Laboratory #1: Anatomical Terminology and the Cell ORIENTATION ACTIVITY Please review Chapter 1 and the cell anatomy section in Chapter 3 of your textbook prior to engaging with the lab activities. In addition, using the words below, label the image with the appropriate regional terms. You can print this page or trace the body image below and apply your labels. Try to apply the labels in a way that lets you cover them up later so you can quiz yourself on this material. This is an important exercise to get you oriented with terms we will use throughout the semester. Cephalic o Frontal o Nasal o Oral o Mental o Otic o Occipital o Buccal Cervical Thoracic o Sternal o Axillary o Mammary Abdominal o Umbilical Pelvic o Inguinal Pubic Acromial Brachial Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial Carpal Manus Pollex Palmar Digital Coxal Femoral Patellar Popliteal Image provided by www.openclipart.org Crural Sural Fibular Pedal Tarsal Calcaneal Digital Hallux Dorsum Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal PART I: ANATOMICAL T ER MINO LO GY As a new anatomy student, you are embarking on a journey to learn about the human body. It is imperative to gain a firm grasp on the language used by members of the medical community when referring to the human body. This lab will introduce you to the organ systems of the body, directional terms and language used within the medical field. OBJECTIVES □ Know the 12 organ systems and major organs that reside in each. □ Be able to describe anatomical position and why it is important. □ Know regional and direction terms and identify them on models. □ Know the body planes, be able to draw them, and identify them on a magnetic resonance image. □ Know the body cavities and the organs that are located in each. □ Know the two types of serosa and serous membrane linings and where each is found. MATERIALS Your textbook Demo video APR models and exercises LABORATORY ACTIVITIES Organ Systems (Figure 1.4 in your textbook) The human body can be compartmentalized into 12 organ systems. Be able to recognize the major organs on the models and be able to assign them to their proper organ system. Integumentary system – skin Skeletal system – bones, cartilages, tendons, ligaments, and joints Muscular system – skeletal muscle Nervous system – brain, spinal cord, and nerves Endocrine system –pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal glands, ovaries, testes, and pancreas Cardiovascular system – heart and blood vessels Lymphatic/immunity system – lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils Respiratory system – nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs Digestive system – esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (accessory structures: teeth, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas) Urinary system – kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra Reproductive system – Male: testes, scrotum, and penis Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, mammary glands, and vagina Anatomical Position Stand and put yourself in anatomical position. The awkwardness of having your palms face forward will help you to remember this orientation. What is the importance of anatomical position for medical communication? __________________________________________________________________________________________ Regional Terms Used to Designate Specific Body Areas (Figure 1.8 in your textbook) Know the following regional terms and be able to identify them on models and/or images. Study these terms until you can quickly and easily picture each region on your own body. Once you think you have the terms memorized, cover the labels in Figure 1.7 and quiz yourself. Keep at it until you know every term. Cephalic o Frontal o Orbital o Nasal o Oral o Mental o Otic o Occipital o Buccal Cervical Thoracic o Sternal o Axillary o Mammary Abdominal o Umbilical Pelvic o Inguinal Pubic Acromial Brachial Antecubital Olecranal Antebrachial Carpal Manus Pollex Palmar Digital Coxal Femoral Patellar Popliteal Crural Sural Fibular Pedal Tarsal Calcaneal Digital Plantar Hallux Dorsum Scapular Vertebral Lumbar Sacral Gluteal Perineal For further practice, provide the anatomical terms used to when referring to the following: a. pertaining to the mouth: _____________________ b. pertaining to the buttocks: ____________________ c. pertaining to the hip: __________________ d. pertaining to the hand: ____________________ e. pertaining to the foot: ___________________ f. pertaining to the armpit: ____________________ g. pertaining to the spinal column: ___________________ h. pertaining to the lateral side of the lower leg: ____________________ i. pertaining to the thumb: ______________________ j. pertaining to the breastbone: ______________________ Directional Terms (Table 1.1 in your textbook) Know the following directional terms and be able to use them correctly as applies to structures on models and/or images. (Students often confuse superior/inferior with proximal/distal. Remember, if the two points that are being related to one another are on the appendages (legs or arms) the proper directional term is proximal/distal.) In the space provided, write down either the definition or ways that will help you remember the directional term. The first one has been done for you Superior and Inferior: ___superior = above inferior= below__________________ Anterior and Posterior: _________________________________________________ Medial and Lateral: ____________________________________________________ Cranial and Caudal: ____________________________________________________ Dorsal and Ventral: ____________________________________________________ Proximal and Distal: ___________________________________________________ Superficial and Deep: __________________________________________________ Now practice how you would apply these directional terms using the regional terms you learned on the previous page. If you have a willing study partner in your house, go through this with them. The umbilical region is _______________ to the sternal region. The femoral region is _______________ to the pedal region. The mental region is _______________ to the pubic region. The sternal region is _______________ to the axillary region. The carpal region is ________________ to the brachial region. For practice, write a few of your own examples. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Planes of the Body (Figure 1.9 in your textbook) Know the following planes, be able to draw them and be able to identify them on a magnetic resonance image. Consider your textbook, what would it look like if you made the following cuts? Sagittal o Parasagittal plane o Midsagittal (median) plane Frontal (coronal) plane Transverse plane Oblique plane What body plane(s) would you find… both the kidney and the lungs? ____________________ kidney cut in half (creating a top and bottom)? ______________________ Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions. (Figure 1.10 in your textbook) Know the following body cavities, their divisions and the organs that are located in each. Practice these terms until you can close your eyes and easily visualize each cavity. Dorsal body cavity o Cranial cavity o Vertebral cavity Ventral body cavity o Superior thoracic cavity o Inferior abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Serosa and serous membranes Serosa is a specific tissue that can be found in the body and create cavities and surround organs. Know the two types of serosa and what the serosa is called within the specific regions of the body. On Blackboard, view your instructor’s demonstration video on the following terms. Parietal serosa Visceral serosa Peritoneum - Abdominal cavity Pleura - Lungs Pericardium - Heart Complete the Anatomy and Physiology Revealed (APR) practice exercise (code is mhtjS watch the weekly overview to know where to enter it) and the APR homework assignment (linked on Blackboard). PART II: ANATOMY OF THE CELL It is estimated that there are 37 trillion cells in the human body, working as a cohesive unit to carry out daily functions. The cells of our body are diverse, varying in size, shape and function. Though diverse, many of the cells have common anatomical characteristics, which you will learn in this part of the lab. OBJECTIVES □ Know the parts of a generalized cell and their function. □ Know the components of the plasma membrane □ Define mitosis and be able to identify the different stages. MATERIALS Your textbook APR Practice (code mhtjS) & APR Homework LABORATORY ACTIVITIES Structure of the Generalized Cell (Figure 3.2 and Table 3.4 in your textbook). Watch the video on mitosis (Blackboard) Know the parts of the cell and their functions (*) and be able to identify them on a picture and/or model. Nucleus* o Chromatin o Chromosomes o Nucleolus Plasma membrane* Cytoplasm Ribosomes* Rough endoplasmic reticulum* Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus* Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria* Cytoskeletal elements Microtubules Intermediate filaments Microfilaments Centrioles Inclusions Once you know the cell structure terms well, complete the APR homework assignment called Surface Anatomy Cell Structures (Blackboard) Identifying Components of the Plasma Membrane (Focus Figure 3.1 in your textbook) Be able to identify the following components of the plasma membrane on a picture and/or model (*). Phospholipid* Integral proteins* Peripheral proteins* Glycolipids Cholesterol Glycocalyx Answer the following questions: In the phospholipid bilayer are the heads hydrophobic or hydrophilic? _______________________ Are the tails hydrophobic or hydrophilic? __________________________ Would you expect to find a hydrophilic region of a protein embedded in the membrane? Explain. ______________________________________________________________________ Mitosis (Focus Figure 3.4 in your textbook) Be able to identify in a picture and/or model the different stages of mitosis. There are a number of ways to remember the steps of mitosis, do some searching online to find one that will help you remember (your instructors sometimes have good ones): ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ After you are familiar with the stages of mitosis, draw the positions of the chromosomes, and spindle fibers along with the state of the nuclear and cell membranes during each of the phases of mitosis. Prophase: Anaphase: Metaphase: Telophase: Quiz: Once you have thoroughly studied this week’s lab material, use Blackboard to take your Quiz 2. Check the quiz availability dates to ensure that you complete it before it closes permanently.
