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STATUS OF PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE
LECTURE 1
TIMELINE OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
10000 BC
1960’s
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Shift from hunter-gatherer
lifestyle to sedentary farming
with plant and animal
domestication
MACHINE REVOLUTION
Farming became mechanized
and commercialized with new
inventions and technology such
as tractor, seed drill and
combines.
2020’s
IOT REVOLUTION
Smart Farming technologies are
providing data to enhance decision
making and if used properly can help
contribute to reduce d waste, increase
profits and yield, and protection of the
environment.
1800’s
2000’s
AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
New patterns of crop rotation and
livestock utilization paved the way for
better crop yields, grater diversity of
vegetables and the ability to support
more livestock
BIOTECH REVOLUTION
Advanced technologies such as Ges
and GMOs are used in farming to
increase yields and maximize outputs
from the same amount of land.
3000’s
FARMING ON MARS
?
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PHILIPPINE TIMELINE FOR AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT
1898-1946
PRE- COLONIAL
The Philippines has free
trade China, Japan, Siam,
India, Cambodia, Borneo
and the Moluccas.
AMERICAN COLONIAL ERA
Different agricultural
programs were reformed.
Land and Farm Tenancy
problems increased.
1565-1898
SPANISH COLONIAL ERA
The Spanish regimen imposed
encomienda system and
monopoly of economy through
galleon trade. Coconut and
tobacco industry increased.
1947-PRESENT
CONVENTIONAL
AGRICULTURE
Where are we now?
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
Based on the reports of Blair and
Robertson:
“...it [Luzon] has a great
abundance of rice, fowls,
and wine, as well as great
numbers of buffaloes, deer,
wild boar and goats; it also
produces great quantities of
cotton and colored clothes,
wax, and honey; and date
palms abound.“
Visayas: "rice, cotton, great
numbers of swine and fowls,
wax, and honey are produced
in great abundance."
Leyte was reported “to produce
two rice crops a
year”, and it was commented
that “there was great rice and
cotton harvests that were
sufficient to feed and cloth the
people.”
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PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
RICE
• the Ifugaos of the Cordilleras built
irrigation systems, dams and
hydraulic works -- rice terraces
• considered one of the worlds’
agricultural wonder
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
SUGARCANE
• started some 2-4,000 years before
Ferdinand Magellan reached the
Philippines in 1521
• first introduced in Mindanao from
vessels that brought the planting
materials from Celebes
• spread further north to the Visayan
islands and Luzon
• Cultivation was widespread in
many islands
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PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
ABACA
• In 1521 - the natives were
wearing clothes made from
abaca fiber
• weaving of the fiber into
breathable fabrics and sturdy
sandals was already
widespread in the islands
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
COTTON
• growing abundantly in many
places in Luzon, particularly in
Bulakan
• the name Bulakan" was derived
from the Tagalog word "bulak” or
cotton
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PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
TRADE
• Filipinos were already trading
with China, Japan, Siam, India,
Cambodia, Borneo and the
Moluccas
• Manila was already a center of
commerce
Agriculture during the Spanish Colonial Times
(1565 – 1898)
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Spanish Colonial Times
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
• an imposed landlord-tenant relations
• The King grants the encomendero a
specified number of natives whom he has
to protect from warring tribes and to
instruct them in the Spanish language
and in the Catholic faith
• In return he could exact tribute from the
natives in the form of labor through the
polos y servicios, gold, or other
agricultural products
Spanish Colonial Times
• Polos y servicios = compulsory forty days labor per year owed
by tribute payers to the state
• Servicio = performed by men and women and consisted largely
of domestic service in churches and conventos
• polo = was hard labor performed by men in activities such as
government building construction, church building, rowing
and fighting in military expeditions, and the dreaded cortes de
madera, cutting and hauling of trees and building galleons and
warships.
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Spanish Colonial Times
GALLEON TRADE
• the Manila–Acapulco Trade = a
government monopoly
• Manila as the central depot for
all of Spain’s commercial
activities in Asia (1565 – 1811)
• only two galleons: Acapulco to
Manila (120 days at sea) and
Manila to Acapulco (90 days at
sea)
Spanish Colonial Times
GALLEON TRADE
• allowed the establishment of a
flourishing shipping industry in
the Philippines
• caused massive destruction of the
Philippine forest
• blamed for the lack of development
of Philippine agriculture and
industry
• War of Independence in Latin
America that ended the galleon
trade
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Spanish Colonial Times
GALLEON TRADE
• Along with loads of silver, the
galleons also brought from the
Americas - horses, books and new
food resources such as corn,
pineapple, and chocolate
• about 250 Nahuatl (or Aztec)
words in the Filipino language, the
names of fruits and vegetables are
probably the largest contributors of
Latin American words to the
Filipino vocabulary
Spanish Colonial Times
• Mango seedlings were brought to Mexico in 1779, crossed with other
varieties of mango to produce the so-called “Manila mango” - now a
favorite variety in Mexico
• Filipino workers brought to Mexico to cultivate sugar cane and rice
took with them tuba, which is still sold along the streets and in
markets of Mexico
• Agricultural reforms (after 1811)
▫
▫
▫
▫
▫
Shift to cash crops: indigo, tea, silk, opium, poppies, and abaca
the development of local industry for export
Incentives given to farmers for planting cotton, spices, and sugarcane
Miners were encouraged to extract gold, silver, tin, and copper
Inventors were rewarded for scientific discoveries
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Spanish Colonial Times
COCONUT
• Coconut industry started in 1642
• used as food for the natives and
soldiers and for caulking and
rigging of galleons
• 1840 –coconut products traded in
small quantities with Chinese/Malay
traders
• late 1800s – copra and coconut oil
were exported to Europe as raw
material ingredient for soap and
margarine
Spanish Colonial Times
SUGARCANE
• 1755 - exported sugar to China and other Asian
countries
• 1779 - largest sugar exporter in Asia
• 1796 - sugar trade between the Philippines and US
• 1855 - Negros became the center of the Philippine
sugar industry
▫ liberal credit terms for local landlords to plant the new
crop
▫ encouraged the migration of labor from the island of
Panay
▫ introduced steam-driven sugar refineries that replaced
the traditional method of producing low-grade sugar
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Spanish Colonial Times
• boom in sugar production tripled the population of Negros
• Local "sugar barons"-- the owners of the sugar plantations-became a potent political and economic force by the end of the
19th century, and this persisted until today
• commercial cultivation of sugarcane and coconuts started
during the Spanish colonial period. Sugar and coconut become
prominent elements of the Philippine economy
Spanish Colonial Times
TOBACCO
• Introduced by Augustinian friars when they
brought 6.2189 kg of cigar tobacco seeds in the
last quarter of the 16th century
• Establishment of the tobacco monopoly
• Cagayan Valley, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La
Union, Isabela, Abra, Nueva Ecija, and
Marinduque
• exported the tobacco to other countries and also
part of it to the cigarette factories in Manila
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Spanish Colonial Times
•
•
•
•
monopoly brought in large profits for the colonial government
made the Philippines a leader in world tobacco production
tobacco monopoly was abolished in 1880
Philippine cigars maintained their high reputation – remained
popular throughout the Victorian parlors in Britain, the
European continent, and North America
Spanish Colonial Times
ABACA
• commercial production of the abaca fiber was originally confined
only to the Philippines because it is regulated by the government
• popularity of abaca fibers started in 1820 when an American military
man brought abaca fiber samples to the US
• export shipments of abaca were made to Salem, Massachusetts =
Manila Hemp
• US became the largest importer of abaca (i.e., navy) - used the abaca
rope
▫ its notable tensile strength
▫ resistance to salt water decomposition
▫ abaca was, and still is the strongest of all natural fibers
▫ planted in Bicol region and the eastern portions of the Visayan Islands
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Spanish Colonial Times
INDIGO
• part of the Galleon and Chinese trade
• one of the oldest dyes in civilization and one
of the most widely used natural dyes in the
whole world due to its excellent colorfastness
properties
• once extensively used in the weaving industry
including the abel llocos "woven in llocos.",
also called inabel
Spanish Colonial Times
• Inabel fabrics, famous for its quality
and durability, were used as sailcloth
for ships and boats
• Real Compaña de Filipinas = the
textile industry was developed on a
large scale and inabel was one of the
major exports of colonial Philippines
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Spanish Colonial Times
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• when Spain opened Philippine ports in 1835, it allowed the
planting and trading of cash crops to other countries (cane sugar,
molasses, indigo, abaca, tobacco and coffee)
• Rice farmers began planting these cash crops, and by 1870 there
was already a rice shortage in the country
• Philippines began importing rice from Indochina = 45,000 t/year
by 1890’s
• decline of indigenous agriculture and the abandonment of
production systems and cottage industries
Spanish Colonial Times
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• able-bodied Filipinos were taken away from their lands and
families - forced to work for the government in shipyards or as
rowers for the galleons, and laborers for the haciendas for cash
crop production
• removal of the Filipinos from the lands that are integral part of
their belief system and way of life alienated them from the
resource that they highly venerate
• led to overexploitation of the natural resources – it began with the
Spanish colonization and accelerated during the American
colonization
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Agriculture during the American colonization (1898 –
1946)
American Colonization
TENANCY PROBLEM
• through land titling, the landlord-tenant
relationships and structure of the
hacienda system was maintained
• kasama (sharecropper) system - in the
rice growing areas of Central Luzon and
the Visayan Islands
• landowners - inputs for production and
the cash needed to tide cultivators over
during the planting season
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American Colonization
▫ tenant - tools and work animals and were responsible for half the
expense of crop production
▫ equal share of the harvest but only after the owner had deducted a
portion
• 3-tiered land tenancy arrangements – landlord, “inquilino”,
kasama
• created a class of peons or serfs – children inherited the debts of
their fathers, and over generations, families were tied in bondage
to their estates for expenses
• contracts usually were unwritten, and landowners could change
conditions to their own advantage
American Colonization
Worsening tenancy problems due to:
1.
the rapid increase in the national population (7.6 M in 1905 to 16
M in 1939)
2. erosion of traditional patron-client ties
3. increase in the area under cultivation, stimulated by US demand for
cash crops
• 1939 - the wealthiest 10% of the population received 40% of the islands' income
• New urban centers rose, often with an Americanized culture
• The elite left the countryside to become absentee landlords, leaving estate
management in the hands of frequently abusive overseers
• Philippine Constabulary played a central role and was used intensively in
suppressing anti-landlord resistance
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American Colonization
AGRICULTURAL PROGRAM
• 1901 - a policy of diversification was adopted for development of
other agricultural products, like rice and other basic commodities,
and also fishing, forestry and mining
• Creation of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture
• 1909 - The Payne-Aldrich Act was enacted
◦ limited free trade with the US
◦ resulted to an aggressive expansion of agricultural lands
◦ Industries such as sugar mills, coconut oil mills, textile factories, distilleries,
mining and rope manufacturing were also established
◦ Export of sugar to the US under preferential terms
◦ Then, as in the recent past, the US has become the country’s principal export
market
American Colonization
Economic development during the American colonial
period - Artificial and Extractive
• Philippine market became dependent only on the US
• Philippine foreign trade flourished during the American era,
domestic trade was still slow and controlled by foreigners
During the Commonwealth era domestic trade was owned:
◦ Filipinos - 25 %
◦ Chinese - 50 %
◦ Japanese - 20 %
◦ other foreigners - 5 %
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STATUS OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE
WHERE ARE WE
NOW?
FOOD SECURITY IS THE ULTIMATE
GOAL OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE.
Food Security exists when all people at all times have
physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food to meet dietary needs and food preferences
for an active and healthy life (FAO 1996)
“farm to fork” & “fork to belly” = nutrition-sensitive agri
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FOOD SECURITY
Dimensions:
1. AVAILABILITY – it means that food and basic needs are enough for
everyone in terms of physical quantities
2. ACCESSIBILITY – it means that food and basic needs can be
acquired anywhere the people are. People have the ability to secure their
needs.
3. STABILITY – The production of food and basic need is sustainable
and not just for short period use.
4. UTILIZATION – the food the people consume give them essential
nutrients that the body needs to be healthy and happy.
The Philippine economy
posted a 6.1% growth in
the fourth quarter of
2018, driven by the
Services sector which
posted the highest share
to GDP of 56.2%,
followed by Industry
(34.8%), and Agriculture,
Hunting, Forestry and
Fishing (8.9%).
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GROWTH AMONG THE MAJOR ECONOMIC
SECTORS
▫ Industry grew the fastest at 6.9%, mainly attributed to
Construction sector which expanded by 21.3%.
▫ Service sector with 6.3%,
▫ Agriculture sector only grew by 1.7%.
SEE: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1YkyAplK5IaUvGx0Rm0DGYuPAtABI2pCf/view
In 2018, 25.19
percent of the
employees in
the Philippines
were active in
the agricultural
sector, 18.34
percent in
industry and
56.48 percent in
the services
sector.
© Statista 2019
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Employment in AGRICULTURE SECTOR
60%
44%
1960
1990
37%
2006
25.19%
2019
Within 60 years, the employment allocation of Agriculture
sector decreases 34.81%
Characteristic of Filipino Farmers
Average Age:
57
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Small
Farmers
(average 2ha)
Source: Bureau of Agricultural
Statistics
Daily wage rate (Ph Peso)
male farmers:
176.44
female farmers:
169.27
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
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LAND AREA
About 30 million ha Land Area
About 47% (14.2 million) are alienable and
disposable lands (93% of which- 13 million
ha are agricultural lands).
The remaining 15.8 million ha were
classified as Forest lands.
CROP PRODUCTION
Crop production is a branch of agriculture that deals with
growing crops for use as food and fiber (study.com, 2019).
The crop production group evaluates agricultural practices
and systems concerning crop yield, profit, environmental
and ecological consequences with the goal of identifying
best practices for local and international growers to
produce more with less (University of Illinois, 2019).
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CROPS subsector is STILL the
highest contributor to the
agricultural production in
Bicol Region.
Importance of Crop Production
Agronomic crops provide food, feed, grain, oil, and fiber for
domestic consumption and export trade.
Horticultural crops are grown specifically to satisfy nutrition
for human diets and enhance the living environment. (USDA, 2019)
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Horticultural
crops
Local Crop
Produce
Major Exports
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GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Export Competitive Crops/ Products
Importance of Crop Production
In the Philippines, the main agricultural
crops are:
Rice, Corn, Coconut,
Sugarcane, Bananas, Pineapple,
Coffee, Mangoes, Tobacco, and
Abaca.
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Importance of Crop Production
Secondary crops include:
Peanut, Cassava, Camote ,
Garlic, Onion, Cabbage,
Eggplant, Calamansi, Rubber,
And Cotton.
Livestock and Poultry
Produce from the livestock and poultry subsectors include: cattle, carabao,
goat, hog, chicken, and ducks.
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Fisheries
The Philippines is a rich source of fishery products, but the
most commonly-consumed seafood include:
milkfish, tilapia, roundscad (galunggong), prawns, crabs, tuna
(skipjack and yellowfin), and seaweeds.
Agriculture Sector Performance
Value of Production
(January-March 2014-2016)
(in million pesos)
250,000.00
200,000.00
150,000.00
2014
2015
2016
100,000.00
50,000.00
0.00
Crops
(-3.5%)
Livestock
(1.23%)
Poultry
(8.85%)
Fisheries
(-5.43%)
Gross earnings amounted to Php 375.20 billion or
1.49% lower that last year’s earnings.
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100
90
80
70
60
Q1
Q2
Q3
2019 Q1
50
40
30
20
10
0
CROPS
LIVESTOCK
POULTRY
FISHERIES
Crop Production is still the highest contributor the
nation’s agriculture performance.
Despite the decrease in production, the earnings for
the livestock and poultry subsectors increased, which
is an indicator that prices of the products belonging
to this subsector only increased due to lack of supply
and high demand.
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The Department of Agriculture provides various support,
from production to market, to help the local farmers and to
promote the Philippine standard for agriculture.
Production Support
DA Intervention: Provision of seeds, farming tools/machines, breeders stocks
(e.g. livestock and fish), among others
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Postharvest Support
DA Intervention: Provision postharvest facilities such as dryers, processing
complexes, storage facilities, tramlines, etc.
to reduce postharvest losses
Research, Training, & Extension Services
DA Intervention: Conduct of research, trainings, workshops, technical assistance,
Farmer Field Schools, etc.
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Research, Training, & Extension Services
Examples of DA Researches:
▫ Research on Climate Resilient Crop Varieties by Philippine Rice Research Institute
(PhilRice) in Nueva Ecija
▫ Researches on designing farm machineries appropriate to Philippine farms, as well as
gender-sensitive farm tools/machineries by Philippine Center for Postharvest
Development and Mechanization (PhilMech)
Extension services refers to the application of scientific knowledge in the
agricultural practice by educating the farmers. It aim to educate and empower
the farmers so that they can become more efficient and profitable in their
farming activities.
▫ Examples of Extension Services: trainings, workshops, technical assistance, technology
transfer, and Farmer Field Schools (FFS).
Marketing Assistance
DA Intervention:
- Promotion of local products in the domestic and international markets (e.g.
trade fairs, business matching, etc.)
- Linking farmers with institutional buyers
(e.g. manufacturing companies, restaurants, etc).
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Marketing Assistance
Aside from our traditional exports (coconuts, bananas, pineapples,
and mangoes), the DA has been active in promoting products that
are organic and those produced by the women and indigenous
people, in international trade fairs.
Furthermore, the DA also links our farmers with institutional buyers
such as manufacturers and restaurants in order to expand market
opportunities, particularly for our women and IP farmers. Examples
of this are the calamansi rinds from the Mangyans which are used in
making Manille Liqeur de Calamansi and heirloom rice from the
Ifugaos of the Cordilleras.
Marketing Assistance
• Help upgrade standards to levels acceptable in the local and export markets
• Establish enterprises based on the comparative advantage of each province
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Marketing Assistance
• As part of our marketing assistance services, the DA helps our farmers
upgrade their standards to level acceptable to local and export markets.
Examples of these are compliance to Good Agricultural Practices, Hazard
Anaylsis Critical Control Point (HACCP), and Halal, to name a new.
• We also have regulatory agencies such as the National Meat Inspection
Service (NMIS) which check and ensures the compliance of meat products to
acceptable standards.
• We have also assisted our farmers in establishing enterprises based on the
comparative advantages of their provices. For example, garlic from Ilocos,
Heirloom Rice from the Cordilleras, peanuts from Cagayan, and calamansi
from Oriental Mindoro.
The “Rising Stars”
• or agricultural products that have potentials to be mainstreamed
in the local and international markets due to their nutritional
value, unique taste, and versatility as ingredients.
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Heirloom Rice
Producers: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
Varieties: Imbuucan, Lasdakan, Ominio, Tinawon, Unoy, Ulikan, Balatinaw,
Jekyot, Chong-ak
“aims to enhance the productivity and enrich the legacy of heirloom or
traditional rice”.
Photo credits: www.heirloomrice.com
Cacao
• Producers: Davao Region, Cebu, Bohol, North Cotabato, Bicol Region
• Varieties: Criollo, Forastero, Trinitario
• Products: candies, artisan chocolates, tablea, raw beans, nibs
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Coffee
• Producers: Batangas, Negros Occidental, SOCSKARGEN, Davao Region, Bukidnon,
Benguet, Cavite, Kalinga, Apayao, Iloilo
• Varieties: Arabica, Liberica (Barako), Excelsa, Robusta
• Products: dried beans, green beans
Adlai
• Producers: Cagayan Valley, Zamboanga Peninsula, Northern Mindanao,
CALABARZON
• Products: adlai grains, adlai flour, adlai tea, adlai wine, adlai coffee
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Calamansi (Philippine Lime)
• Producers: Oriental Mindoro, Zamboanga Sibugay, Pangasinan, Aurora, Nueva
Ecija, Batangas, Quezon, Guimaras, Leyte, Compostela Valley, North Cotabato,
Agusan del Sur
• Products: Calamansi juice, puree, marmalades, syrup, liqueur
Pili Nuts
• Producers: Albay, Camarines Sur, Sorsogon, Northern Samar
• Products: marzapan de pili, pili brittle, pili turon, pili candies, dried pili shoots,
kernels
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Souring Agents
Kamias
Tabon-Tabon
(CALABARZON, MIMAROPA)
(Northern Mindanao)
Batuan
(Negros Occidental)
Sua
(Northern Mindanao)
References:
• The State of Philippine Agriculture (June 29, 2016) by Undersecretary Bernadette
Romulo-Puyat. Department of Agriculture. Philippine Restaurant Investment Conference
• psa.gov.ph
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• Rice, corn, coconut and many crops are principally produced by
small farms. Prior to CARP, there were large plantations in
rubber, coffee, oil palm, cacao, banana, pineapple, etc. Contract
growing schemes operate in corn seeds, banana, tomato,
cucumber, oil palm, asparagus and broiler chicken.
• This attaches the high priority of transforming agriculture into a
modern, dynamic and competitive sector. A sustained expansion
of the national economy requires sustained growth in the
agricultural sector.
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