Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic called Corona Virus 2019
or COVID19 on the 11th day of March 2020, which is said to originate from Wuhan in China
resulting in many countries declaring national emergency within their territories. COVID-19
spreads mainly among people who are in close contact for a prolonged period. It causes respiratory
infections ranging from the common cold to more severe respiratory difficulties. Spread happens
when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are
launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. To reduce the spread of the
virus around the world, health organizations recommended implementing social distancing which
discourages close and physical interaction between people.
Most people rely on different platforms of social media since it is the most widely known
source of information which influences people who consume media information. Several websites
online have published information about COVID-19 including health risks and symptoms as well
as social guidelines to combat this pandemic which includes the engagement on social distancing.
Thus, they become sources of disseminating information to the public. However, although social
media can be an efficient source of information, fearfulness is a natural response (Pappas, Kiriaze,
Giannakis, and Falagas, 2009). While fear may motivate people to follow health messages that
aim to reduce the spread of COVID-19, it may also lead to several psychological and psychosocial
consequences (Mamun & Griffiths, 2020; Sibley, Greaves, Satherley, Wilson, Milfont, Overall, et
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al., 2020). Therefore, interpretations of media consumers will vary depending on how they choose
the media platforms to get information about the pandemic.
Understanding the perceptions of the citizens towards the government’s responses to
COVID-19 through social media platforms may develop public cooperation. Trust in the
government may influence the citizens’ public perception towards the response of the government
to the pandemic by imposing restrictions on activities. These restrictions include travel restrictions,
closure of schools and places of worship, and stay-at-home orders. The government ordered
preventive behaviors such as wearing masks, hand washing, and social distancing. However,
responses to these efforts have varied across settings and age groups. Possible factors for limited
or non-compliance include the perception of some citizens that viewed the pandemic as a
politicized issue (Rothgerber, Wilson, Rosenfeld, and Humphry, 2020) that causes distrust of the
government. Another factor is confusion or unclear COVID-19 information received from
government sources. The relationship between people’s willingness to comply and their
perceptions of how effectively their governments are responding to COVID-19 needs careful
investigation (Lazarus, Ratzan, Palayew, Billari, Binagwaho, Kimball, et al., 2020).
The reviewed studies of this paper showed that social distancing is the most common
preventive behavior to people irrespective of their age. However, engagement on social distancing
depends on the factors that influence people to follow it including the demographic profile of
individuals that can influence their decision to engage or not on social distancing. With that, this
study aimed to find out if the engagement on social distancing has a significant relationship with
the demographic profile, perceived health risks, media information, and perceptions on the
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government’s response to the pandemic among undergraduate students of Mindanao State
University-Main Campus, Marawi City.
Theoretical Framework
This present study relied on the following theories: the Health Belief Model, Agenda
Setting Theory, and Situational Theory of Publics. However, the effectiveness and truthfulness of
these theories are still dependent on the findings of the study.
Health Belief Model
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a theoretical model used to explain and predict
individual changes in health behaviors. It was developed in 1950s by social scientists at the US
Public Health Service. Additionally, in the study of Becker (1974), HBM is a cognitive model
which suggests that behavior is determined by some beliefs about threats to an individual’s wellbeing and the effectiveness and outcomes of particular actions or behaviors. It was designed and
developed in the healthcare context. Perceived threat is the main focus of this model which is
linked to a person’s readiness to take action. HBM identifies two types of ‘cue to action’. First is
the internal, which in the health context includes symptoms of ill health. The second is external,
which includes pieces of information from the media. For behavior to change, people must feel
personally vulnerable to a health threat, view the possible consequences as severe, and see that
taking action is likely to either prevent or reduce the risk (Morris, Marzano, Dandy, and Brien,
2012). The theoretical framework provided by Health Belief Model was used to examine how the
threat on health can affect the respondents’ decision whether to engage or not on social distancing.
Agenda Setting Theory
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Agenda Setting Theory
Agenda Setting Theory of McCombs and Donald Shaw refers to the idea that states that
what the public thinks about is being influenced by the media. Setting the agenda of issue priorities
is the significant effect of the media on society. When connecting to the world outside our family,
neighborhood, and workplace, we deal with a second-hand reality created by journalists and media
organizations but due to time and space constraints, the mass media focus their attention on a few
topics that are seen as newsworthy. Therefore, this ability to influence which issues are perceived
as the most important of the day is called the agenda-setting role of the mass media. The receptions
of messages about public issues in the news every day establish a major source of media’s
influence on the audience. In most agenda-setting research, these objects are public issues, but they
also could be public figures, organizations, countries, or anything else that is the focus of attention.
McCombs and Shaw discussed that while some issues are emphasized, others receive less
attention, and many receive no attention at all. Just as objects vary in importance, so do the
attributes of each issue. Thus, for each issue, there also is an agenda of attributes, which constitutes
an important part of what journalists and, subsequently, members of the public have in mind when
they think and talk about news issues (McCombs and Valenzuela, 2007). The theoretical
framework provided by Agenda Setting Theory was used to examine how the information from
social media platforms affect the respondents’ decision whether to engage or not on social
distancing.
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Situational Theory of Publics
James E. Grunig developed the Situational Theory of Publics to put meaning to the term
“public”. The theory suggests that communication behaviors of the public can be understood by
measuring how members of the public perceive situations in which they are affected (Grunig,
2005). More importantly, the theory uses problem recognition, level of involvement, and constraint
recognition to predict whether the public will become active on an issue. This theory also helps to
explain the nature of public opinion because it involves two of the classic theories of public opinion,
John Dewey and Herbert Blumer. The theory states and research has confirmed that high problem
recognition increases both active information seeking and passive information processing. The
theoretical framework provided by Situational Theory of Publics was used to examine whether the
public will become active on the issue of COVID19 as well as how they view the guidelines set
by the government concerning the pandemic.
Conceptual Framework
The goal of this study is to know and explain how well-informed the participants about
COVID-19 through media, their perceived health risks, and their perceptions on the government’s
response to the pandemic concerning the engagement on social distancing among undergraduate
students of Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City. The schematic diagram
showed the relationship of the variables of the study. These variables were analyzed as presented
below.
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Respondents’ Profile
Media Information
Engagement to Social
Distancing
Perceived Health
Risks
Perception on the
Government’s Response
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study
The conceptual framework shows that the main variable of the study is the engagement on
social distancing of the respondents. This study aimed to find out if this variable has a significant
relationship with the demographic profile, perceived health risks, media information, and
perceptions among undergraduate students on the government’s response to the pandemic in
Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City.
Statements of the Problem
The study aims to determine the relationship between MSU-Marawi students’ engagement
on social distancing, its relationship to perceived health risks media information, and government
response to COVID-19. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:
1. What are the respondents’ perceived health risks during COVID19?
2. To what extent did the respondents engage on social distancing?
3. What is the information heard/seen/read by the respondents about COVID-19 via media?
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4. What is the perception of the respondents about the government’s response to COVID19
via media?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents’ engagement on social
distancing with the following variables:
5.1:
the respondents’ demographic profile
5.2:
the respondents’ perceived health risks about COVID19
5.3:
the information received by the respondents from the media
5.4:
the respondents’ perception on the government’s response to the pandemic
Null Hypotheses
The following null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance:
Ho: There is no significant relationship between the respondents' engagement on social distancing
with the following variables:
Ho1:
the respondents’ demographic profile
Ho2:
the respondents’ perceived health risks about COVID19
Ho3:
the information received by the respondents from the media
Ho4:
the respondents’ perception on the government’s response to the pandemic
Significance of the Study
The researchers believe that the results of the study will benefit the following:
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Students. The direct recipient of the output of this research is the students since they are the ones
who acquire information about COVID19 through social media platforms about its health risks,
the response of the government towards it, as well as the engagement on social distancing to
combat the pandemic. They would be able to distinguish the authenticity of these information and
reflect how they would deal with it.
Teachers. They will benefit from this study from the findings and its recommendation because
they would be able to keep and assess the students’ encounters in times of threat due to pandemics.
They would be able to help and give advice to them.
Parents. The parents will benefit from their study as they would be the ones who protect and
secured their children from the threat of health due to the occurrence of the pandemic.
University Administrators. The result of this study may serve as baseline data. As they are one
of the people responsible for building a safe community of learning, they will be able to guide the
students on how to prevent the said issues and to secure the safety of the entire university.
Media Journalists. This study would help them because they deliver important and crucial
information. Therefore, they would be accountable for delivering authentic, reliable, and truthful
information to the mass.
Future Researchers. This study would help future researchers to be aware and knowledgeable of
the process. The researchers believe that the findings and results of this study will be beneficial to
future researchers which will create emphasis on their study.
Scope and Limitations
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The focus of this study was to find out if there is a relationship between the engagement
on social distancing of undergraduate students of Mindanao State University-Main Campus,
Marawi City to their perceived health risks, media information, and perceptions on the
government’s response to the COVID19 pandemic. The undergraduate students from the fifteen
(15) colleges of the said University were selected through random sampling technique as the
respondents of the study. The Graduate School and the College of Law were excluded since there
are no undergraduates in the said colleges.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined both conceptually and operationally so that the readers will be
able to have a better understanding of the study.
Contagious- It refers to the capability of being easily spread to others (Merriam-Webster
Dictionary, 2021). In this study, it refers to the quick spread of COVID19 symptoms from one
person to another person which commonly starts with a cold.
Droplet -It refers to a very small drop of a liquid (Oxford Dictionary on Lexico Website,
2021). In this study, it refers to a particle of moisture discharged from the mouth during coughing,
sneezing, or speaking that may transmit infections while airborne to others.
Government Response -It refers to the political direction and control exercised over the
actions of the members, citizens, or inhabitants of communities, societies, and states (Dictionary
2021). In this study, this refers to the perspective of the respondents with regards to the
implementation of social distancing and quarantine.
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Hoarding Behaviors – It refers to a persistent difficulty or parting with possessions
because of a perceived need to save them (Mayo Clinic website, 2018). In this study, it was used
as the behavior of keeping goods and other grocery supplies for one’s self during the quarantine.
Lockdown -It refers to the confinement of prisoners to their cells for all or most of the day
as a temporary security measure (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2021). In this study, it refers to
being quarantined.
Media information –It refers to the means of communication that reach large numbers of
people, such as television, newspaper, and radio (Reverso Dictionary). In this study, this refers to
the respondents relying on the sources of information about COVID19.
Motivation- It refers to a force or influence that causes someone to do something
(Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2021). Within this study, this refers to the reasons of the
respondents as to why they are engaging in social distancing.
Quarantine –It refers to a restraint upon the activities or communication of persons or the
transport of goods designed to prevent the spread of a disease or pest (Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
2021). In this study, it was used as a way to prevent the spread of COVID19 by staying at home.
Perceived Health Risks -It refers to an individual’s subjective assessment of the level of
risk associated with a particular hazard (APA dictionary of Psychology, 2020). In this study, this
refers to the respondents’ awareness about the negative impact of the symptoms of COVID-19.
Political Ideology- The word political refers to politics or government while ideology
refers to the set of ideas and beliefs of a group or political party (Merriam-Webster Dictionary,
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2021). Within this study, this refers to the views and perceptions of the respondents that the
COVID19 pandemic is being politicized by the Government.
Social Distancing- It is the practice of maintaining a greater than usual physical distance
such as six feet or more from other people or of avoiding direct contact with people or objects in
public places during the outbreak of a contagious disease (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 2021). In
this study, it refers to stay away from the people and always be observing distance six feet apart
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter covers the reviewed literatures and reviewed studies of this present study that
provides further information to understand the variables used in this study.
Perceived Health Risks During COVID19
Corona Virus Disease 2019 or COVID-19 pandemic becomes a major challenge to
countries all over the globe. The virus was originally known as 2019-novel coronavirus deriving
its name from the year 2019, which is when it first occurred at Wuhan, China. Everett, Chituc,
Brady, and Crockett (2020) discuss that this pandemic is nearly twice contagious and the
symptoms take longer to appear. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest 80% of
people around the globe might eventually contact COVID-19, which in return, can potentially kill
millions of people. Lippi, Henry, Bovo, and Gomar (2020) further discuss that prolonged inactivity
due to home quarantine may promote health changes which include the development of insulin
resistance, and bone loss increased blood pressure, and heart frequency.
According to the study of Schafer, Sopp, Scahnz, Staginnus, Goritz, and Michael (2020),
this pandemic harms mental health. Two recent reviews found in their paper that 16-18% of people
show symptoms of anxiety and depression. Other signs and symptoms include fever, cough,
shortness of breath, pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and sometimes death (WHO,
2020). In the initial survey-based research on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak
in China of Huckins, DaSilva, Hedlund, Rogers, Nepal, Wu, et al. (2020) suggested that the mental
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health impact of the virus was moderate to severe for the majority of respondents in the general
population with increased anxiety, depression, and stress attributed to the outbreak.
Schafer et al. (2020) in their study entitled “Impact of COVID-19 on Public Mental Health
and The Buffering Effect of a Sense of Coherence (SOC) was the first study to examine mental
health before and after the COVID-19 outbreak and potential modulatory effects of SOC. With the
study’s aim to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and to investigate
the ability of pre-outbreak SOC levels to predict changes in psychopathological symptoms, data
were collected via the platform SoSci Survey with the respondents (n = 1,591) giving written
informed consent according to the Declaration of Helsinki. Findings show that age 55.03 years old
was the mean age of the participants, 53.6% were female, and 96.2% lived in Germany. Despite
the overall stability (82%), the study identified clinically significant symptom changes in 18% of
respondents (increased in 10% and decreased in 8%). Moreover, 15% showed above-cut-off
COVID-19-related traumatic distress. Stress was found higher in women and younger respondents.
Furthermore, corresponding to prior studies, stress levels were higher in respondents experiencing
poor sleep quality. Interestingly, respondents living in high-risk regions were not more likely to
report higher levels of COVID-19-related stress. As such, factors that are associated with a greater
psychological vulnerability seem to be more important than factors associated with the risk of
infection in predicting the mental health consequences of the pandemic.
Moreover, Zhang and Feei Ma (2020)’s “Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental
Health and Quality of Life among Local Residents in Liaoning Province, China: A Cross-Sectional
Study further investigated the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and
quality of life among local Chinese residents in Liaoning Province, mainland China. An online
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survey was distributed through a social media platform between January and February 2020 via
WeChat and phone interviews. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 16.0 (IBM,
Chicago, IL, USA). A total of 263 participants (106 males and 157 females) completed the study.
44.4% were aged 18 and 30 years old, 74.9% had a higher education level, 60.8% were married at
the time of the study, 52.5% had a full-time job, and 95.1% of them reported no religion at all. The
mean IES score in the participants was 13.6 - 7.7, reflecting a mild stressful impact. Only 7.6% of
participants had an IES score of -26. The majority of participants (53.3%) did not feel helpless due
to the pandemic. On the other hand, 52.1% of participants felt horrified and apprehensive due to
the pandemic. Additionally, the majority of participants (57.8–77.9%) received increased support
from friends and family members increased shared feeling and caring with family members and
others. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a mild stressful impact in the
sample, even though the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing.
The Relationship between Engagement on Social Distancing and Politics
Aside from medical treatment and observing proper hygiene, the primary intervention to
stop the transmission of COVID-19 from one person to another is to engage in social distancing,
a guideline set by health officials discouraging physical contact by limiting the size of gatherings,
closure of non-essential businesses, and obeying shelter-in-place orders. However, this primary
method for combatting its spread may result in a weakened sense of national community.
Oosterhoff, Palmer, Wilson, and Shook (2020) stressed that less is known about the youths'
motivations to engage in social distancing and how these motivations are concerned with their
social distancing behaviors and their mental and social health. Despite this, Pfattheicher, Nockur,
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Bohm, Sassenrath, and Petersen (2020) claimed that engaging in social distancing reduces the
probability that an infected person spreads the virus to those not infected.
Connectively, political ideologies as presented by Campbell and Key (2014) quoting a
statement of Abramowitz and Saunders (2006), presents that it became increasingly clear that
political ideologies are not just adopted beliefs but are part of social identity. Malka and Lelkes,
(2010) defined ideology as an integrated worldview composed of shared beliefs, opinions, and
values. The ideology differences among men guide how man responds to the aspects of his political
and social environment. COVID-19 is said to transform into an issue causing a lot of disagreement
between people influenced with political meaning. Empirical evidence strongly suggests that
ideology is tied to political attitudes and values. Thus, ideology has the potential to influence the
perceptions of people about the pandemic. Furthermore, Rothgerber, et. al (2020) in his study
entitled “Politicizing the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ideological Differences in Adherence to Social
Distancing” revealed that there is an ideological divide in adherence to social distancing guidelines
during the pandemic. Thus, resulting in the participants engaging less in social distancing due to
the politics involved.
Additionally, Oosterhoff et al. (2020) conclude in their study entitled “Adolescent’s
Motivations to Engage in Social Distancing during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Association with
Mental and Social Health” that social distancing may be more or less problematic for youth
depending on their reason for engagement. With the study’s aim to measure the adolescents’
motivations to social distancing, their engagement in social distancing, and their mental and social
health, the study administered a quantitative method research design to identify the social
distancing and the motivation of the selected respondents. The target sample has consisted of 683
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adolescents asked through social media. The majority of the respondents were 12th graders
(31.5%), composed of primarily female participants (75.3%), and was primarily white/Caucasian
(77.0%). Based on the result of the study, it showed that almost all the respondents (98.1%) engage
in social distancing. Moreover, the study shows that the reasons or motivations why the
respondents engaged in social distancing are because their state or city was on lockdown, their
parents were making them, and it indicates being socially responsible. Additionally, youth reported
that they were engaging in social distancing because they would prefer to stay at home regardless
of whether social distancing policies and recommendations were in place.
The study of Qian and Yahara (2020) entitled “Mentality and Behavior in COVID-19
Emergency Status in Japan: Influence of Personality, Morality, and Ideology” also administered a
quantitative method aiming to explore and determine the impacts of COVID-19 on citizen’s
mentality, opinion, ideology, and behavior. The researchers of this study conducted a crosssectional survey online through Yahoo, a crowdsourcing service operated by Yahoo Japan
Corporation; hereafter referred to as Yahoo. The respondents were registered Yahoo users and
were randomly selected from all prefectures in Japan. All respondents joined the online survey
using Internet browsers installed on their devices, such as computers, tablets, and smartphones.
The study hypothesized political ideology can influence people’s mentality, cognition, and
behavior toward COVID-19. Based on a nationwide dataset of 1856 respondents (male = 56.3%,
Mage = 46.7, emergency regions = 49.9%), the study found that ideology altered mental health
status and motivated behaviors toward COVID-19. The findings implied that excessive respect for
authority might disturb people to act appropriately during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, results
are informative and contributive to the government, and the individual responses to the COVID19 pandemic.
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Moreover, a study by Holm (2020) further affirms that political ideology is a predictor of
behavioral changes in response to the COVID19 pandemic. This was found out in his study entitled
“The Impact of Political Ideology on Concern & Behavior during COVID-19”, which aimed to
investigate the relationship between one’s political ideology and COVID-19 oriented behavioral
changes. To address concerns with representativeness, weights were used in the study’s final
sample that accounts for the gender, age, income, race, education, and political ideology of
respondents to approximate greater representativeness to the nation. 1665 responses, which were
available in batches between April 1st and 7th were received for the survey through Amazon’s
Mechanical Turk, an online crowdsourcing marketplace where jobs or tasks can be listed for
registered workers. The results support the study’s claim that political ideology is a predictor of
behavioral changes in response to the COVID19 pandemic. Individuals who report higher levels
of concern about the public health and economic impacts of the pandemic have a higher likelihood
of behavioral change.
In the study of Oosterhoff & Palmer (2020) entitled “Psychological Correlates of News
Monitoring, Social Distancing, Disinfecting, and Hoarding Behaviors Among US Adolescents
during the COVID-19 Pandemic”, a self-report survey was conducted between March 20th and
March 22nd, 2020 with a population-based sample of adolescents recruited via social media to
complete an anonymous survey. Youth were eligible if they had internet access, lived in the United
States, and were between the ages of 13 and 18. In this survey study of adolescents (N = 770),
attitudes about COVID-19 severity, social responsibility values, social trust, and self-interest were
associated with news monitoring, social distancing, and disinfecting behaviors. Findings from this
study indicate that adolescents’ beliefs about the severity of the virus, the extent to which they
value social responsibility, their social trust, and their prioritization of their self-interest over others
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are independently associated with their news monitoring, social distancing, disinfecting, and
hoarding behavior in the days following the US declaring COVID-19 a national emergency. They
may be more likely to engage in pro-social and less likely to engage in antisocial COVID-19
related behavior. While some of these values (e.g., social responsibility, self-interest) may
demonstrate considerable stability and may be slow to change, targeting these psychological
beliefs directly may be an effective medium to promote positive health behaviors. Lastly, findings
from this study stress the importance of increasing youths’ social responsibility values and
decreasing self-interest values as a preventative measure for future pandemics and public health
concerns.
The Relationship between Engagement on Social Distancing and Media Information during
COVID19
The media includes television, radio, print, and social media focuses its delivering of
information on the number of infected individuals and deaths arising from COVID-19 (Pakpour
and Griffiths, 2020). Mass communication influenced modern society in a way never imagined
taking into account that the advent of television followed by the emergence of the Internet
combined with the digital technology development completely changed the global communication
landscape. Recently, social networks have attracted considerable attention, not only as an
important research topic but more significantly, as a core means of digital and virtual
communication for billions of users worldwide. Social media are online platforms that facilitate
global collaboration and sharing amongst users. According to Elena-Iulia (2018), examples of
social networks include Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Linked In, YouTube, and more. Since the
identification of the virus, it is said to have accounted for about 512,311 deaths globally and
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10,514,028 positive cases which increases daily according to the WHO (2020). Obi-Ani, Mathias,
and Isiani (2020) stated in their paper that the occurrence of COVID-19 and the lockdown policies
introduced by the government made people dependent on the media. Further, the study of
Rothgerber, et. al (2020) suggests that the participants believe less in media information about
COVID19 leading them to engage less in social distancing.
The study of Obi-Ani, Anikwenze & Isiani (2020) on social media and the COVID-19
pandemic focuses on the exploration of selected social media outlets in Nigeria where the main
area of information about the pandemic are most noticeable by the participants. The paper,
therefore, interrogated the roles that social media play in either controlling or aiding the spread of
the news on the pandemic across the country. The field survey design used in the research is to
accommodate the different views and reactions of the respondents to the messages received on the
coronavirus pandemic. The data for this research were collected through primary and secondary
sources. The primary information for this research was collected through personal communication,
telephone conversations, and online personal messages from 100 participants who agreed to an
interview. The secondary sources of this research were collected through newspapers, journal
articles, and online materials. The paper concludes that the significance of social media outlets
cannot be overemphasized as sources of information dissemination. It also claims that these
platforms have been abused as people hide under their anonymity to spread fake messages and
cause panic to the general public.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design and the methodology of the research that were
used in this study. Methodology consisted of the research design, locale of the study, the
participants, data gathering procedure, research instrumentation and the data analysis procedure.
Research Design
The research used quantitative research design, specifically correlation, since the main
purpose of the study is to determine and examine the relationship between the demographic profile,
perceived health risks, media information, and government response during COVID19 in relation
to the engagement on social distancing of MSU students. Quantitative research is an objective and
systematic process in which numerical data are used to obtain information about the variables.
Locale of the Study
This study was conducted in Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City. The
Mindanao State University, created by Republic Act No. 1387 as amended by RA No. 1893, RA
No. 3791, and RA No. 3868, formally established on September 1, 1961, with the organization of
its Board of Regents and elected Dr. Antonio Isidro, a former vice-president of academic affairs
at the University of the Philippines, as the founding president in the MSU. Mindanao State
University-Main Campus is located in Marawi City, which is on the shores of Lake Lanao and
straddles the area where the Agus River starts. It is bounded to the north by the municipalities of
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Kapai and Saguiaran; to the south by Lake Lanao; to the east by the municipalities of Bubong and
Ditsaan-Ramain; and to the west by the municipalities of Marantao and Saguiaran.
Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were 170 undergraduate students from the different colleges
of Mindanao State University-Main Campus, Marawi City. Because of the huge population, the
respondents were selected randomly. The colleges included in our study were the following: 1)
College of Business Administration and Accountancy, 2) College of Education, 3) College of
Hotel and Restaurant Management, 4) College of Health Science, 5) College of Information
Technology, 6) College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 7) College of Agriculture, 8)
College of Engineering, 9) College of Public Affairs, 10) College of Sports, Physical Education,
and Recreation, 11) College of Social Sciences and Humanities, 12) Division of Engineering
Technology, 13) King Faisal Center for Islamic, Arabic and Asian Studies, 14) College of Forestry
and Environmental Science, and 15) College of Fisheries. The number of respondents in every
college was determined through the use of stratified random sampling.
From the results of the survey, majority of the respondents are 21 years, female, Meranaos,
third year students who are mostly from the College of Education and are currently located in the
City.
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Instrumentation
To accurately measure the variables included in this study, the following research instruments
adopted:
1. Perceived health risks questionnaire
The perceived health risks questionnaire adopted by the LISS survey of Coronavirus and
Mental Health Working Group (2020) has three (3) questions that aim to know about the perceived
health risks of the respondents that can be acquired during the pandemic which shall be answered
by a 5 point Likert scale (1- Strongly Agree, 2- Frequently Agree, 3- Often Agree, 4- Neutral, 5Often Disagree, 6- Frequently Disagree, 7- Strongly Disagree ).
2. Engagement on social distancing questionnaire
Oosterhoff et al. (2020)’s survey questionnaire was used which consists of four (4)
questions aim to ascertain respondents’ reasons and motivations to engage in social distancing that
shall be answered by a 7 point Likert scale (1- not at all, 2- a little, 3- somewhat, 4- a lot, 5- a great
deal).
3. Media information questionnaire
Ahmad and Murad (2020)’s survey questionnaire consists of six (6) questions which aim
to know the category of information that the respondents have mostly heard/seen/read on social
media during the pandemic to be answered by a 7 point Likert scale (1- Strongly Agree, 2Frequently Agree, 3- Often Agree, 4- Neutral, 5- Often Disagree, 6- Frequently Disagree, 7Strongly Disagree ).
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4. Government response to the pandemic questionnaire
The questionnaire that was be used to know the perception of the respondents about the
response of the Philippine Government to the COVID19 pandemic is composed of four (4) items
to be answered by a 7 point Likert scale (1- Strongly Agree, 2- Frequently Agree, 3- Often Agree,
4- Neutral, 5- Often Disagree, 6- Frequently Disagree, 7- Strongly Disagree ).
Items 3,4, and 7 are from Conway, Woodard, and Zubrod (2020)’s Social Psychological
Measurements of COVID-19: Coronavirus Perceived Threat, Government Response, Impacts, and
Experiences Questionnaires while item 10 is from Lazarus, J. et al. (2020)’s COVID-SCORE: A
Global Survey To Assess Public Perceptions of Government Responses to COVID-19.
Moreover, the reliability of the combined questionnaires had been determined through pilot
testing through the use of Google forms. In conducting the pilot test, the researchers had distributed
the link of the survey questionnaire to thirty-seven (37) respondents via messenger who were198
students in the first semester of AY 2020-2021. The pilot test of the questionnaire was analyzed
by Microsoft Excel 2010 and was also analyzed and checked by XLSTAT 2020 software. Both
resulted in 0.814 or 81.4% reliability. The questionnaire was also validated using Confirmatory
Factor Analysis (CFA) which resulted in 17 validated item questions. Thus, the instrument is
reliable to be used in the study.
Data Gathering Procedure
Finding an appropriate questionnaire and usable PDFs is an important step that the
researchers have done in formulating this study. These sources were retrieved from the internet
24
and have been utilized from the questionnaires of the related studies of the present study. The link
of the questionnaire through the use of Google Form was sent through online platforms like
messenger, Facebook, and Gmail to gather the needed 170 respondents of the study. The data
responses from the respondents were analyzed and tabulated by the researchers.
Statistical Tools Used
The following were the statistical tools used in analyzing the data of the study:
1. Frequency and Percentage Distribution. It is a particularly useful method of expressing
the relative frequency of survey responses and other data. Many times, percentage
frequency distribution is displayed as tables or as bar graphs or pie charts. This statistical
tool was used in determining the profile of the respondents in terms of age, gender,
ethnicity, year level, course, and current location of the respondents.
2. Mean and standard deviation – The mean is the average or the most common value in a
collection of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic that measures the dispersion of data
set relative to its mean. This was used to determine the test items’ dispersion of data from
its mean of the variables perceived health risks, engagement to social distancing, media
information and perception on the government’s response to COVID19.
3. Pearson Chi-square – It is also called the Chi-square test that is commonly used for testing
relationships between categorical variables. This statistical formula was used to measure
the relationships between perceived health risks, media information and perception on the
government’s response during COVID19 in relation to social distancing of MSU students
25
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter discusses the results of the data gathered. It presents, analyze and interprets
the data. The data presented consist of the following: respondents' perceived health risks during
COVID19, respondents' extent of engagement on social distancing, the information known by the
respondents via media, respondents' perception about the government's response to COVID19,
correlation between engagement on social distancing and profile, correlation between engagement
on social distancing and perceived health risks, correlation between engagement on social
distancing and information from media, and correlation between engagement on social distancing
and perception about the government's response to the pandemic.
I. Respondents' Perceived Health Risks During COVID19
Table 4.2.1
Sum, Mean, & Qualitative Description of the Respondents' Perceived Health Risks During
COVID19 Pandemic
Indicators
(Perceived health risks during COVID-19)
2
I am very worried about my family/friends getting the
coronavirus.
3
I am very worried about giving someone else the
coronavirus.
1
I am very worried about getting the coronavirus.
Over-all Mean
Sum
Mean
(n=170)
280
1.65
333
1.96
338
1.99
1.86
Qualitative
Rank
description
Strongly
1
agree
Frequently
2
agree
Frequently
3
agree
Frequently agree
Scaling: 6.16-7.00-“Strongly disagree”, 5.30-6.15-“Frequently disagree”, 4.44-5.29-“Often disagree”,
3.58-4.43-“Neutral”, 2.72-3.57-“Often agree”, 1.86-2.71-“Frequently agree”, 1.00-1.85- “Strongly agree
Table 4.2.1 presents the perceived health risks during COVID19 pandemic, as can be seen,
the results shows that a mean of 1.65 strongly agreed that they are worried about their
family/friends getting the coronavirus. Meanwhile, the respondents were frequently agreed to the
26
following two indicators, which is a mean of 1.96 that they are very worried about giving someone
else the coronavirus, a mean of 1.99 that they are very worried about getting the coronavirus.
Accordingly, Brady, and Crockett (2020) discuss that this pandemic is nearly twice contagious and
the symptoms take longer to appear. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggest 80% of
people around the globe might eventually contact COVID-19, which in return, can potentially kill
millions of people.
II. Respondents' Engagement to Social Distancing
Table 4.3.1
Sum, Mean, & Qualitative Description of the Respondents' Engagement to Social Distancing
Indicators
(Extent of engage in Social Distancing)
Sum
Mean Qualitative
Rank
(n=170) description
1
I am socially responsible that is why I engage on
social distancing
2
I prefer to stay at home anyway that is why I
engage on social distancing
3
I do not want others to get sick that is why I engage
on social distancing
4
I do not want to personally get sick that is why I
engage on social distancing
Over-all Mean
603
3.55
A lot
1
632
3.72
A lot
2
661
3.89
A lot
3
672
3.95
A lot
4
3.78
A lot
Scaling: 4.21-5.00–“A great deal”, 3.41-4.20–“A lot”, 2.61-3.40–“Somewhat”, 1.81-2.60–“A little”,
1.00-1.80-“Not at All”
Table 4.3.1 presents the extent of engagement of the respondents to social distancing. As
can be seen, the results show that the respondents engaged a lot to social distancing because they
are socially responsible, they prefer to stay at home, and they do not want themselves and others
to get sick. The overall mean of 3.78 was found in this test item. This implies under certain
circumstances; respondents tend to engage to social distancing to stop the spread of COVID-19
from one person to another. This supports the findings of Oosterhoff et al. (2020) that showed that
almost all the respondents engaged in social distancing.
27
III. Respondents' Information about the Pandemic
Table 4.4.1
Sum, Mean, & Qualitative Description of the Respondents' Information about the Pandemic
Indicators
(Information about the Pandemic)
3
Publication of photos and videos of the cities and
countries with a high number of cases
4
Dissemination of the number of infections and
dissemination of the death toll
5
Dissemination of the number of infections and
dissemination of fear-inducing information about
COVID-19
1
Dissemination of the death toll
Sum
428
435
Mean Qualitative
(n=170) description
Frequently
2.52
agree
Frequently
2.56
agree
454
2.67
469
2.76
469
2.76
474
2.79
2
Dissemination of fear-inducing information about
COVID-19
6
Dissemination of the death toll and dissemination of
fear-inducing information about COVID-19
Over-all Mean
2.68
Frequently
agree
Rank
1
2
3
Often
4.5
agree
Often
4.5
agree
Often
6
agree
Frequently agree
Scaling: 6.16-7.00-“Strongly disagree”, 5.30-6.15-“Frequently disagree”, 4.44-5.29-“Often disagree”,
3.58-4.43-“Neutral”, 2.72-3.57-“Often agree”, 1.86-2.71-“Frequently agree”, 1.00-1.85- “Strongly agree”
Table 4.4.1 presents how the respondents agree or disagree with the information they heard,
seen, or read about COVID19 via media. As shown in the table, the respondents frequently agree
on the publication of photos and videos of the cities and countries with a high number of cases,
the dissemination of the number of infections and death toll, as well the dissemination of the
number of infections and the fear-inducing information about COVID19. Meanwhile, others often
agree with the following indicators: dissemination of death toll, dissemination of fear-inducing
information about the pandemic, and dissemination of both. The overall mean of 2.68 shows that
majority of the respondents frequently agree about what they hear, seen, or read from the media
about COVID19 pandemic. This means that they trust the media enough for them to follow what
it delivers. This support the idea of Obi-Ani, Anikwenze, and Isiani (2020) stated in their paper
that the occurrence of COVID19 made people to be dependent to media.
28
IV. Respondents' Perception on Government's Response to the Pandemic
Table 4.5.1
Sum, Mean, & Qualitative Description of the Respondents' Perception on Government's
Response to the Pandemic
Indicators
(Government’s Response to COVID-19)
I don’t think the government has an agenda that is
causing them not to give the whole story to the
populace.
1
The government had a strong pandemic
preparedness team to manage our national response
to the COVID-19 epidemic.
3
I trusted the government’s reports on the spread of
the epidemic and the statistics on the number of
COVID-19 cases and deaths.
2
The government provided everyone with access to
free, reliable COVID-19 testing if they had
symptoms.
Sum
Mean Qualitative
Rank
(n=170) description
4
Over-all Mean
600
3.53
Often agree
1
619
3.64
Neutral
2
626
3.68
Neutral
3
649
3.82
Neutral
4
3.67
Neutral
Scaling: 6.16-7.00-“Strongly disagree”, 5.30-6.15-“Frequently disagree”, 4.44-5.29-“Often disagree”,
3.58-4.43-“Neutral”, 2.72-3.57-“Often agree”, 1.86-2.71-“Frequently agree”, 1.00-1.85- “Strongly agree”
Table 4.5.1 presents the perception of the respondents about the Philippine Government's
response to COVID19 pandemic. As shown in the table, the respondents with a mean of 3.53 often
agree that the Government has an agenda causing them not to give the whole story to the populace.
By agreeing to this statement, the researchers say that this opinion of the respondents was because
of the involvement of politics. This support the idea of Rothgerber et al. (2020) that the citizens
viewed this pandemic as a politicized issue.
Meanwhile, the respondents were neutral to the following three indicators. Thus, the
respondents either agreed or disagreed about the preparedness of the Government in response to
the pandemic.
29
V. Correlation between Engagement to Social Distancing & Profile
Table 4.6.1
Relationship, Correlation Coefficient, and P-value of the Respondents' Engagement to Social
Distancing and their Profile
Relationship
Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Year Level
Current Location
Engagement
on social distancing
Correlation
coefficient (𝜒 2 )
3.909
12.013
.896
1.562
4.930
p-value
Remarks
.689
.007*
.826
.997
.177
Not significant
Significant
Not significant
Not significant
Not significant
Table 4.6.1 shows the relationship between the respondents' engagement to social
distancing and their profile distribution. As can be seen, only the variable sex has a significant
relationship to the respondents' engagement to social distancing. This means that the sex of the
respondents, either male or female, influence their decision concerning their engagement to social
distancing.
VI. Correlation between Engagement to Social Distancing & Perceived Health Risks During
COVID19 Pandemic
Table 4.7.1
Relationship, Correlation Coefficient, and P-value of the Respondents' Engagement to Social
Distancing and their Perceived Health Risks During COVID19 Pandemic
Correlation
Relationship
coefficient (r)
Engagement
Perceived health
on social distancing
risks
-.047
p-value
Remarks
.544
Not significant
____________________________________________________________________
Table 4.7.1 shows the relationship between the respondents' engagement to social
distancing and their perceived health risks during COVID19 pandemic. As can be seen, the
30
variable was found not to be related with respondents' engagement to social distancing. Therefore,
their compliance to said guideline was not influenced with the health risks they perceived during
the pandemic.
VII. Correlation between Engagement to Social Distancing & Information about the
Pandemic
Table 4.8.1
Relationship, Correlation Coefficient, and P-value of the Respondents' Engagement to Social
Distancing and the Information about the Pandemic
Relationship
Engagement
Information about
on social distancing
the Pandemic
Correlation
coefficient (r)
p-value
Remarks
.070
.362
Not significant
____________________________________________________________________
Table 4.8.1 shows the relationship between the respondents' engagement to social
distancing and the information they heard, seen, or read about the pandemic through media. The
result shows that the information about the pandemic relayed by the media was found not
significant with the respondents' engagement to social distancing. Therefore, their compliance to
the said guideline was not influenced with the disseminating information about COVID19
pandemic from media sources.
31
VIII. Correlation between Engagement to Social Distancing and Perception on
Government's Response to the Pandemic
Table 4.9.1
Relationship, Correlation Coefficient, and P-value of the Respondents' Engagement to Social
Distancing and their Perception on Government's Response to the Pandemic
Relationship
Engagement
on social distancing
Correlation
coefficient (r)
p-value
Remarks
.017
.828
Not significant
Government’s
response on the
Pandemic
Table 4.9.1 shows the relationship between the respondents' engagement to social
distancing their perception on the Philippine government's response to the pandemic. As can be
seen from the findings of the study, the variable was found not to be related with the respondents'
engagement to social distancing. Therefore, the decision and willingness of the respondents to
engage to the said guideline was not influenced by their perception on how the Government
respond to the said pandemic.
32
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter presents the summary of the research work undertaken, the conclusion drawn
and the recommendations made as an outgrowth of this study. This study is on the profile and its
correlation to perceived health risks, media information and Government’s response to COVID19.
On the MSU-students’ profile were Age, sex, Ethnicity, year level, colleges, and current location.
Summary of Results
The study aims to determine the relationship between MSU-Marawi students’ engagement
on social distancing, its relationship to perceived health risks media information, and government
response to COVID-19. A purely quantitative method through Google form survey questionnaire
of 170 respondents was administered method of this study. The 3 (three) instrument used were the
Oosterhoff et.al (2020) engage on social distancing, Ahmad and Murad (2020) media information
and Conway and Zubrod (2020) government response to the pandemic. By correlating the
variables, the study found out that;
1. Majority of the respondent comprising of 31.2% were 21 years old.
2. .82.9% of the respondents were female.
3. A total of 86.5% of the respondents were Meranaos.
4. More than half of the respondents were third year students with a percentage of 58.8%.
5. Majority of the respondents with a total of 13.5% were from the College of Agriculture.
6. 55.9% of the respondents were living in cities.
33
7. The respondents frequently agree in their perceived health risks during COVID-19.
8. The respondents engaged a lot on social distancing.
9. The respondents frequently agree to the information they received from media sources
about the COVID19 pandemic.
10. The respondents were neutral in their perception about the Philippine government’s
response to COVID19 pandemic.
11. There was a significant relationship between the respondents' engagement to social
distancing and the variable sex from the demographic profile of the respondents while the
other variables (age, ethnicity, year level, college, and location) had no significant
relationship.
12. There was no significant relationship between engagement to social distancing and
perceived health risks during COVID19 pandemic.
There was no significant relationship between engagement to social distancing and
information about pandemic.
13. There was no significant relationship between engagement to social distancing and
perception on Government's to response to the pandemic.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the researchers conclude that the MSU-Marawi students
agreed that they worry about themselves and others about the health risks that can be acquire from
COVID19 virus. They engaged a lot to social distancing since it is the preventive behavior
implemented by health organizations to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The researchers also
conclude that the students from MSU-Marawi are dependent to media when it comes to getting
34
information. Media has remained the primary source of information about the pandemic since they
can easily access social media platforms anytime and anywhere. Based also to the findings, they
either trust or distrust the actions of the Philippine government in response to COVID19 pandemic.
Although the findings show that they engaged to social distancing, it was not influenced by their
age, ethnicity, year level, course and current location. It was not influenced too by the health risks
they perceived, the information from media, and their trust to the Philippine government's response
to COVID19 pandemic. Thus, the reasons that influenced why they engaged to social distancing
needs further investigation.
Recommendations:
This study provided an avenue for evaluating the relationship between the respondents'
engagement to social distancing to their demographic profile, perceived health risks, information
from media, and perception to the Philippine government's response to COVID19 pandemic.
In reference to the aforementioned findings, the following are hereby recommended:
1. MSU students should keep away from crowded place, aware all the times and do the proper
hygiene protocol.
2. Educators must assist their students about the relevant of information from media sources.
3. Parents should inquire about their children's perception about any pandemics and make sure
they follow the health guidelines set by the Government.
4. University administrators should hold virtual seminars for the teachers, students and parents and
invite lecturers to discuss the proper health protocols.
35
5. Media journalist must promote and spread out of what is true happening behind the scene
especially during pandemics.
7. Researchers may conduct:
7.1 research using Qualitative research design to further understand the perception of the
respondents on why they engage to social distancing.
7.2 research using comparison of results e.g. public vs private schools with a larger sample
of students
36
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