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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN EGG
INCUBATOR
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DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF AN EGG INCUBATOR
CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
The industrial raising of farm animals indoors under conditions of extremely
restricted mobility is commonly known as factory farming. It is done as part of
industrial agriculture which is set as a method that changes as laws and
dust a ag cu tu e
c
s set as a
et od t at c a ges as a s a d
technology change. Industrial agriculture is designed to produce the highest
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output at the lowest cost, using economics of scale, modern machinery, modern
medicine, and global trade for financing, purchasing, and sales. The economic
growth of industrial agriculture crucially depends on the long-term availability
of energy from sources that are affordable, accessible, and environmentally
friendly. Security, climate change, and public health are closely interrelated with
energy. On the other hand, Energy is an important factor in all the sectors of any
country's economy. The standard of living of a given country can be directly
related to the per capita energy consumption. The recent world's energy crisis is
due to two reasons: the rapid population growth and the increase in the living
standard of whole societies. Energy supports the provision of basic needs such as
cooked food, a comfortable living temperature, lighting, the use of appliances,
piped water or sewerage, essential health care (refrigerated vaccines,
emergency, and intensive care), educational aids, communication (radio,
television, electronic mail, the World Wide Web), and transport. Nigeria is
Africa's energy giant [Oyedepo, 2012]. It is the continent's most prolific oilproducing country, which, along with Libya, accounts for two-thirds of Africa's
crude oil reserves. It ranks second to Algeria in natural gas. Most of Africa's
bitumen and lignite reserves are found in Nigeria. In its mix of conventional
energy reserves, Nigeria is simply unmatched by any other country on the
African continent. It is not surprising therefore that energy export is the
mainstay of the Nigerian economy. Also, primary energy resources dominate the
nation's industrial raw material endowment.
Several energy resources are available in Nigeria in abundant proportions. The
sun is considered the best alternative source of energy because;
It is there in plenty and free of charge. It is non-pollutant and clean. It is
available everywhere even in the North Pole where solar voltaic can be used.
The available solar energy depends on the position of the sun, weather
conditions especially the clouds, and location. Nigeria has significant biomass
resources to meet both traditional and modern energy uses, including electricity
generation. There has been a supply and demand gap as a result of the
inadequate development and inefficient management of the energy sector. The
supply of electricity, the country's most-used energy resource, has been erratic.
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The rural areas, which are generally inaccessible due to the absence of good
road networks, have little access to conventional energy such as electricity and
petroleum products. The most suitable place for solar energy in Nigeria are the
rural areas where there are difficult terrains, no easy access to fossil fuel energy
source. The effective harnessing of solar radiation using solar energy
technologies would enhance the availability of energy for socio-economic
activities and improve the standard of livelihood of the people by harnessing it
in the agricultural sector.
Although solar energy is available in abundance and free of charge, it is very
discouraging to note that the initial capital cost of installing a solar-powered
system is very constraining. Such capital cost can only make sense if the running
cost of solar energy is so low as to lead to a high saving to repay the high initial
capital cost in a reasonable period of time. This can only be achieved by having
good knowledge of the amount of energy being tapped. This would help in
deciding the location where the system should be installed to operate with the
highest possible efficiency and lowest possible fabrication, installation and
operation costs.
The application of energy in poultry production (egg incubation as a case study)
has not received comparable attention, especially in developing countries. The
world’s population is growing at an alarming rate and so is the demand for
protein especially in rural areas. Poultry is a good source of protein if it is
affordable. The production level is limited with natural incubation because the
number of eggs an adult female bird lays in a year varies from 0 to 365 or one
per day [French, 1981]. Nevertheless, a broody hen (a hen that wants to set and
hatch eggs and raise its chicks) can hatch just about 10-12 eggs at once in 21 days
[French, 1981]. This reduces its productivity as it takes to incubate and hatch the
chicks. For the world growing population, relying on this natural type of
incubation is not enough. Hence, the need for artificial incubation process
became necessary in the agricultural production of chicks. Therefore in order to
ameliorate these problems, there is a need to design and fabricate a solarpowered incubator that can meet the poultry need of the growing population.
1.2
Statement of the Problem
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Poultry egg incubation is an activity that requires sustainable energy supply for
efficient performance, operation, and profitability.
With the Nigeria Government’s inability to supply adequate and reliable energy
to ensure energy security in the urban areas, it then becomes extremely unlikely
that the rural areas will be considered in the short term especially considering
their low load factor and the economy of grid connection. Rural areas that are
not economically viable for grid extension will therefore have to be served by an
alternative source of energy such as solar energy that is abundant, nonpolluting, and inexhaustible. A special feature of the solar-powered incubator is
that it could harness solar energy by using available material and is adaptable to
both rural and urban poultry production.
Some energy and other related problems which affect poultry production in
Nigeria among others include:
Unavailable and insufficient power from the energy grid. Expensive cost of
running electricity Low quality of chicks produced Pollution of environment for
poultry breeding as a result of emission from burning fossil fuels Lack of
commercially owned hatchery machines
These problems will be addressed by this present project.
1.3
Aim and Objectives
Aim
The aim of this project is to design and fabricate an incubator that is powered by
a solar energy source.
Objectives
The objectives of this project include to:
Design a solar-powered egg incubator Fabricate the incubator with more locally
source materials
Hatch eggs in a clean environment devoid of any energy-
related pollution Encourage the youth to venture into agriculture (poultry farm),
small and large scale
g
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1.4
Justification/Relevance of the project
The purpose of this project mainly is to construct an incubator system that will
be powered by energy from sunlight through the use of solar power equipment.
Most importantly, with our project, we intend to improve the process of hatching
eggs and also create an environment that is free from pollution and good for
incubating eggs. This project will help to fast-track meeting the protein needs of
the country and the world using locally available materials. It will equally
motivate youth t venture into agriculture (poultry farming) on a small and large
scale.
1.5
Scope of the Work
The scope of this work is limited to the design and fabrication of a small size
solar-powered egg incubator. Its capacity is limited to fifty eggs per time. It
covers the design, component fabrication, and assembly of the various
components to form the incubator.
1.6
Report Organization
This report presents the combination of various chapters that contain the
introduction, literature review, methodology, result, and discussion, and the last
chapter is a conclusion and recommendation of the project.
Chapter 1 is an introduction to the project. In this chapter, we will explain the
background and objectives of the project. The concept of the project and the
overall overview of the project also will be discussed in this chapter.
Chapter
2
focuses on the literature review and the project flow for the
development of the Automatic Egg Incubator System for Various Types of Egg.
Chapter 3 will explain the methodologies of the project.
The project
development consists of three parts which are mechanical design, hardware
design, and software design.
Chapter 4 discusses all the results obtained and the discussion of the project.
Chapter 5 captures the conclusion and recommendation of the project.
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