FRUITS LEAVES Tribulus terrestris NAME HAMID HUSSAIN ROLL NO 13946 SEMESTER 6TH PROFESSOR SIR AJMAL SHAH SUBJECT PHARMACOGNOSY Kidney Stone Kidney stones are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys Causative factors • Accumulation of Calcium oxalate crystals Signs and Symptoms • Severe, sharp pain • Pain or burning sensation while urinating Nephritis Nephritis (also called glomerulonephritis) is a group of diseases that cause inflammation (swelling) of the nephrons. Signs and symptoms Causative factor • Allergic drugs • Pathogens • Toxins • • • • • Pain A burning sensation A frequent need to urinate. Cloudy urine. Blood or pus in the urine Hypertension A common condition in which the long-term force of the blood against your artery walls is high enough that it may eventually cause health problems Causative factor • • • • Excess salt use Alcohol Smoking Narrow vessels Prevalence Kidney stones is globally increasing with an estimated prevalence ranging up to 15%.. Nephritis represents 10-15% of glomerular diseases Prevalence An estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension Medication of Hypertension Loop Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics K-sparing Diuretics Side effects Major ionic imbalance Heart problems due to ionic loss Impotency Muscle cramps Medication of Nephritis Immunosuppressant Side effects Superinfection (long term use) Diabetes (long term use) Medication of Kidney Stones Surgical removal Lithotripsy Side effects Painful procedure Damaging radiations Hard to pass the crystals through urine Pharmacognostic features Botanical name Tribulus terrestris Family Zygophyllaceae English name Puncture vine LEAVES Local name Burra gokharu Part used leaves, fruit FRUITS Important Phytochemicals DIOSGENIN Steroidal Saponins QUERCETIN Flavonoids Use of Phytochemicals Kidney Stone Oxidized to Glycolate Oxalate 2-Hydroxy acid oxidase As an antioxidant, has many hydroxyl groups that can act as substrate for enzyme and reducing oxalate production Quercetin Nephritis Capturing the free radicals formed due to necrosis triggering by DAMPs and PAMPs Quercetin Voluntarily becoming substrate of oxidizing enzymes Hypertension PHYTOCHEMICAL FROM PLANT USED DIURETIC Anti-Aldosterone activity Glucocorticoid activity Spironolactone Potassium loss↓↓ Sodium secretion↑↑ Water loss↑↑ 25R‐spirost‐4‐en‐3, 12‐dione (Future prospect) Effective as potassium sparing diuretics
