that the motor is “AC synchronous.” Meanwhile, the engine in the base-model 3 Series a few clicks
over is described as a “2.0-liter BMW TwinPower Turbo inline 4-cylinder, 16-valve 180-hp engine that
combines a twin-scroll turbocharger with variable valve control (Double-VANOS and Valvetronic) and
high-precision direct injection.” That's before the site goes on to describe the engine’s electronic
throttle control, auto start-stop function, direct ignition system with knock control, electronically
controlled engine cooling (map cooling), brake energy regeneration, and driving dynamics control with
Eco Pro, Comfort, and Sport settings.
Among reviewers, Roy is far from the only one to give the motor short shrift. Most EV reviews gloss over
that key part of the tech, except to note its relative quiet, its torquey response, and its simplicity and
long-term low maintenance requirements. Most of the space dedicated to the powertrain focuses
instead on the battery—how big, its construction and composition, where it sits, how much range it has,
how many days it takes to fully charge, and so forth.
TESLA
The electric motor placement of the Tesla Model S P 90D
But then, it's hard to blame people for not giving a damn. Most consumers—hell, even car geeks—don’t
possess the knowledge or vocabulary to authoritatively converse about electric motors, and on the
surface, there would seem to be precious little indication that there’s even anything meaningful to
discuss about them. It’s a lot harder to get excited about, say, the difference between permanent
magnets and AC induction than it is between V-8s and twin-turbo sixes. The fact that carmakers and the
media don’t billboard motor innovation naturally leads the public to assume that there’s nothing much
going on there.
Except...that’s just not true.
While the electric motor has its own century of progress under its belt, there’s still much that can be
done. Consider, for one thing, that most carmakers have brought motor manufacturing in-house. If
there weren’t room for innovation, they’d just order them out of a catalog from external suppliers.
Lighter materials in motor construction, new alternative solutions for rare-earth magnets, and optimized
overall performance characteristics for different vehicle demands are all very much in the crosshairs of
automotive engineers. And that’s just the start, says Venkat Viswanathan, a mechanical engineering
professor at Carnegie Mellon University who studies EV performance.
“The motor efficiency map—that is, its efficiency as a function of torque and speed—determines the
energy consumption for consumer vehicles, and the peak power characteristics are an important factor
for high-performance demands,” Viswanathan said. “In addition, the heating of the motors in-use—at
high speeds—is another area with room for innovation and development.”
Once you dig in a bit, it becomes clear how much of said optimization and development is really going
on. One of the key choices is the general type of the motor. “Typically, most of the manufacturers use
synchronous motors, but whether it is a permanent magnet or electromagnet strongly influences the
performance,” said ViswanathanTesla, for instance, while typically very tight-lipped about its innovation,
made a significant change with its Model 3 in its decision to use a permanent-magnet electric motor
instead of the AC induction motor it has used so far. The key difference is that AC induction motors have
to use electricity to generate the magnetic currents inside the motor, which cause the rotor to spin,
whereas a permanent magnet motor doesn’t require that additional current since its magnets—created
from rare-earth materials—are always “on.” This all means that the Model 3’s motor is more efficient
and thus better for smaller and lighter cars, but not ideal for high-performance cars, since an AC
induction motor can produce greater power. The Chevy Bolt uses a similar strategy for the same reason.
GENERAL MOTORS
The Chevrolet Bolt's electric motor
Other times, the manufacturer will focus on ways of reducing the costs of the motor in order to make
EVs more affordable. Heraldo Stefanon, a senior engineering manager at Toyota’s Technical Center in
Ann Arbor, Michigan, says the company mostly manufactures its motors in Japan, with an eye toward
streamlining manufacturing in mind.
“Our challenge and those of the other car makers is to find ways to simplify manufacturing while
improving motor efficiencies and performance, but at a reduced cost,” he said. “Several motor
improvements were introduced with the 2016 Prius, including different materials and controls that
minimize costs and power losses. The Toyota Hybrid System II has been reduced to more than onequarter of the original cost of THS introduced with the first Prius.”
For its own electrification efforts, Honda has been in hot pursuit of both performance and efficiency
benefits carefully designed motors can provide. Its Twin Motor Unit deployed in the hybrid systems of
the Acura MDX crossover, RLX sedan, and NSX supercar is engineered to be compact, with two small 36horsepower motors placed back-to-back in a single package positioned between the front (NSX) or rear
(MDX, RLX) wheels. This configuration allows for precision torque vectoring in an all-wheel-drive setup,
with a conventional or hybrid engine supplying power to the other axle. The performance benefits stem
from the motors’ ability to alternately deliver torque or resistance when modulating power to the
individual wheels. The motors, like those in other EVs and hybrids, also provide regenerative braking,
where the motors act as generators to charge the car’s battery when coasting—or even provide braking
action by virtue of the built-in resistance while generating that power, if tuned to do so.
HONDA
The placement of the front-mounted motors in the Acura NSX
Additionally, Honda made the motors in the new Accord Hybrid smaller by using square copper wires
instead of round ones in its stator—the stationary part of an electric motor, which generates the
alternating magnetic field to spin the rotor—since square wires nest more compactly and densely.
Engineers also used three smaller magnets in place of two larger ones for the motor, which helps
improve torque, the company said. All of these changes improved the car’s horsepower by 14.8, to 181,
and torque by six lb-ft, to 232.
Honda is also well-known for its integrated electric motosr, which sit between the engine and
transmission in hybrid models. “Honda’s drive motors are specifically designed for the applications,” an
engineer noted on behalf of the company. “Power and torque characteristics, diameter/length ratio, and
speed and cooling performance are optimized for achieving the desired performance while being
accommodated into the limited space. They are not off-the-shelf components.”
In the future, motors will naturally continue to grow in performance and efficiency. Some innovators will
seek out magnets made using more low-cost and non-rare-earth elements, as Honda recently did in a
development project with Daido Steel. Their neodymium magnet contains no heavy rare earth materials,
but is still powerful enough for vehicle use. Motor speeds will also improve; right now they range from
roughly 12,000–18,000 rpm, but researchers are developing motors that can reach 30,000 rpm—with
the benefit that a smaller, lighter motor can do the work of a larger one that spins more slowly.
There will also be improved thermal management that will further enhance efficiency, and completely
new motor designs, such as ultra-lightweight in-wheel hub motors—which have been attempted in the
past but are usually stymied by heavy hardware. Finally, with Formula E now surging in popularity, and
racing powerhouses like McLaren and Andretti Motorsport pushing their motor tech hard—while also
honing everything from motor placement to control electronics, even optimizing the placement of wires
to minimize electronic interference—it’s only a matter of time before all the machines at the car meets
are showing off modded electric motors, too
The electric motor placement of the Tesla Model S P 90D
But then, it's hard to blame people for not giving a damn. Most consumers—hell, even car geeks—don’t
possess the knowledge or vocabulary to authoritatively converse about electric motors, and on the
surface, there would seem to be precious little indication that there’s even anything meaningful to
discuss about them. It’s a lot harder to get excited about, say, the difference between permanent
magnets and AC induction than it is between V-8s and twin-turbo sixes. The fact that carmakers and the
media don’t billboard motor innovation naturally leads the public to assume that there’s nothing much
going on there.
Here I'm explaining the working of main components used in an electric car. The motor I'm referring
here is an INDUCTION MOTOR.
1.BATTERY PACK
It is a collection of lithium ion cells used in our daily life which are connected in parallel and series for
supplying power to the motor.
2.CHARGE PORT
The charge port allows the vehicle to connect to an external power supply in order to charge the battery
pack.
3.INVERTER
The power stored in the battery pack is dc. But the supply to the motor should be ac. So for converting
this dc supply to ac supply an inverter is used. The ac power output from the inverter is then supplied to
the motor.
Inverter controls the ac power frequency thus controlling the motor speed and also it can vary the
amplitude of ac power which in turn can control the motor power output.
4.INDUCTION MOTOR
The three phase ac power input is given to the stator of induction motor. The three phase alternating
currents in the coils of stator produces a rotating magnetic field(RMF). This RMF induces current in the
rotor bars to make it turn.
Power produced by the motor is then transferred to the drive wheels via a gear box.
●Induction motors are widely used for the following advantages.
The speed of induction motor depends on frequency of ac supply. So by varying the frequency of power
supply we can alter the drive wheel speed. This makes the speed control easy and reliable.
The supply for the motor will be from a variable frequency drive which in turn controls the motor speed.
We can achieve the reverse gear easily by just changing the order of phase of the power supply.
Induction motor will have direct rotational motion and uniform output. So, many components which are
present in the IC engine can be avoided here. So, the power to weight ratio is higher in this case and it
gives superior vehicle performance. (Whereas, an IC engine doesn't produce direct rotational motion.
The linear action of piston has to he converted to rotational motion which causes major problems for
mechanical balancing. Also the power output of IC engine is always uneven. So, many components are
needed to solve these).
What are the benefits of driving an electric car?
Originally Answered: What are the advantages of electric vehicles?
Benefits of Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles offer a number of important advantages over conventional gasoline / diesel vehicles.
Electric vehicle owners have the advantage of significantly reducing their operating costs. The electricity
needed to charge an electric vehicle is approximately one third more per kilometer than buying gasoline
for the same vehicle There are a number of You can see the savings with calculating practices. See the
fuel economy calculator on the My Electric Car website.
Cheaper to maintain
A battery-powered electric vehicle (BEV) has much less moving parts than a conventional gasoline /
diesel car. There is relatively little maintenance and there are no expensive exhaust systems, starters,
fuel injection.Systems, radiators and many other parts that are not necessary in an electric vehicle. The
batteries are depleted, so additional batteries may be required. Most car manufacturers guarantee EV
batteries for around 8 Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) have a gasoline engine that requires
regular maintenance, so maintenance costs more. However, since the electric motor requires little
maintenance due to much less maintenance Moving parts reduce wear on gasoline engine components .
Better for the environment
Less pollution: By choosing to drive an electric vehicle, you are helping to reduce harmful air pollution
caused by exhaust emissions. An EV has no exhaust emissions.
Renewable energy: The use of renewable energy to charge your electric vehicle can further reduce your
greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, you can charge your electric vehicle through your solar system
during the day of the grid. Another idea is to buy GreenPower from your electricity distributor. Even if
you charge your electric vehicle from the grid, your greenhouse gas emissions will be reduced.
Ecological materials: there is also a trend towards more ecological production and ecological materials
for electric vehicles. The electric Ford Focus is made of recycled materials and the upholstery of
biologically based materials. The interior and body of the Nissan Leaf are partly made of
environmentally friendly materials, such as recycled water bottles, plastic bags, old car parts and even
used appliances.
Health benefits
The reduction of harmful emissions is good news for our health. Better air quality reduces health
problems and costs caused by air pollution. Electric vehicles are also quieter than gasoline / diesel
vehicles.it means less noise pollution.
Safety improvements
Recent discoveries have shown that several EV functions can improve security. Electric vehicles tend to
have a lower center of gravity, which makes them less likely to overtake. You may also have a lower risk
of major fires or Explosions, as well as body structure and durability of electric vehicles can make them
safer in the event of a collision.
Difference between fuelled vehicles and electric cars:
The internal combustion engine is a very heavyweight in fuelled vehicles while electric car induction
motor is very light in weight.
To start the internal combustion engine we need starter motor while the elecric car doesn’t need starter
motor.
We do not need gearbox in an electric car so we don’t need to use gear oil.
The electric car produces maximum torque immediately after the start. On the other hand, the internal
combustion engine it is difficult to produce so much torque after the start.
As the battery pack of an electric vehicle is so high that’s why this batttery pack is placed below in car
which maintains stability.
This battery pack gives structural rigidity which gives safety in the side collision.
“ As the electric car is still expensive so according to the report by Bloombery New Energy Finance(BNEF),
there are too many chances to reduce the cost of electric cars as soon as 2025”
Why we use electric car?
As the fuel is decreasing fuel is not available due to heavy demand in many places. In this situation of
demand & supply , prices increases when the availability decreases because of this problem, the electric
car has a lot of scope in the coming time. One year driving cost of gasoline car is about $2100 while
electric car cost is only $475 per year. So, it is very cheap alternative for people who want to save money.
According to the safety aspect, electric cars are more preferable. A gas car is burned for every 20 million
miles travelled however a electric car is burned for every 5 million miles travelled. We do not say that
the gas car is completely safe. But this rate is lower than the rate of gas car. As well as this fire rate
depans upon what model you are driving.
The electric car is very efficient in terms of converting energy, electric car uses 60% of power of electric
energy. On the otherhand 17%-21% of energy stored in gasoline converted to power.
Maintenance of electric car is also very easy.
The electric car is too much efficient in terms of environmental demonstration, because to use this form
of energy more efficient means less resources taken from nature. Electric cars doesn’t emit the green
house gases. That’s why , electric cars are more friendly not only for people but also for our
environment. Therefore, electric cars are also known as “Future cars”.
Cons of using electric car:
The range of electric cars having very low i.e 60-100 miles.
Charging the electric car takes time.
Charging station availability is incompatible.
Despite some disadvantages, the electric car is the future of our country because of its huge amount of
advantages. This field has too much demand in the coming time.
Is there a car that is 100% electric?
Originally asked: Is there a car that is 100% electric?
Just a few. Here’s a random list of 100% electric cars:
Jaguar I-Pace
Hyundai Kona Electric
Kia e-Niro
Mercedes EQC
BMW i3
Tesla Model 3
Volkswagen e-Golf
Audi E-Tron Quattro
Renault Zoe
Tesla Model X
Nissan Leaf
Hyundai Ioniq Electric
Volkswagen e-up
Tesla Model S
Volkswagen ID 3 (forthcoming in 2020)
MG ZS EV
What is the future of electric cars?
Originally Answered: Are electric cars the future?
We can discuss it to our heart’s content, EV’s will compose 90% of the world’s vehicle fleet by 2040.
Why?
Because EV’s are cheaper to operate. Charging a battery pack is cheaper than buying fuel.
Maintaining an electric motor and battery pack is cheaper than maintaining an internal combustion
engine.
Thus, the adoption curve has started for EV’s.
Up until now, batteries cost too much and took too long to charge. Not any more.
No person in their right mind will run a vehicle that costs $2800 a year to operate if the equivalent
vehicle sitting next to it on the dealership lot cost $800 a year. The party is over and you and I have
nothing to do with it.
Average range for EV’s will be 350 miles per charge and a “quick” 80 mile charge will be available by
2023.
If you think this process will take more than 20 years? Don’t move to Europe. By 2035, sales of ICE’s will
be banned while driving them within city limits is already restricted. So, I live outside of London and
need to buy a new car in 2023? Just why in hell would I buy an ICE car if it’s going to be against the law
to drive it in 12 years?
That is one of my favorite modes of locomotion. A GM NorthStar V8. It uses oil, unleaded gasoline, belts,
filters, gaskets, exhaust manifolds, pipes and catalytic converters and coolant. It needs oil changes, tune
ups, transmission fluid. all of these needs are provided by a guy who needs to be paid on top of the
materials cost.

There is the future. The electric motor is 1880’s tech and will run constantly for about 20 years. The
battery pack is warrantied by federal law for 8 years and its price is dropping at about 10% a year.
Good bye NorthStar, I loved your torque and the unequaled V8 rumble, but, you cost too much to run
and the federal government has decided that you are a social nuisance.