ARCHITECTURE
&
TOWN PLANNING
Credit Hours Requirements
Contact Hours
Credit Hours
Theory
Practical
Theory
Practical
3(E),2(T)
0
3(E),2(T)
0
Course Objectives
• To understand ancient and modern form of living.
•To impart knowledge related to planning and
development of inhabitant areas.
• Provide a historical overview of urban development
Your understanding on
Architecture and Town Planning
Architecture
• The art or science
of designing and creating buildings.
• Architecture has to do with designing
and constructing form, space and
ambience to reflect functional,
technical, social, environmental and
aesthetic considerations.
Town Planning
• What is Planning?
• Simple is what to do what not to do..
• Choose best among various options
• The art and science of ordering the use of
land and placing buildings and
communication routes so as to secure
maximum practicable degree of economy,
convenience and beauty.
• Town planning based on three aspects i.e.
Physical, Social and Economy.
History of Civilization and
Growth of Communities
Urban History
 Urban history is a field of history that
examines the historical nature
of cities and towns, and the process
of urbanization.
 Urbanization and industrialization were popular
themes for 20th-century historians, often tied
to an implicit model of modernization, or the
transformation of rural traditional societies.
Defining Civilization
 The Oxford English Dictionary defines
civilization as "the action or process of civilizing
or of being civilized; a developed or advanced
state of human society."
 Civilization is a descriptive term for a
relatively complex agricultural and urban
culture.
 A civilized society is often characterized by
advanced agriculture, long-distance trade,
minimal government, occupational
specialization, and urbanism.
Defining Civilization
 The level of development at which
people live together peacefully in
communities.
 Number of secondary elements,
including a developed transportation
system, writing, standardized
measurement, currency, contractual
and legal systems, characteristic art
and architecture,
Defining Civilization
 Another requirement is food
production to be efficient enough for
a large minority of the community to
be engaged in more specialized
activities - such as the creation of
imposing buildings or works of art,
the practice of skilled warfare, and
above all the administration of a
centralized bureaucracy capable of
running the machinery of state.
Prehistoric Human Life
 The three-age system divides human technological
prehistory into three periods:
 Stone Age,
i. Paleolithic
(2.5 million years ago – 12000 BP)
(11660 BP – 10000 BP)
ii. Mesolithic
(9500 BC – 5000BC)
iii. Neolithic
(3500 BC – 1200 BC)
 Bronze Age
 Iron Age.
(1200 BC – 300 BC)
Historical period (written record begins)
Stone Age
 Excavation near Ethiopia found bones
bearing marks of stone tools.
 Further, stone tools were also found
in sites near Ethiopia and other sites
in Africa.
 Three stage system proposed in 1929
for the stone age i.e. Paleolithic,
Mesolithic and Neolithic.
Paleolithic Age
Hunting and Gathering
Hunting and Gathering
Neolithic Era
Neolithic Age
Bronze Age
 This historic period started when
people learn the smelting of copper
ores.
 They learn to prepare tools for
hunting and other purposed from
metals but yet sophistication was still
lacking.
Bronze Age
Bronze Age
Development of Civilization
ice melting started agricultural food.
little food in bad times
huts near plots of land
Villages slowly grew up
new tools for planting, cutting and grinding
seeds
 Animals domesticated
 About 7000 years ago farming villages
appeared.
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Development of Civilization
 canalization of river water
 early government systems emerged to solve
water and land issues.
 weaving, tanning leather and pottery making
flourished
 emergence of governmental systems, religious
beliefs and trading structures.
 systems of writing developed to protect the
properties.
 Trade, writing and art were all important to
this new kind of culture known as civilization.
Early Civilizations
About 6,000 years ago, the first proto-states developed in
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Mesopotamia,
Nile Valley and the
Indus Valleys.
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Military forces were formed for protection, and
government bureaucracies for administration. States
cooperated and competed for resources, in some cases
waging wars.
Mohenjodaro
Early Civilizations
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The late Middle Ages (15th- 16th century) saw the rise of
revolutionary ideas and technologies.
In China, an advanced and urbanized society promoted
innovations and sciences, such as printing and seed drilling.
In India, major advancements were made in mathematics,
philosophy, religion and metallurgy.
The Islamic Golden Age saw major scientific advancements in
Muslim empires.
In Europe, the rediscovery of classical learning and inventions
such as the printing press led to the Renaissance in the 15th
and 16th centuries.
Over the next 500 years, exploration and colonialism brought
much of the Americas, Asia, and Africa under European control,
leading to later struggles for independence.
The Scientific Revolution in the 17th century and the Industrial
Revolution in the 18th–19th centuries promoted major
innovations in transport, such as the railway and automobile;
energy development, such as coal and electricity; and
government, such as representative democracy and
Communism.
Periods of Human History