Midterm TLA 2 Novochino A. Castillo BSPH-1E Note: These topics will also be our points for discussion next week. Prepare to share your screen and present your answers to the class. Instructions: Part 1: Physiology & Pathophysiology Discuss the normal physiology of the organ systems affected by the diseases below (for example, seizures = normal electrical conduction in the brain). Then, draw (by hand) a flowchart/illustration that briefly and concisely explains the pathophysiology of the following diseases. Take a picture/scan your work and upload it to your Midterm TLA 2 classwork. 1. Cerebrovascular Accidents = They affect the cerebrovascular system, which is a system of vessels, the carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries, which delivers the oxygen and nutrient- blood that is pumped from the heart to the brain. At the base of the brain, they from circles of communicating arteries known as the Circle of Willis. 2. Cerebral Palsy = It affects the motor area of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that controls the muscle movements, and it caused by underdeveloped cerebral motor cortex, or damage due to injury. 3. Seizures = It affects the nerve cells that communicate with each other through and electrical impulse. They are the ones who is responsible for the electrical conduction, that will send messages to our brain, or our control center. 4. Glaucoma = It damages our optic nerve, that serves as the connector or bridge from our eye to the brain. They are also the one who carries impulses from the retina (lines the back of the eye and creates impulses), where the impulses will be send to the optic nerve, and to the brain, and interpret as images. 5. Cataracts = The part that is affected by this disease is our lens. Our lens is a transparent pathway between the outside world and our retina. Also, together with our cornea, they form the refractive mechanism of our eye. They also serve an additional element of focus, where it can alter its focal length from a distant to a near object. 6. Meniere’s Syndrome = It damages our inner ear or the labyrinth, where the semicircular canals and the otolithic organs, the organs of balance, and the cochlea or the hearing is found. It composes of two parts: the membranous labyrinth, where endolymph is found. In the balance organs, it stimulates receptors as we move. Then, it sends to our brain where it signals our body position and movements. In the cochlea, the fluid is compressed in response to sound vibrations, which stimulates the sensory cells that sends signals to our brain. Disease CVA Part 2: Treatment and Management Treatment Options For ischemic stroke, doctors can give emergency IV medications, like a recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) [alteplase or Activase] to the patient, as it restores the blood flow and dissolving the clot that causes the disease, and helps the patients recover from it. They can also conduct emergency endovascular procedures, by inserting a catheter to through an artery and deliver the medication (tPA) directly to the site of stroke , or by removing the clot with stent retriever. For hemorrhagic stroke, they can give medications for patients that counteract the effect of blood thinners, for those who take drugs for clot prevention. They can also give medications to lower the blood pressure, spasms, or to prevent seizures. They also consider surgery, if the area of bleeding is already large. Cerebral Palsy Seizures Glaucoma Cataracts Meniere’s Syndrome After treatment, doctors usually recommend their patients to undergo therapy sessions, to fully recover and return it to normal, depending on certain factors. Some of the medications given to patients with cerebral palsy includes: anticholinergics, that is used to treat uncontrollable body movements (stiffness, spasms, and tremors), anticonvulsants, that helps to reduce the seizure activity, stabilizes mood, and reduce the excessive stimulation of the brain, antidepressants that helps to treat depression and anxiety, as some patients with this disease may be depressed, antispastic that helps relaxes muscles, anti-inflammatories that helps reduce the pain due to inflammation and stool softeners that aids the patients in bowel movements. Some of the recommended treatments for epilepsy includes: anti- seizure or anti-epileptic drugs that helps control the seizure activity, or surgery where a small portion of the brain that causes the seizures will be removed, or vagus nerve simulation (VNS), where they insert an electrical device that will be inserted to the vagus nerve, that helps to change the electrical signals in the brain. Doctors prescribe eyedrops to those patients, as part of their medication. It may not cure the damage, but it helps to prevent the vision loss of the patient. These medications help to reduce the production of the fluid (aqueous humor) in our eyes, and reduce the interocular pressure (IOP). Examples of these medications are prostaglandin, beta blockers, Alpha-adrenergic agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, rho kinase inhibitor, and miotic or cholinergic agents. Other options they may advice includes laser and filtering surgeries, that also helps to reduce the complications. The only option to remove cataracts is through surgery, where they remove the clouded lens and they replace it with artificial lens (or intraocular lens) that will serve as your permanent lens in your eye/s. Doctors may give medications for vertigo, to lessen the severity and the attacks, like motion sickness and anti-nausea medications, usage of hearing aids, or surgery like labyrinthectomy, depending on the severity of the case, that may help to improve it.
