PowerPoint to accompany
Medical Assisting, 7ed
Administrative and Clinical
Procedures with Anatomy and
Physiology
Booth, Whicker, Wyman
Chapter 31: The Reproductive
Systems
©McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. Authorized only for instructor use in the classroom. No reproduction or further distribution permitted without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Learning Outcomes (1 of 2)
31.1 Summarize the organs of the male reproductive system,
including the locations, structures, and functions of each.
31.2 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment of various disorders of the male reproductive system.
31.3 Summarize the organs of the female reproductive system,
including the locations, structures, and functions of each.
31.4 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatment of various disorders of the female reproductive
system.
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Learning Outcomes (2 of 2)
31.5 Explain the process of pregnancy, including fertilization, the
prenatal period, and fetal circulation.
31.6 Describe the birth process, including the postnatal period.
31.7 Compare several birth control methods and their
effectiveness.
31.8 Explain the causes of and treatments for infertility.
31.9 Describe the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and
treatments of the most common sexually transmitted infections.
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31.1 The Male Reproductive System (1 of 2)
Penis/Testes – seminiferous tubules
• Sperm cell formation –
spermatogenesis
• Structure of sperm cells – Headholds nucleus with 23
chromosomes, that penetrates
the ovum (female)
• Midpiece- middle portion of
sperm, filled with mitochondria
•
Tail- propels the sperm into the
female reproductive tract
Internal Accessory Organs –
epididymis, vas deferens and seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s),
semen
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31.1 The Male Reproductive System (2 of 2)
External Organs of Male
Reproductive System – scrotum,
penis
Erection, Orgasm, and
Ejaculation
Male Reproductive Hormonestestosterone, responsible for
secondary sex characteristic
facial pubic hair and change of
voice
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Diagnostic testing
DRE- Digital Rectal
Exams
Blood tests- PSA
Biopsy
TURP- Transurethral
resection of
prostate
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Assisting with Male Reproductive Examination
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31.2 Pathophysiology – Male
Common diseases and disorders of the male reproductive
system:
• Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (BPH)- enlargement of prostate
• Epididymitis- inflammation of the epididymis
• Impotence or Erectile Dysfunction (ED)- inability to have an
erection
• Prostate Cancer- one of most common cancers
• Prostatitis- inflammation of prostate
• Testicular Cancer- malignant growth of one or both testes
• Circumcision- removal of the foreskin at the head of penis.
Done for religious, cultural belief. Helps prevent STI/STD’s
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31.2 Pathophysiology – Male
Common diseases and disorders of the male reproductive
system:
Priapism- nonsexual stimulated erection; caused by spinal
injuries.
Hypogonadism- testes little or no testosterone
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31.3 The Female Reproductive System (1 of 2)
Ovaries and Ovum
Formation – oogenesis,
ovulation
Internal Accessory
Organs of the Female
Reproductive System
• Fallopian tubes –
infundibulum
• Uterus
• Vagina
• Cervix
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31.3 The Female Reproductive System (1 of 2)
Ovaries and Ovum Formation – oogenesis, ovulation
Internal Accessory Organs of the Female Reproductive System
• Cervix- is the lower end of the womb (uterus). It is at the top of
the vagina. It is about 2 inches long. The cervical canal passes
through the cervix. It allows blood from a menstrual period and a
baby (fetus) to pass from the womb into the vagina.
• Fallopian tubes – infundibulum- also called uterine tubes where
the passageway of ova occurs.
• Uterus- houses the fertilized implanted ovum as it develops thru
pregnancy
• Vagina - is the female body part that connects the womb (uterus)
and cervix to the outside of the body.
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31.3 The Female Reproductive System (1 of 2)
Ovaries and Ovum Formation –
oogenesis, ovulation
Internal Accessory Organs of the
Female Reproductive System
• Endometrium- vascular inner
layer of uterus that builds up
each month in anticipation of
receiving a fertilized egg. If
no pregnancy occurs
menstruation occurs.
• Myometrium- middle layer
of the uterus, contracts
during childbirth.
• Perimetrium- outermost
layer of the uterus
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31.3 The Female Reproductive System (2 of 2)
External Accessory Organs of the Female Reproductive System
External Genitalia - Female Reproductive System
• Labia majora
• Labia minora - Bartholin’s glands
• Clitoris
• Perineum
Erection, Lubrication, and Orgasm
Female Reproductive Hormones and Cycle - menarche and
menopause
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External Accessory Organs of the Female Reproductive
System
Mammary Glands are accessory organs of both reproductive and
integumentary system. Produces milk via hormone prolactin,
oxytocin
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28-Day Menstrual Cycle
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Diagnostic Testing
Self Examination
Mammography
Pregnancy Testing (Urine (UCG) and Blood
(HCG)
Fetal Screening- Alpha Fetoprotein (AFP)
Amniocentesis
Pap Smear- screening for Cervical Cancer
Colposcopy
Dilation & Curettage (D&C)
Hysterectomy
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31.4 Pathophysiology - Female
Common diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system:
• Breast cancer- seconding leading cause of
• Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer
• Cervicitis- inflammation of the cervix
• Dysmenorrhea- painful abdominal cramps during menstruation
• Endometriosis- endometrial (inner lining of uterus) is found in the pelvic or
abdominal cavity and bleeds in response to hormones
• Fibrocystic Breast Disease- common, benign changed in the tissues of the breast
• Uterine fibroids- benign growths made up of muscle cells within the wall of the
uterus
• Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
• Vulvovaginitis, Vaginitis- inflammation of the vagina
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Breast Self Examination
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31.5 Pregnancy
Fertilization – zygote
The Prenatal Period – blastocyst to embryo
• Placenta filled with amnion
• Embryonic period - primary germ layers
• Fetal period - fetus
Fetal Circulation – foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus and ductus
venosus
Hormonal Changes During Pregnancy
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31.5 Pregnancy (Embryo Development)
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31.6 The Birth Process (Fetal Circulation)
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31.6 The Birth Process
Birth Process
• Dilation – effacement
• Expulsion – parturition
• Placental stage –
afterbirth, APGAR test
Postnatal Period
Milk Production and Secretion
Braxton Hicks Contraction
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31.6 The Birth Process
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31.6 The Birth Process
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31.6 The Birth Process
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31.6 APGAR Score
Taken at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
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Disorders of Pregnancy
Abortion/interruption of pregnancy
Spontaneous
Complete
Missed
Incomplete
Threatened
Induced
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Disorders of Pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy- An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy
that occurs outside the womb (uterus). It is life-threatening to
the mother.
Eclampsia- Eclampsia is seizures (convulsions) in a pregnant
woman. These seizures are not related to an existing brain
condition. Eclampsia follows a condition called preeclampsia.
This is a serious complication of pregnancy in which a
woman has high blood pressure and very rapid weight gain.
Gestational Diabetes- is high blood sugar that starts or is
first diagnosed during pregnancy. Pregnancy hormones can
block insulin from doing its job. When this happens, glucose
levels may increase in a pregnant woman's blood
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Disorders of Pregnancy
Hyperemesis gravidarum- is extreme, persistent nausea and
vomiting during pregnancy. It can lead to dehydration, weight
loss, and electrolyte imbalances.
Placenta Insufficiency-The placenta is the link between you and
your baby. When the placenta does not work as well as it should,
your baby can get less oxygen and nutrients from you
Placenta previa- Placenta implants low in uterus and partially or
completely covers cervical or opening of uterus
Placenta abruption- Placenta prematurely and abruptly separates
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31.7 Contraception (1 of 2)
Coitus Interruptus
(withdrawal)
Rhythm Method (periodic
abstinence)
Mechanical and Chemical
Barriers- condoms, gels,
creames
Oral Contraceptives- Hormonal
Method- Birth Control Pills
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31.7 Contraception (2 of 2)
Injectable ContraceptivesDepo- Provera
Insertable Contraceptives
Contraceptive Implants
Transdermal Contraceptives
Intrauterine Devices- IUD
Surgical Methods- Vasectomysurgical interruption of vas
deferens to disrupt pathway of
sperm to outside of body
Tubal Ligation (tubes tied)lasering the ends of the
fallopian tubes to prevent the
passage of an ova or sperm
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31.8 Infertility (1 of 2)
Infertility
Infertility Tests
• Semen analysis
• Monitoring morning body temperature
• Blood hormone measurements
• Endometrial biopsy
• Urinalysis
• Hysterosalpingogram
• Laparoscopy
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31.8 Infertility (2 of 2)
Treatment of infertility
• Changing habits or lifestyle
• Surgery
• Fertility drugs and hormone therapy
• Assisted reproductive technology (ART)
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31.9 Pathophysiology - Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections/diseases occurring in both sexes:
• AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
• Chlamydia- bacterial infection causing inflammation of the
cervix in women and inflammation of the urethra in men.
• Gonorrhea- bacterial infection in men and women also can be
passed on from an infected mother to fetus
• Herpes Simplex• Human papillomavirus (HPV)
• Pubic Lice
• Syphilis• Trichomoniasis
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Chapter Summary (1 of 2)
Organs of male reproductive system - testes, accessory organs,
scrotum, penis
Diseases of male reproductive system vary widely
Organs of female reproductive system - ovaries, fallopian
tubes, uterus, vagina
Diseases of female reproductive system vary
Fertilization – union of sperm cell and ovum
Birth process ends pregnancy
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Chapter Summary (2 of 2)
Contraceptive methods - coitus interruptus, rhythm,
mechanical and chemical barriers, oral contraceptives,
injectable, implantable, and insertable contraceptives,
transdermal contraceptives, and surgical methods
Causes of infertility vary - tests and treatments are available
Sexually transmitted infections occur in both sexes, passed
between sexual partners
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