HYPOTHYMUS HORMONES
GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE(GHRH) – SOMATOCRININ
STIMULATES RELEASE OF GROWTH HORMONE
THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE(TRH) – STIMULATES RELEASE OF
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE
CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE(CRH) – STIMULATES SECRETION
OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE
PROLACTIN-RELEASING HORMONE(PRH) – STIMULATES SECRETION OF
PROLACTIN
GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE(GNrH) – STIMULATES SECRETION
OF FSH AND LH
GROWTH HORMONE-INHIBITING HORMONE(GHIH) – SOMATOSTATIN
SUPRESSES SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE
PROLACTIN-INHIBITING HORMONE(PIH) – DOPAMINE SUPRESSES
SECRETION OF PROLACTIN
ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE(HGH) – MOST PLENTIFUL MADE BY
SOMATOTROPHS AND PROMOTE GROWTH OF BODY TISSUES. EXERTS ITS
EFFECTS THROUGH IGFs
ISULIN LIKE GROWTH FACTOR(IGFs) – SYNTHESIZED IN LIVER AND
RELEASED INTO BLOOD STREAM AS HORMONES. CIRCULATE TO TARGET CELLS
TO CAUSE GROWTH. PRODUCED IN SKELETAL MUSCLE, CARTILAGE, AND BONE
TO CAUSE GROWTH OF THOSE TISSUES.
THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE(TSH) – STIMULATES SYNTHESIS AND
SECRETION OF T3 AND T4
FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE(FSH) – TARGET CELLS IN OVARIES AND
TESTES. STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF ESTROGEN IN FEMALES. INITIATES
DEVELOPMENT OF OVARIAN FOLLICLES. STIMULATES SPERM PRODUCTION IN
MALES.
LUTEINIZING HORMONE(LH) – FEMALES TRIGGERS OVULATION OR
RELEASE OF SECONDARY OOCYTE. STIMULATES FORMATION OF THE CORPUS
LUTEUM AND SECRETION OF PROGESTERONE. TOGETHER WITH FSH STIMULATE
ESTROGENS AND PREPARE UTERUS OF IMPLANTATION. PREPARES MAMMORY
GLANDS FOR MILK. IN MALES STIMULATES SECRETION OF TESTOSTERONE.
CONTROLED BY GNrH
PROLACTIN(PRL) – INITIATES AND MAINTAINS MILK PRODUCTION WITH
OTHER HORMONES. UNKNOWN IN MALES.
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE(ACTH) – CONTROLS PRODUCTION
AND SECRETION OF CORTISOL AND OTHER GLUCOCOTICOIDS DURING STRESS.
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE(MSH) – UNKNOWN IN HUMANS
BUT DOES CONTROL COLOR OF SKIN PIGMENTATION.
POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
OXYTOCIN – ENHANCES CONTRACTION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CERLLS IN
UTERUS DURING DELIVERY. STIMULATES EJECTION OF MILK FROM MAMMORY
GLANDS. SUCKING OF BABIES AND STRETCHING OF CERVX STIMULATE
PRODUCTION. UNKNOWN USE IN MALES OR NON-PREGNANT FEMALES.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE(ADH) – DECREASES URINE PRODUCTION.
CAUSES KIDNEYS TO RETURN WATER TO BLOOD. TRIGGERED BY HIGH BLOOD
OSMOLARITY AND DECREASE OF BLOOD VOLUME. ALSO CAUSES BLOOD
VESSELS TO CONSTRICT.
THYROID HORMONES
T3 AND T4 – ACT ON MOST OF THE BODY. INCREASES BASIL METABOLIC
RATE. ENHANCES ACTIONS OF CATECHOLAMINES BY UPREGULATING
RECEPTORS. REGULATES DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH OF NERVOUS TISSUE
AND BONES. CONTROLED BY LOW LEVELS CIRCULATING.
CALCITONIN(CT) – CONTROLS LEVEL OF CALCIUM IN BLOOD BY
INHIBITING THE BREAKDOWN AND UPTAKE OF BONE
PARATHYROID GLANDS
PARATHYROID HORMONE – REGULATES CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, AND
PHOSPHATE IONS IN BLOOD. ELEVATES BONE REABSORPTION. SLOWS RATE
LOST THROUGH URINE. MAKES KIDNEYS PRODUCE CALCITROL OR ACTIVE FORM
OF VITAMIN DINCREASES ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT.
ADRENAL GLAND
MINERALOCORTICOIDS(ALDOSTERONE) – REGULATES SODIUM AND
POTASSIUM IONS. HEPLD ADJUST BLOOD PRESSURE AND VOLUME. PROMOTES
EXCRETION OF H+ IN URINE. CONTROLLED BY DEHYDRATION, LOW SODIUM,
HEMMORAGE CAUSING DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE.
CONVERTED FROM RENIN IN KIDNEYS.
GLUCOCORTICOIDS – REGULATE METABOLISM AND RESISTANCE TO
STRESS. PROTIEN BREAKDOWN, GLUCOSE FORMATION, LIPOLYSIS, ANTIINFLAMMATORY EFFECTS AND DEPRESSION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE.
CONTROLLED BY LOW BLOOD LEVELS
ANDROGENS – DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE PRIMARY SECRETED BY
ADRENAL. MINIMAL EFFECT IN MALES AFTER PUBERTY. CONTROL LIBITO AND
ARE CONVERTED TO ESTROGENS. PRIMARY SOURCE OF ESTROGEN AFTER
MENOPAUSE.
PANCREAS
GLUCAGON – ALPHA CELL. CONTROLLED BY DECREASE IN BLOOD
GLUCOSE EXERCISE AND HIGH PROTIEN MEALS. INHIBITED BY INSULIN AND
SOMATOSTATIN. RAISES CBG BY GLYCOGENOLYSIS BREAKDOWN OF GLYCOGEN
INTO GLUCOSE AND GLUCONEOGENESIS LIVER RELEASES GLUCOSE IN BLOOD
GONAD HORMONES
OVARIES – ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE REGULATE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE. RELAXIC INCREASES FLEXIBILITY OF PUBIC REGION DURING LABOR.
INHIBITIN INHIBITS RELEASE OF FSH
TESTES – TESTOSTERONE REGULATES SPERM PRODUCTION AND MALE
CARACTERISTICS DURING PUBERTY.
DIGESTIVE EMZYMES
MOUTH
SALIVARY AMYLASE – BREAKSDOWN STARCHES INTO MALTOSE,
MALTOTRIOSE AND a-DEXTRINS
LINGUAL LIPASE – BREAKSDOWN TRIGLYCERIDES AND OTHER
LIPIDS INTO FATTY ACIDS AND DIGLYCERIDES
GASTRIC JUICES – STOMACH CHIEF CELLS
PEPSIN – BREAKSDOWN PROTIENS INTO PEPTIDES
GASTRIC LIPASE – TRIGLYCERIDES INTO FATTY ACIDS AND
MONOGLYCERIDES
PANCREATIC JUICE – PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS
PANCREATIC AMYLASE – STARCHES INTO MALTOSE, MALTOTRIOSE
AND a-DEXTRINS
TRYPSIN – PROTIENS INTO PEPTIDES
CHYMOTRYPSIN- PROTIENS INTO PEPTIDES
ELASTASE – PROTIENS INTO PEPTIDES
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE – AMINO ACID AT CARBOXYL END OF PEPTIDES
INTO AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES
PANCREATIC LIPASE – TRIGLYCERIDES THAT HAVE BEEN EMULSIFIED
BY BILE SALTS INTO FATTY ACIDS AND MONOGLYCERIDES
BRUSH-BORDER ENZYMES IN MICROVILLI – SMALL INTESTINE
a-DEXTRINASE – a-DEXTRINS INTO GLUCOSE
MALTASE – MALTOSE INTO GLUCOSE
SUCRASE – SUCROSE INTO GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE
LACTASE – LACTOSE INTO GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE
ENTEROKINASE – TRYPSINOGEN INTO TRYPSIN
AMINOPEPTIDASE – AMINO ACIDS INTO AMINO ACIDS AND
PEPTIDES
DIPEPTIDASE – DIPEPTIDES INTO AMINO ACIDS
HORMONAL REGULATION OF TUBULAR SECRETION
ANGIOTENSIN II – TRIGGER LOW BLOOD VOLUME OR PRESSURE
STIMULATES ACTIVITY OF Na+-H+ ANTIPORTERS INCREASES Na+ AND WATER
REABSORPTION INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE
ALDOSTERONE – TRIGGER INCREASE AG II LEVEL AND PLASMA K+
INCREASES ACTIVITY OF Na+-K+ PUMP INCREASES SECRETION OF K+ AND
REABSORBTION OF Na+ AND WATER INCREASES BLOOD VOLUME AND
PRESSURE
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE – TRIGGER INCREASE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
OSMOLARITY OR DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME STIMULATES INSERTION
AQUAPORIN-2 IN PRINCIPAL CELLS INCREASES REABSORBTION OF WATER
DECREASING FLUID OSMOLARITY
ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE – TRIGGER STRETCHING OF ATRIA
SUPRESSES Na+ AND WATER ABSORPTION IN PROXIMAL TUBULE AND
COLLECTING DUCT INCREASES Na+ EXCRETION AND URINE OUTPUT
DECREASING BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE
PARATHYROID HORMONE – TRIGGER DECREASE LEVEL PLASMA Ca2+
STIMULATES OPENING OF Ca2+ CHANNELS IN DISTAL TUBULE CELLS INCREASES
ABSORPTION OF Ca2+