TERMINOLOGY AND GENERAL PLAN OF THE BODY BODY REGIONS The human body is divided into major regions that can be identified externally. Head - skull & face Neck - supports the head & attaches it to the trunk Trunk - chest, abdomen, pelvis Upper limbs Lower limbs DIRECTIONAL TERMS Directional terms are used to describe human body based on th relative location it assumes in an anatomic position in TERM DEFINITION EXAMPLE SUPERIOR above, or higher The heart is superior to the liver. INFERIOR below, or lower The liver is inferior to the lungs. ANTERIOR toward the front The chest is on the anterior side of the body. POSTERIOR toward the back The lumbar area is posterior to the umbilical area. VENTRAL toward the front The mammary area is on the ventral side of the body. DORSAL toward the back The buttocks are on the dorsal side of the body. MEDIAL toward the midline The heart is medial to the lungs. LATERAL away from the midline The shoulders are lateral to the neck. INTERNAL within, or interior to The brain is internal to the skull. EXTERNAL outside, or exterior to The ribs are external to the lungs. SUPERFICIAL toward the surface The skin is the most superficial organ. DEEP within, or interior to The deep veins of the legs are surrounded by muscles. CENTRAL the main part The brain is part of the central nervous system. PERIPHERAL extending from the main part Nerves in the arm are part of the peripheral nervous system. PROXIMAL closer to the origin The knee is proximal to the foot. DISTAL farther from the origin The palm is distal to the elbow. PARIETAL pertaining to the wall of a cavity The parietal pleura lines the chest cavity. VISCERAL pertaining to the organs within a cavity The visceral pleura covers the lungs. BODY PARTS ANTEBRACHIAL – forearm ANTECUBITAL – front of elbow AXILLARY – armpit BRACHIAL – upper arm BUCCAL – (oral) mouth CARDIAC – heart CERVICAL – neck CRANIAL – head CUTANEOUS – skin DELTOID – shoulder FEMORAL – thigh FRONTAL – forehead GASTRIC – stomach GLUTEAL – buttocks HEPATIC – liver ILIAC – hip INGUINAL –groin LUMBAR – small of back MAMMARY – breast NASAL –nose OCCIPITAL – back of head ORBITAL – eye PARIETAL – crown of head PATELLAR –kneecap PECTORAL – chest PEDAL – foot PERINEAL – pelvic floor PLANTAR – sole of foot POPLITEAL – back of knee PULMONARY – lungs Renal – kidney SACRAL – base of spine SCAPULAR – shoulder blade STERNAL – breastbone TEMPORAL – side of head UMBILICAL – navel VOLAR – (palmar) palm PLANES AND SECTIONS In describing the internal anatomy, the body or an organ is cut or sectioned by a plane to make particular structures easily visible. A plane is an imaginary flat surface separating two portions of a body or organ. PLANES Frontal (coronal) — separates body into front & back Sagittal — separates body into right & left Midsagittal — creates equal right & left halves SECTION Transverse section— separates body into upper & lower Cross-section — perpendicular to the long axis of an organ Longitudinal section — along the long axis of an organ Oblique section — cutting in a 1 & 7 o’clock position or 11 & 5 o’clock position ABDOMEN SUBDIVISION The abdomen is a large area of the lower trunk of the body that is divided into either: 4 quadrants by bisecting the umbilicus (upper/lower ) 9 regions by making a tic-tac-toe line w/ umbilicus in the middle (hy, lul & ihi) Importance of dividing abdomen into smaller areas : to specifically pinpoint specific organs in the abdomen w/c are more or less fixed in example: if patient experience pain in right lower quadrant or right iliac region, then it is possibly appendicitis because the appendix is found in that region BODY CAVITIES & THEIR MEMBRANES spaces or potential spaces in the body 3 anterior cavities: thoracic, abdominal, pelvic abdominal cavity + pelvic cavity = abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity is continuous & not separated 2 dorsal cavities: cranial & spinal 1. Thoracic Serous Membranes: Visceral – inner layer Parietal – outer layer 2. In-between: Cavity Pleural Pericardial 3. Abdominal Visceral & Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Mesentery → Visceral & Parietal peritoneum fused together - anchor - pathway for nerves & blood vessels 4. Pelvic 5. Others Cranial Vertebral